Term
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Definition
| The study of the structure of an organism and its parts |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the function of anatomical structures |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of tissues and their structures |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of cells and their structures |
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Term
| How many body systems are there? |
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Definition
| 11 Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reprooductive |
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Term
| What body system is the skin part of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What body system are the joints part of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the different types of muscle? Where can each type be found? |
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Definition
1. Skeletal: atatched to the bones for movement
2. Cardiac: muscles of the heart
3. Smooth: blood vessels |
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Term
| What system is the spinal cord part of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What system primarily produces hormones? |
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Definition
| Endocrine (Reproductive also produces hormones) |
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Term
| What system are the blood vessels part of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What system is responsible for fighting pathogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What system is responsible for gas exchange? |
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Definition
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Term
| What system is responsible for nutrition and excretion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What system are the kidney's part of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What system produces sperm and eggs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four principles of A&P? |
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Definition
1. Complementarity
2. Hierarchy of Complexity
3. Homeostasis
4. Cell function determines life functions |
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Term
| What does the principle of Complementarity mean? |
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Definition
| Form dictates function. By studying the structure (anatomy) of a part, you are able to determine its function (physiology) |
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Term
| What is the Hierarchy of Complexity? |
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Definition
| Atoms -> Molecules -> Organelles -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Systems -> Organism |
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Term
| What is an emergent property? |
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Definition
Properties of a group that are not possible when any of the individual elements of that group act alone.
There are new emergent properties with each level in the Hierarchy of Complexity.
Ex: an organ is able to perform a major function because it is made up of many different tissues. These tissues together can perform a function that the individual tissues can't do on their own |
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Term
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Definition
| All body systems working together to maintain a normal range of operations |
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Term
| What are the components of a feedback loop and what do they do? |
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Definition
1. Receptor: receives a stimulus and sends a signal (action potential) to the Control center.
2. Control Center: receives action potential and sends instructions to effector.
3. Effector: carries out intructions |
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Term
| What type of feedback loop brings the organism back to homeostasis? What are examples of this kind of loop? |
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Definition
Negative feedback loop
Ex: temperature, blood pressure |
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Term
| What type of feedback loop takes the organism away from homeostasis? What are examples of this kind of loop? |
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Definition
Positive feedback loop
Ex: blood clotting, contractions |
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Term
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Definition
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by a chemical reaction
Ex: Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, etc. |
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Term
| What are the subatomic particles? What are their charges? |
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Definition
Proton: positive charge
Electron: negative charge
Neutron: no charge |
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Term
| What is the atomic number equal to? |
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Definition
| The number of protons in the atom |
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Term
| What is the mass number equal to? |
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Definition
| The number of protons and neutrons in the atom |
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Term
| What four elements comprise the majority of most cells? |
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Definition
| Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| The specific version of an element based on its mass number. Isotopes have the same number of protons and neutrons, but differ in the amount of neutrons. |
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Term
| What is the unit of measurement used to determine the mass of the subatomic particles? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the subatomic particles arranged within the atom? |
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Definition
| Protons and Neutons form the nucleus of the atom and Electrons arrange themselves in shells around them |
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Term
| How many electrons can the first three shells hold? |
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Definition
| The first shell can hold two electrons and the second and third shells can hold eight electrons each |
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Term
| What is an electron valence shell? |
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Definition
| The outermost electron shell in an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| An atom that has its outer most electron shell filled |
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Term
| Through what subatomic particle does an atom form a bond? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of bond steals electrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of bond shares electrons unequally? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of bond shares electrons equally? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A weak bond where a hydrogen atom forms a bridge (attraction) between two slightly charged atoms (dipole). This is an intramolecular bond.
