Term
| What is a Bronsted-Lowery acid? Base? |
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Definition
-acids are proton donors
-bases are proton acceptors |
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Term
| What is the most abundant solvent in the body? |
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Definition
| -water is the most abundant solvent in the body |
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Term
| What is the Henderson Hasselbalch equation? |
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Definition
| -pH = pKa + log ([HCO3]/ 0.03[aCO2]) |
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Term
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Definition
-pH is hte measurement of the H+ ions in a solution
-pKa value gives an idea to which side of equilibrium is favroed (degree of dissociation) |
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Term
| What are the three principal mechanisms of the body buffering system? |
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Definition
-Blood chemical buffers act within seconds (first line of defense)
-Respiratory systems respond within minutes: resit changes in H+/ regulates partial pressure of CO2, eliminates excess CO2
-kidney responds within hours to days |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a chemical buffer? What are the 3 major chemifcal buffers in the body? |
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Definition
-minimize the changes in H+/pH of a soln when an acid or base is added
-Bicarb, Phosphate, Protein |
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Term
| A buffer soln consists of a ______ and its ______. It is most effective when the pH is whithin ___ pH units of its pKa. |
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Definition
-weak acid
-conjugate base
-1.0 |
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Term
| What is the most predominant chemical buffer in the ECF? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How is intracellular pH regulated? |
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Definition
-Na:H anti-transporter
-Clo-HCO3 antitransporter |
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Term
| What makes cattle unique in regards to intracellular pH regulation? |
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Definition
| -they don't really have the Cl:Bicarb antitransproter |
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Term
| How does the respiratory system regulate H+? |
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Definition
-by varying the partial pressure of CO2
-chemoreceptors sense it and breathing is adjusted (however anesthesia dn other drugs can blunt this response) |
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Term
| Describe the Bohr effect. |
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Definition
| -shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right (inc in PaCO2 = inc H+ = dec O2 affinity for Hb) |
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Term
| Describe the Haldane effect. |
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Definition
| -non-oxygenated Hb can transport more CO2 to the lungs |
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Term
| What is the principal method with which all metabolic acids are eliminated? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what ways does the renal system contribute to body buffering? |
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Definition
-systhesis of bicarb
-excretion of H+
-provides chem and physiological buffering |
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Term
| How specifically is H+ excreted by the renal system? |
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Definition
| -with a weak anion: phosphate or ammonium salts |
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Term
| How does hyperthermia affect pH? How about hypothermia? |
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Definition
-hyperthermia = dec in pH
-hypothermia = inc in pH |
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Term
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Definition
| -maintain constant pH of 7.4 and PaCO2 of 40 mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
| -maintain ratio of 1:16 OH: H for optimal cellular enzyme systems to function normally (important for Histadine: imidazole dissociation in Hb) |
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Term
Describe the pH, [H+], CO2, and HCO3 in each of the following situations:
a) Resp acidosis
b) resp alkalosis
c) met acidosis
d) met alkalosis |
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Definition
a) pH dec, [H+] inc, CO2 inc, HCO3 inc
b) pH inc, [H+] dec, CO2 dec, HCO3 dec
c) pH/CO2/HCO3 dec, [H+] inc
d) pH/CO2/HCO2 inc, [H+] dec |
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Term
| What is the rule of thumb regarding Bicarb and CO2? |
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Definition
-bircarb inc 1-2 mEq/L for acute 10 mmHg CO2 inc above normal
-and vice versa |
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Term
| What are the 4 independent factors that can change [H+]? |
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Definition
-PaCO2
-Strong Ion Difference
-A(TOT)
-pKa |
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Term
| What is the difference b/n simple acid/base issue and a mixed acid/base issue? |
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Definition
-simple = only one independent variable has changed
-mixed = two or more independent variables are changed |
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Term
| What independent factor affects HCO3? |
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Definition
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Term
| What independent variable affects H+:OH ratio? |
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Definition
| -unmeasured anions, strong ion difference, Kw H2O |
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Term
| What independent variable affects A-? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or Falsse: Compensation returns pH to normal? |
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Definition
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Term
| True of False: Acid/base overcompensation does not occur. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which animals tend to be a little aklylotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypoxemia is defines as PaO2 < ___ mmHg and SaO2 < ___%. |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes a right shift in the SaO2: PaO2 curve? |
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Definition
-dec Hb affinity for O2
-inc temp
-inc 2,3-BPG
-dec pH
-inc CO@ |
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Term
| What causes a left shift in SaO2: PaO2 curve? |
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Definition
-inc Hb affinity for oxygen
-dec temp
-dec 2,3 BPG
-inc pH
-Fetal Hb |
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Term
| What are the 5 primary causes of hypozia? |
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Definition
-hypoventilation
-dec inspired oxygen content
-diffusion impairment
-intrapulmonary shunt
-ventilation and perfusion mismatch |
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Term
| What can cause hypoventilation? |
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Definition
-CNS dz
-anesthesia and other drugs
-Neuromuscular dz
-upper airway obstruction
-severe pleural space dz
-shest wall injury
-resp muscle fatigue |
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Term
| As MV decreases, you retain (less/more) CO2. What causes this? |
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Definition
-more
-this retentionis caused from an inbalance of CO2 pdn and CO2 elimination |
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Term
| What are the good consequences of hypoventilation? Bad ones? |
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Definition
-Good: maintain arterial rpessures and cardiac output & shift oxygen dissociation curve
-Bad: myocardial depression, inc CSF pressures |
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Term
| At which point does inc CSF pressure cause necrosis? What about respiratory arrest? |
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Definition
->100-120 mmHg = necrosis
->100-150 mmHg = respiratory arrest |
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Term
| When the patient is CO2 exhausted, what can you see in the patient? |
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Definition
-brick red mucous membranes
-trying to breath agains positive pressure ventilator
-tachycardia
-arrhythmia |
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Term
| What is an example of a congenital right to left shunt? |
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Definition
| -patent ductus arteriosus. |
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Term
| True or False: Giving 100% oxygen will abolish hypoxemia in the case of an intrapulmonary shunt. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal amount of intrapulmonary shunt? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can cause a decreased FiO2? |
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Definition
-high altitude
-anesthetic machine errors |
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Term
| What can cause a diffusion impairment? |
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Definition
-incomplete arterializatin of the pulmonary capillary blood
-thickening of hte gas exchange layer in the alveoli |
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Term
| What does the V/Q ratio determine? |
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Definition
| -the gas exhchang in any single lung unit |
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Term
| What does V/Q mismathc cause? |
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Definition
| -impaired uptake and elimination of gases and inc minute ventilation |
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Term
| Can the hypoxemia caused by V/Q mismatch be fixed by inc in MV? |
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Definition
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Term
| If regional ventilation is decreased, what does the body do? |
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Definition
-hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
-divert blood flow away from unventilated area o fh te lung |
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Term
| Which animals have a high hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction response? An intermediate HPV? A low HPV? |
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Definition
-high = cattle and swine
-int = ponies, cats, and rabbits
-low = sheep, cats, and dogs |
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Term
| Do LA or SA have mroe V/1 abnormalities? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we fix V/Q abnormalities? |
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Definition
-positive and expiratory pressure
-maximize CO
-Albuterol in LA
-alveolar recruitment in SA |
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Term
| What is dead space again? Anatomic dead space? Physiologic dad space? |
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Definition
-areas of no gas exchange
-Anatomic = conducting airways
-Physiologic = anatomic + alveolar |
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Term
| LOOK AT THE QUESITONS AT THE END OF THE BLOOD BAS LECTURE!!! |
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Definition
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