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Exam 1
Tissues
86
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
01/29/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
epithelial tissue
Definition

tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces or form glands

-serve for protection, secretion, and absorption

Term
connective tissue
Definition

tissue with more matrixthan cell volume

-specialized to support, bind, and protect organs

Term
nervous tissue
Definition
tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells
Term
muscular tissue
Definition
tissue composed of elongated, excitable ells specialized for contraction
Term
locations of epithelial tissue
Definition

-epidermis

-lnner lining of digestive tract

-liver and other glands

Term
location of connective tissue
Definition

tendons and ligaments

-cartilage and bone

-blood and lymph

Term
location of nervous tissue
Definition

-brain

-spinal cord

-nerves

Term
location of muscular tissue
Definition

-skeletal muslces

-heart (cardiac muscle)

-walls of viscera (smooth muscle)

Term
intercellular substances
Definition

-nonliving

-the matrix in which cells live

Term
types of intercellular substances
Definition

-amorphous ground substance

-fibrous material

-fluids

Term
amorphous ground substance
Definition

-affinity for water (swells)

-varies in form from a stiff gel to a thin solid

-provides support for cells suspended in it

-acts as a diffusion medium

Term
fibrous material (3 fiber types)
Definition

-collagen

-reticular

-elastic

Term
fluids
Definition

-in tissues, helps diffusion of oxygen and nutrients/waste

-arises from blood vessels - specifically postcapillary venules

Term
epithelium
Definition

-covers surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands

-closely opposed cells at a free surface (no cellular or extracellular elements here), exhibits polarity and membrane specializations

Term
epithelium
Definition
anchored to connective tissue by basement membrane and to eachother by tight junctions
Term
basement membrane
Definition
sheet-like layer of intercellular material, mainly functions in support
Term
epithelium of mucous membranes
Definition
overlies a thin layer of areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves, called the lamina propria
Term
epithelium
Definition

-replicate often

-avasular

-tightly packed

-little intracellular material

Term
functions of epithelium
Definition

-barrier

-secretion

-absorption

-excretion

-sensory reception

Term
stratified epithelium
Definition
multiple layers
Term
pseudostratified
Definition
1 layers which appear to be multiple
Term
squamous
Definition
slace-like, width and depth greater than height
Term
cubodial
Definition
width, depth, and height approximately the same
Term
columnar
Definition
height exceeds width and depth
Term
columnar epithelium
Definition
often modified to include secretory (mucous producing) cells as seen in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
Term
simple squamous epithelium
Definition

-single layer of flat scale-like cells

-cells fit tightly together

-easily damaged

-found where diffusion takes place

-alveoi, capillaries

Term
simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition

-single layer of cube shaped cells

-functions in secretion and absorption

-kidney tubules, salivary glands, ducts of thyroid, pancreas, liver

Term
simple columnar epithelium
Definition

single layer of elongated cells

-functions in secretion and absorption

-found lining most of digestive tract

-surface often possesses numerous microvilli

-contains mucous secreting goblet cells

Term
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Definition

-one layer in which nuclei are at differnt levels

-found lining upper portions of respiratory tract and oviducts

-contains numerous goblet cells which secrete mucouc that is moved along by cilia

Term
stratified squamous epithelium
Definition

-many layers

-cell division occurs in lower layers and pushes outward as outer layers are lost

-found in areas of heavy wear and tear: epidermis, mouth, anus, esophagus

Term
transitional epithelium
Definition

-appearance of cells changes with tension

-found lining urinary system, especially bladder

-when empty numerous layers can be seen, when full few layers are seen

Term
exocrine glands
Definition
secrete products into ducts
Term
serous secretions
Definition
watery with lots of enzymes
Term
mucous secretions
Definition
rich in mucin, a viscous glycoprotein
Term
mixed secretions
Definition
seromucous
Term
oily secretions
Definition
sebum
Term
endocrine glands
Definition
secrete product directly into bloodstream (hormone)
Term
endocrine glands
Definition
pituitary, adrenal, testes, ovaries, pancreas
Term
epithelial glands
Definition
classified based on the complexity of the duct (simple/unbranced vs compound/branched) or on shape of secretory unit (tubular vs alveolar/acinar)
Term
sweat gland
Definition
ex of simple coiled tubular gland
Term
mammary gland
Definition
ex of compound acinar gland
Term
pancreas
Definition
ex of compound tubuloacinar gland
Term
merocrine
Definition
granules released from cell (pancreas)
Term
apocrine
Definition
part of cell is released with granules (mammary gland)
Term
holocrine
Definition
whole cell dies and is secreted (sebaceous gland of hair follicle)
Term
cytogenous
Definition
whole living cell is released (testis/ovary)
Term
apical membrane specializations
Definition
microvilli and cilia
Term
microvilli
Definition

finger-like evaginations of cell membrane containing cytoplasm

-functions to increase surface area for absorption/secretion

-covered by glycocalyx - "sugar coat)

