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| study of past species and civilizations |
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| are political + social structures coming together as a cohesive unit |
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| first known history writer |
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| period before written texts |
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To study only one civilization misses most of human history
All civilizations borrow and reject cultural ideas from others
Provide context for historical events
Compare and contrast civilizations
Modern World is a Globalized Society |
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Early Civilizations Period (4000-500 BCE)
Classical Period (500 BCE–250 CE)
Post-Classical Period (250-1500 CE)
Early Modern Period (1500-1750 CE)
The Long 19th Century (1750-1914 CE)
Contemporary Period (1914-now) |
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| human ancestors, modern human appears by 250,000 ybp |
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| Australopithecus, Habilis, Erectus (upright man), Sapians, |
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| hunter-gatherers, small groups, nomads...spread through different areas of the world and created social structures and religious beliefs. |
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| domestication of animals (dogs+sheep)and plants. |
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| more daily work, more food, more pop. = more disease, and patriarchy |
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| Early agricultural villages |
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| Jericho, Haciler (no public buildings + dead buried beneath houses) |
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| 3000 BCE, required agriculture, arts, religion, social classes, urbanism, writing/literacy |
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| Stages of political development |
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| Band (large kinship), Tribe (classless society), Chiefdom (hereditary social class, set leader), State (hereditary social classes, kings, and taxes), Empire () |
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| where do states come from |
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• Voluntaristic Theory – economy and justice
• Hydraulic Theory – irrigation
• Coercive Theory - warfare |
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| Early civilizations were based around water supplies |
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| Mesopotamia –Sumer, Egypt, Indus River, Yellow River |
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| first civilization but was conquered by Ur, polytheistic religion, |
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| Nobility + priests, Peasant farmers = ~75%, Slaves |
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| Debt bondage, War, Born into slavery |
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| conquered all of Sumer and was destroyed by Elamites |
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| founded by nomadic people "amorites", created law code "shamash", social structure, austronomy, pythagorean thoereom |
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| Sumer and Akkad now Babylonia |
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| Babylonian chief god who takes power from other gods |
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| First Intermediate Period, Nomarchs take control away from pharaohs |
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| •Ruler of Thebes (Mentuhotep II) reunites Egypt, Amon, god of Thebes, is equated with Rah – the sun god = Amon Rah, All people judged for afterlife |
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•Expansion
–Into Nubia
–To Euphrates |
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| husband of Nefertiti, depicted as woman in statue, changed religion |
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| gave proof of trade-Items from Egypt, Syria, Baltic, Canaan |
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| 1800-1200 BCE, Indo-Europeans, Control most of modern Turkey, Sack Babylon and then decline |
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| Influenced by Egypt, conquered by myceaneans |
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| Warrior culture, maybe Trojan War, Linear B –Greek, Independent states–Mycenae–Pylos, Palace Economy, Takes over Minoan trade |
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| Creation of an Empire–Conquest of Babylon, Syria, Phoenician, Egypt, Israel, Rule through terror, Deportation of Jews, Used Akkadian and Aramaic for administration |
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| Archaeology only source, ~2500 BCE -~1800 BCE–Contemporary with Old Kingdom Egypt, Traded with Mesopotamia and Iran, 3 times the geographical size of Mesopotamia |
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| City planning–Straight streets, doors open onto back alleys–Sewer systems–Construction with brick, Standardized weights |
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| Spoke Sanskrit, Indo-European, “perfectly made, Brought horses and chariots, Conquered northern India |
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| Nomadic chiefdoms > kingdoms, Rajas = kings, Originally village, not urban culture, Kingdoms related to each other by kinship, marriages, invented genealogies |
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Polytheistic
• Anthropomorphic
• Indra: warrior
• Agni: god of fire
• Soma – sacred, psychotropic drink |
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| Hierarchy of vedic society |
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| Society•Aryans divided into 4 occupational castes: (1) priests (brahmana) •(2) warriors (kshatriya) •(3) commoners (vaishya): included landowners, artisans, and merchants •(4) servants (shudra) –non-aryans•Later Dasas added as “untouchables” |
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| •Xia Dynasty2200 –1600 BCE•Shang Dynasty1600 -1045 BCE•Zhou Dynasty1045 –480 BCE |
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