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EXAM 1
Covers Ch. 1,2,3 & Lab 3,4,5
69
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/20/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is anatomy?
Definition
The study of the structure of an organism and its parts
Term
What is physiology?
Definition
The study of the function of anatomical structures
Term
What is histology?
Definition
The study of tissues and their structures
Term
What is cytology?
Definition
The study of cells and their structures
Term
How many body systems are there?
Definition
11 Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reprooductive
Term
What body system is the skin part of?
Definition
Integumentary
Term
What body system are the joints part of?
Definition
Skeletal
Term
What are the different types of muscle? Where can each type be found?
Definition
1. Skeletal: atatched to the bones for movement
2. Cardiac: muscles of the heart
3. Smooth: blood vessels
Term
What system is the spinal cord part of?
Definition
Nervous
Term
What system primarily produces hormones?
Definition
Endocrine (Reproductive also produces hormones)
Term
What system are the blood vessels part of?
Definition
Cardiovascular
Term
What system is responsible for fighting pathogens?
Definition
Lymphatic (Immune)
Term
What system is responsible for gas exchange?
Definition
Respiratory
Term
What system is responsible for nutrition and excretion?
Definition
Digestive
Term
What system are the kidney's part of?
Definition
Urinary
Term
What system produces sperm and eggs?
Definition
Reproductive
Term
What are the four principles of A&P?
Definition
1. Complementarity
2. Hierarchy of Complexity
3. Homeostasis
4. Cell function determines life functions
Term
What does the principle of Complementarity mean?
Definition
Form dictates function. By studying the structure (anatomy) of a part, you are able to determine its function (physiology)
Term
What is the Hierarchy of Complexity?
Definition
Atoms -> Molecules -> Organelles -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Systems -> Organism
Term
What is an emergent property?
Definition
Properties of a group that are not possible when any of the individual elements of that group act alone.
There are new emergent properties with each level in the Hierarchy of Complexity.
Ex: an organ is able to perform a major function because it is made up of many different tissues. These tissues together can perform a function that the individual tissues can't do on their own
Term
What is Homeostasis?
Definition
All body systems working together to maintain a normal range of operations
Term
What are the components of a feedback loop and what do they do?
Definition
1. Receptor: receives a stimulus and sends a signal (action potential) to the Control center.
2. Control Center: receives action potential and sends instructions to effector.
3. Effector: carries out intructions
Term
What type of feedback loop brings the organism back to homeostasis? What are examples of this kind of loop?
Definition
Negative feedback loop
Ex: temperature, blood pressure
Term
What type of feedback loop takes the organism away from homeostasis? What are examples of this kind of loop?
Definition
Positive feedback loop
Ex: blood clotting, contractions
Term
What is an atom?
Definition
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by a chemical reaction
Ex: Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, etc.
Term
What are the subatomic particles? What are their charges?
Definition
Proton: positive charge
Electron: negative charge
Neutron: no charge
Term
What is the atomic number equal to?
Definition
The number of protons in the atom
Term
What is the mass number equal to?
Definition
The number of protons and neutrons in the atom
Term
What four elements comprise the majority of most cells?
Definition
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
Term
What is an isotope?
Definition
The specific version of an element based on its mass number. Isotopes have the same number of protons and neutrons, but differ in the amount of neutrons.
Term
What is the unit of measurement used to determine the mass of the subatomic particles?
Definition
Moles
Term
How are the subatomic particles arranged within the atom?
Definition
Protons and Neutons form the nucleus of the atom and Electrons arrange themselves in shells around them
Term
How many electrons can the first three shells hold?
Definition
The first shell can hold two electrons and the second and third shells can hold eight electrons each
Term
What is an electron valence shell?
Definition
The outermost electron shell in an atom
Term
What is a noble gas?
Definition
An atom that has its outer most electron shell filled
Term
Through what subatomic particle does an atom form a bond?
Definition
Electon
Term
What kind of bond steals electrons?
Definition
Ionic Bond
Term
What kind of bond shares electrons unequally?
Definition
Polar Covalent Bond
Term
What kind of bond shares electrons equally?
Definition
Non-polar Covalent Bond
Term
What is a hydrogen bond?
Definition
A weak bond where a hydrogen atom forms a bridge (attraction) between two slightly charged atoms (dipole). This is an intramolecular bond.
Ex: water
Term
What are the Properties of Water important for biology?
Definition
1. Solubility: waters ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution.
2. Ice Floats: protects life under water
3. High Heat Capacity: can absorb and retain heat
4. Cohesion: water sticks together (hydrogen bonds)
Term
What is a solution?
Definition
A liquid mixture of two or more substances
Term
What is a solvent?
Definition
The liquid that a solute is dissolved into
Term
What is a solute?
Definition
The substance that is dissolved into a solvent
Term
What is an aqueous solution?
Definition
When water is used as the solvent
Term
What does pH stand for? What does it mean?
Definition
Power of hydrogen. Concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
Term
What is an acid? What is it's pH?
Definition
An acid is a solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution. An acids pH is less than 7. The lower the number is, the stronger the acid is.
Term
What is a base? What is it's pH?
Definition
A base is a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution. A base's pH is greater than 7. The higher the number is, the stronger the base is.
Term
What is a neutral pH? Give an example.
Definition
A neutral pH means there is an equal number of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. A neutral pH has a number of 7. Water has a neutral pH.
Term
What is a buffer?
Definition
Weak acid/salt compounds that can neutralize a strong acid or a strong base.
Term
What are the four macromolecules?
Definition
Protein, Lipid, Carbohydrates, and DNA
Term
What are the monomers of each macromolecule?
Definition
Protein = amino acid
Carbohydrate = monosacharide
Lipid = fatty acid
DNA = nucleotide
Term
What is a polymer?
Definition
A chain of monomers
Term
What is the chemical reaction that breaks down molecules? Through what process is this done?
Definition
The chemical reaction is called catabolism and it is done through hydrolysis (adding water)
Term
What is the chemical reaction that builds/synthesizes molecules? Through what process is this done?
Definition
The chemical reaction is called anabolism and it is done through dehydration synthesis (removing water)
Term
What is a monosaccharide?
Definition
A simple sugar
Ex: glucose, fructose
Term
What is a disaccharide?
Definition
Two simple sugars linked together
Ex: Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Term
What is a polysaccharide?
Definition
A complex sugar made from a long chain of monosaccharides
Ex: Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose
Term
What is the chemical structure of a fatty acid?
Definition

