Term
| What kind of tissue is the heart? How does this affect its regenerative capacity? |
|
Definition
-permanent tissue
-heals only by fibrous connective tissue scars (cannot relay electroconduction) |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Heart failure |
|
Definition
| -the heart is diseased, all compensatory mechnisms are exhausted and characteristic clinical and pathological signs are present |
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Term
| What are the major clinically evident compensatory mechansims of heart failure? |
|
Definition
-cardiac dilation
-cardiac hypertrophy
-others: inc HR, inc blood V, inc peripheral R w/ redis of blood flow |
|
|
Term
| Why does the heart dilate to compensate for certain kinds of heart failure? |
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Definition
| -inc potential E however this only works so far before it looses the inc contractility |
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Term
| Compensatory mechanisms are evoked by what two processes? |
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Definition
| -V overload and P overload |
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Term
| What are the two kinds of V overload in the heart? Give an example of each. |
|
Definition
-Acute V overload: exercise, on more fluids than needed
-Chronic V overload: lesions intrinsic t the heart such as valvular insufficiencies, shunts, etc |
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Term
| What compensation occurs in response to acute V overload in the heart? Does the weight of the heart change? |
|
Definition
-cardiac dilation WITHOUT hypertrophy
-the weight does NOT change |
|
|
Term
| What compensation occurs in response to chronic V overload in the heart? Does the weight of the heart change? |
|
Definition
-eccentric hypertrophy = dilation with hypertrophy
-weight increases |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of P overload in the heart? |
|
Definition
-systemic hypertension
-pulmonary dz causing pulmonary hypertension
-stenotic valve |
|
|
Term
| How does the heart change to compensate for P overload? Does the weight change? |
|
Definition
-concentric hypertrophy
-weight inc but dec chamber diameter |
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Term
| What are the characteristic lesions of actue heart failure? |
|
Definition
-weakness
-syncope
-sudden unexpected death often w/ minimal-no lesions |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristic lesions of congestive heart failure? |
|
Definition
| -vascular congestion and edema in the interstitium and body cavities |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the characteristic lesion(s) of LEFT-sided heart failure? |
|
Definition
-pulmonary edema: ALL SPP
-pleural effusion: CATS ONLY |
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|
Term
| What is/are the characteristic lesion(s) of RIGHT-sided heart failure? |
|
Definition
-chronic passive congestion of the liver
-body cavity effusions
-subcutaneous edema
-pleural effusion: all spp except cat |
|
|
Term
Where does edema occur due to congestive heart failure in the following species:
a) ruminants/equids
b) dogs
c) cats |
|
Definition
a) dependen subcutaneous edema (brisket edema, bottle jaw, ventral edema)
b) peritoneal cavity (ascites)
c) pleural cavity |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 mechanisms of edema? |
|
Definition
-inc hydrostatic P
-vessel damage
-lymph obstruction
-dec oncotic P |
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for the path sign seen in the liver due to congestive RHF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the color of the lungs change with left-sided congestive heart failure? Why? |
|
Definition
-turns yellow-gold
-alveolar macrophages eat RBC's and convert to hemosiderin = HEART FAILURE CELLS |
|
|
Term
| What are the common congenital heart anomalies (7)? |
|
Definition
-ventricular septal defect
-atrial septal defect
-patent ductus arteriosus
-pulmonic/aortic stenosis
-persistent right aortic arch
-tetralogy of Fallot
-ALCAPA |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common congenital heart defect in vet med across the species? |
|
Definition
| -ventricular septal defect |
|
|
Term
| What is the more common placement of a ventricular septal defect? HOw does the heart compensate in this case? |
|
Definition
-high
-chronic V overload (shunts left to right) = eccentric dilation |
|
|
Term
| To what two congenital defects do atrial septal defects develop secondary to? |
|
Definition
-patent foramen ovale
-faulty development of septum |
|
|
Term
| What is patent ductus arteriosus? |
|
Definition
| -ductus arteriosus fails to turn into ligamentum arteriosum within a few days after birth thus allow blood to shunt from left to right |
|
|
Term
| What happens as a result of persistent right aortic arch? |
|
Definition
| -esophagus becomes trapped and regurge occurs |
|
|
Term
| Which dogs are predisposed to pulmonic stenosis? |
|
Definition
| -brachycephalics and beagles |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of pulmonic stenoses? |
|
Definition
-valvular
-supra or subvalvular
-circumpulmonary left coronary artery |
|
|
Term
| Which dog breed is predisposed to circumpulmonary left coronary artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of compensation occurs in response to valvular pulmonic stenosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is aortic stenosis usually valvular or sub valvular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dog breeds are predisposed to aortic stenosis? |
|
Definition
| -German SHepherd, Weimaraner, G. Retriever |
|
|
Term
| What kind of compensation occurs in response to pulmonic/aortic stenosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which species is RAV dysplasia common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which weird way does blood flow with an RAV dysplasia? |
|
Definition
| -back into RA or through pulmonary a |
|
|
Term
| How does the heart compensate for RAV Dysplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ALCAPA stand for? ARCAPA? |
|
Definition
-Anomalous Origin Left Coronary ARtery from the Pulmonary ARtery
-Anomalous Origin Right Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery |
|
|
Term
| Which species is affected by ALCAPA/ARCAPA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is ALCAPA or ARCAPA more likely to cause death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which species are affected by valvular hematomas? |
|
Definition
| -equine and bovine neonates |
|
|
Term
| Are valvular hematomas cause? |
|
Definition
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