Term
microvilli = terminal web
Definition
microfilaments in core are anchored to the meshwork of microfilaments of microfilaments at the cell surface=
Term
brush border
Definition
in fluid transporting epithelia (kidney tubules) accumulations of cells with microvilli form a..
Term
cilia
Definition

hair-like, motile processes, evaginations of cell membrane

-core of microtubules

 

Term

1- .2-1.0 micrometers

2- 10 micrometers

Definition
ciliar are longer than microvilli (1) they are up to (2) long
Term
cilia
Definition

function to move things over cell surfaces by beating in a wave-like fashion

-ie in respiratory and reproductive tracts

Term
tight junctions (zonula occludens)
Definition

-found only in epithelium

-band-like zone around periphery near apical border

-functions to seal surface membranes together

Term

adhering junctions (zonula adherens)

(1) desmosome or macula adherens

(2) zonula adherens

Definition

-sites of string adhesion

-can be spot-like (1)

can be belt-like (2)

Term
hemidesmosomes
Definition
on basal aspect of cell to anchor it to basal lamina
Term
gap/nexus junctions
Definition
channels function in cell to cell communication (electrical and chemical)
Term
connective tissue
Definition
most abundant substance found in body (by weight)
Term

connective tissue

1-fibers

2- ground substance

Definition

-binds things together, supports, fills spaces, repairs

-cells are far apart and surrounded by a matrix

-matrix = 1+2

Term

ground substance

1-proteoglycans

2- fibroblasts

Definition

ranges from fluid (in blood) to solid (in bone)

-amorphous, gel-like, huge molecules with high affinity for water

-1 - are main component

-secreted by 2

Term
connective tissue - support
Definition
-function - bone and cartilage provide skeletal support for other tissues
Term
storage - connective tissue
Definition

function -

-adipose tissue stores fat for energy

-bone stores calcium and phosphate ions

-proper stores extracellular wastes

Term
transport - connective tissue
Definition
-function - medium for passage of nutrients and wastes
Term
protection - connective tissue
Definition
function - bony protection for soft organs (ribs: lungs and heart)
Term
defense - connective tissue
Definition
function - immune responses, inflammation, homeostasis
Term
healing - connective tissue
Definition
function - scar formation and contraction
Term
resident connective tissue
Definition

-fibroblasts

-macrophages

-mast cell

Term
resident
Definition
cells which generally stay in one area
Term
fibroblasts
Definition

most common type of connective tissue

-mainly responsible for collagen production

Term
macrophages
Definition

phagocytes, attack and ingest foreign particles

-function in defense and immunity

Term
mast cell
Definition

largest cell type

secretes: heparin and histamine

Term
heparin
Definition
secreted from mast cell - procents blood clotting
Term
histamine
Definition
secreted from mast cell - increases leakiness of capillaries
Term
connective tissue fiber types
Definition

-collagen

-elastic

-reticular

Term
collagen
Definition

most abundant connective tissue fiber

-very high levels in bone and dentin

Term
collagen
Definition

think threads which are felxible but not elastic, high tensile strength (resists pulling force)

-found binding structures together (tendons, fascia, ligaments)

-usually found in packed fiber bundles

Term
dense connective tissue
Definition
abundant collagen fibers =
Term
loose connective tissue
Definition
few collagen fibers =
Term
elastic fibers - connective tissue
Definition

-less strength than collagen but easily streched

-often branched and arranged in networks

-found in elastic ligaments and arteries, vocal cords

Term
reticular fibers - connective tissue
Definition

-made of collagen, very thin

-mesh like pattern of arrangement

-thin, flexible, distensible

-liver, lymphatic tissue

Term
loose connective tissue
Definition

-increased cells, decreased fibers (ex under epithelia)

-delicate thin membrane (mesentery)

-fills space b/w muscles

Term
adipose tissue (fat)
Definition

-good example of loose connective tissue

-protects, insulates, stores energy

Term
dense (fibrous) connective tissue
Definition

-decreased cells, increased fibers

-densely packed callagenous fibers with few fibroblasts

-results in very strong cords

-tendons, ligaments, deep fascia, aponeurosis

-poor blood supply, therefore slow healing

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