Term
| What are the uses of premedications? |
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Definition
-calm patient, relieve anxieyt
-provide analgesia, reduce amount of general anesthesia
-prevent undesireavvle reflexes or side effect: bradycardia, salivation, catecholamine release, gastric secreation, intestinal motility, vomiting
-smoother recovery |
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Term
| What are the two primary anticholinergics that we use as premedications? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the benefits of anticholinergics? |
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Definition
-reduce secretions (antisialogogue)
-reduce vagal effects that result in bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm
-inc dead space |
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Term
| What is the primary negative side effect of Atropine? Admin? |
|
Definition
-neurotoxicity
-quicker onset IV or IM but shorter duration |
|
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Term
| Which effects of anticholinergis is Atropin especially good for? What about glycopyrrolate? |
|
Definition
-antivagal effect
-antisialogogue effect |
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Term
| What do Tranzuilizers do? |
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Definition
-tranquilization, ataxia, neurolepsis: depress the hypothalamus, retiuclar activating system
-sedation: dose-dependant depression of cerebral ocrtex |
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Term
| True or False: Tranquilizers and sedative enhance analgesia and are thus considered analgesics. |
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Definition
| -FALSE, althouth they enhace analgesia, they are NOT analgesics |
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Term
| How are benzodiazepines used as premedications? Ex? |
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Definition
-sedative-hypnotics
-ex: Diazepam, midazolam, zolazepam
-muscle relaxant |
|
|
Term
| Why do we not use benzodiazepines in cats and dogs? |
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Definition
-unpredictable
-can cause appetitie stimulation in cats: reversible with Flumazenil |
|
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Term
| How are Phenothiazines used as premedications? Example? |
|
Definition
-tranqulizers
-Acepromazine |
|
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Term
| What are some negative side effects of Phenothiazines? Good ones? |
|
Definition
-hypotension, hypothermia, penile prolapse, lower seizure threshold (reverse with epi)
-antiemetic, antihistaminic, anti-arrhythmic
-long-acting |
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Term
| How are alpha-2 agonists used as premedications? Negative side effects regarding CO? |
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Definition
-sedative-hypnotics, analgesics
-ex: Xylazine, Detomidine, Medetomidine, Dexmedetomidine
-initial hypertension with reflex bradycardia due to peripheral vasoconstriction & later hopotension with bradycardia due to decrease in sympathetic outflow |
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Term
| What are some other negative side effects due to alpha-2 agonist use? |
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Definition
-inc urination (anti-vasopressin)
-lesser osmotic diuresis => hyperkalemia
-emetic in dogs and cats
-abortifacient in cattle |
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Term
| How do we reverse negative side effects due to the use of alpha-2 agonists? |
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Definition
| -tolazoline, yohimbine, atipamezole |
|
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Term
| What type of drug are opioids? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 5 types of opioid receptors? What do they do? |
|
Definition
-Mu 1: supraspinal analgeisa
-Mu 2: respiratory depression, bradycardia, euphoria, physical dependence
-delta: modulation of mu receptor activity
-kappa: spinal analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, supraspinal analgeisa, dysphoria
alpha: dysphoria, hypertonia, tachycardia, tachypnea, mydriasis, hallucinations |
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Term
| Which receptors do opioid agonists primarily bind to? |
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Definition
| -mu and negligibly to kappa receptors |
|
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Term
| To which receptors do opioid partial agonists bind to? |
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Definition
| -bind to mu receptor witih decreased intrinsic activity |
|
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Term
| To which receptors do opioid agonist-antagonists bind? |
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Definition
| -bind as agonist to kappa receptor, and as antagonist to mu receptor |
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Term
| What is an example of an opioid agonist? |
|
Definition
| -morphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone |
|
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Term
| What is an example of an opioid partial agonist? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is an example of an opioid agonist-antagonist? |
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Definition
| -butophanol, nalbuphine, pentazocine |
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|
Term
| What is an example of an opioid antagonist? |
|
Definition
| -naloxone, naltrexone, nalorphine |
|
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Term
| What are some negative side effects of opioids? |
|
Definition
| -bradycardia, postural hypotension, respiratory depression, panting, vomiting, defacation, sedation, excitement in cats/horses, pupil size changes |
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Term
| What is the MOA of NSAID analgesics? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the problem with NSAIDs inhibiting COX 1? |
|
Definition
| -COX 1 helps maintain normal GI mucosa, hemostasis, renal protection from hypotension |
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Term
| What is the benefit of NSAIDs blocking the action of COX2? |
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Definition
| -COX 2 creates inflammatory mediators |
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Term
| What are the requirements to put a patient on NSAIDs? |
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Definition
| -patient must have normal renal, hemostatic function, no current or predisposition to GI ulceration, not currently receiving aspirin or steroids |
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Term
| What are some examples of analgesic NSAIDs? |
|
Definition
-flunixin meglumine
-phenylbutazone
-carprofen
-ketoprofen
-ketorolac
-meloxicam
-deracoxib, firocoxib |
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