A long chain of Carbon and Hydrogen with a Carboxyl (COOH) group on the end.

 

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Term
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?
Definition

A saturated fatty acid is saturated with hydrogens and therefore has no double bonds. An unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds.

 

[image]

Term
What is the difference between cis and trans fatty acids?
Definition

Cis fatty acids have hydrogens that are on the same side of the double bound carbons.

Trans fatty acids have hydrogens that are on opposite sides of the double bound carbons.

 

[image]

Term
Why are trans fats bad for you?
Definition
Trans fats are bad because their structure allows them to pack in close and tight together, which can lead to a cholesterol build-up. They are unnatural, mad-made fats that are a product of hydrogenation.
Term
What are the parts of a phospholipid?
Definition

non-lipid group, phosphate, glycerol, and 2 fatty acids

 

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Term
What type of macromolecule is a steroid? What is a characteristic of a steroids chemical structure? Give an example of a steroid.
Definition

A steroid is a lipid. You can recognize a steroid by it's 4 ring structure. Some examples of a steroid include cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogens

 

[image]

Term
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
Definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA
Term
What is a monomer of nucleic acids?
Definition
Nucleotides
Term
What are the roles of DNA and RNA and where are they located?
Definition
DNA is found in the nucleus and determines the inherited characteristics and directs protein synthesis. RNA is found in the cytoplasm and controls the steps of protein synthesis.
Term
What are the parts of a nucleotide?
Definition

A nucleotide has a phospate, sugar, and nitrogenous base.

 

[image]

Term
How do the structures of DNA and RNA differ? How are they the same?
Definition

DNA is double stranded and forms a double-helix. RNA is single stranded. Both have a sugar-phosphate "backbone" attatched to a nucleotide.

 

http://i.livescience.com/images/i/000/053/587/i02/dna-rna-structure.jpg?1370549225

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