Ex: water |
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Term
| What are the Properties of Water important for biology? |
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Definition
1. Solubility: waters ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution.
2. Ice Floats: protects life under water
3. High Heat Capacity: can absorb and retain heat
4. Cohesion: water sticks together (hydrogen bonds) |
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Term
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Definition
| A liquid mixture of two or more substances |
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Term
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Definition
| The liquid that a solute is dissolved into |
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Term
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Definition
| The substance that is dissolved into a solvent |
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Term
| What is an aqueous solution? |
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Definition
| When water is used as the solvent |
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Term
| What does pH stand for? What does it mean? |
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Definition
| Power of hydrogen. Concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
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Term
| What is an acid? What is it's pH? |
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Definition
| An acid is a solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution. An acids pH is less than 7. The lower the number is, the stronger the acid is. |
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Term
| What is a base? What is it's pH? |
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Definition
| A base is a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution. A base's pH is greater than 7. The higher the number is, the stronger the base is. |
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Term
| What is a neutral pH? Give an example. |
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Definition
| A neutral pH means there is an equal number of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. A neutral pH has a number of 7. Water has a neutral pH. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weak acid/salt compounds that can neutralize a strong acid or a strong base. |
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Term
| What are the four macromolecules? |
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Definition
| Protein, Lipid, Carbohydrates, and DNA |
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Term
| What are the monomers of each macromolecule? |
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Definition
Protein = amino acid
Carbohydrate = monosacharide
Lipid = fatty acid
DNA = nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chemical reaction that breaks down molecules? Through what process is this done? |
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Definition
| The chemical reaction is called catabolism and it is done through hydrolysis (adding water) |
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Term
| What is the chemical reaction that builds/synthesizes molecules? Through what process is this done? |
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Definition
| The chemical reaction is called anabolism and it is done through dehydration synthesis (removing water) |
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Term
| What is a monosaccharide? |
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Definition
A simple sugar
Ex: glucose, fructose |
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Term
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Definition
Two simple sugars linked together
Ex: Sucrose = glucose + fructose |
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Term
| What is a polysaccharide? |
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Definition
A complex sugar made from a long chain of monosaccharides
Ex: Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose |
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Term
| What is the chemical structure of a fatty acid? |
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Definition
A long chain of Carbon and Hydrogen with a Carboxyl (COOH) group on the end.
[image] |
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Term
| What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? |
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Definition
A saturated fatty acid is saturated with hydrogens and therefore has no double bonds. An unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds.
[image] |
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Term
| What is the difference between cis and trans fatty acids? |
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Definition
Cis fatty acids have hydrogens that are on the same side of the double bound carbons.
Trans fatty acids have hydrogens that are on opposite sides of the double bound carbons.
[image] |
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Term
| Why are trans fats bad for you? |
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Definition
| Trans fats are bad because their structure allows them to pack in close and tight together, which can lead to a cholesterol build-up. They are unnatural, mad-made fats that are a product of hydrogenation. |
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Term
| What are the parts of a phospholipid? |
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Definition
non-lipid group, phosphate, glycerol, and 2 fatty acids
[image] |
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Term
| What type of macromolecule is a steroid? What is a characteristic of a steroids chemical structure? Give an example of a steroid. |
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Definition
A steroid is a lipid. You can recognize a steroid by it's 4 ring structure. Some examples of a steroid include cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogens
[image] |
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Term
| What are the two types of nucleic acids? |
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Definition
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA |
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Term
| What is a monomer of nucleic acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the roles of DNA and RNA and where are they located? |
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Definition
| DNA is found in the nucleus and determines the inherited characteristics and directs protein synthesis. RNA is found in the cytoplasm and controls the steps of protein synthesis. |
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Term
| What are the parts of a nucleotide? |
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Definition
A nucleotide has a phospate, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
[image] |
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Term
| How do the structures of DNA and RNA differ? How are they the same? |
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Definition
DNA is double stranded and forms a double-helix. RNA is single stranded. Both have a sugar-phosphate "backbone" attatched to a nucleotide.
http://i.livescience.com/images/i/000/053/587/i02/dna-rna-structure.jpg?1370549225 |
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