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Exam 1
Senses and endocrine
80
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
01/31/2012

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Term
Thyroid
Definition
Overlies trachea and inferior to larynx
Term
What hormone does thyroid produce?
Definition
Thyroid hormone--- a major metabolic hormone
Term
Where are the parafollicular cells located?
Definition
Thyroid and near the follicles
Term
Parathyroid Amount
Definition
Usually 4.
Term
Parathyroid location
Definition
Posterior thyroid gland
Term
Parathyroid hormone and Stimulates what?
Definition
PTH----osteoclasts

Osteoclasts = bone break down
Term
When PTH stimulates osteoclasts what rises?
Definition
Blood Ca++
Term
What age group is PTH most imp?
Definition
adults
Term
Of the three classes of hormones where is PTH?
Definition
Humoral
Term
What cells are found in the PTH?
Definition
Chief cells and oxyphil cells
Term
How do you distinguish oxyphil cells and chief cells in the parathyroid?
Definition
The oxyphil cells are more spread apart from another and chief cells are closer together with the nuclei.
Term
Where are adrenal glands located?
Definition
Fat above each kidney
Term
Where would you find the adrenal cortex?
Definition
In adrenal gland
Term
How many layers are in the adrenal cortex?
Definition
3
Term
Name the layers of the adrenal cortex.
Definition
Zona GlomerUlosa

Zona fasculata

Zona reticularis
Term
Zone glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
Definition
Mineral corticoid --ion balance
Term
Where do you find aldosterone and what does it control?
Definition
Found in zona glomerulosa. And controls na+ , k+
Term
Zona fasculata
Definition
Glucocoticoids -- Metabolic hormone
Term
Where is Cortisol found?
Definition
Zona fasculate
Term
What can be anti inflammatory and anti immune if high enough?
Definition
Cortisol
Term
What is cotisol?
Definition
Formation from fat and proteins
Term
Zona reticularis
Definition
Glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids
Term
Which zona is mostly androgens and testosterone with small amt esterogen?
Definition
Zona reticularis
Term
Adrenal medulla
Definition
CateCholaminas
Term
What does the adrenal medulla produce?
Definition
Epinephrine and nor-epinephrine
Term
In adrenal medulla how much epinephrine is produced?
Definition
80% (hear and metabolism)
Term
In adrenal medulla hoe much nor-epinephrine is produced?
Definition
20% (vasoconstriction)
Term
What is found in the pancreas?
Definition
Islets of langerhan
Term
Are islets of langerhan endocrine or exocrine?
Definition
Endocrine
Term
What cells are produced in the pancreas?
Definition
Alpha and beta cells
Term
Which cells in the pancreas release glucagon that increase blood glucose?
Definition
Alpha cells
Term
What organ does alpha cell trigger and what does this organ do in response?
Definition
Liver, Release glucose into blood
Term
Which cells of pancreas release insulin and Decreases blood glucose?
Definition
Beta cells
Term
What do beta cells target?
Definition
Almost all body cells
Term
What is insulin composed of?
Definition
51aa proteins
Term
How many types of diabetes are there?
Definition
2
Term
What is type1 diabetes?
Definition
Insulin dependent, "juvenile".
Term
Which type of diabetes is autoimmune to beta cells in pancreas?
Definition
Type 1
Term
If one did not have enough glucose in cells what would occur?
Definition
Lipidemia -- body using fatty acid

High cholesterol
Term
What can occur with fatty acids in pancreas with type 1 diabetes?
Definition
Metabolites accumulate.
Term
How can u fix type 1 diabetes? Can u inherit type1?
Definition
Insulin injections and yes
Term
Type2 diabetes
Definition
Non-insulin dependent "adult"
Term
Can either age group get either types of diabetes?
Definition
Yes
Term
Which type of diabetes is the insulin receptors non responsive?
Definition
Type 2
Term
What can be down regulation with diabetes?
Definition
Type 2
Term
What tissue can produce A chemical that Inhibits glucose?
Definition
Adipose
Term
How can we fix type 2 diabetes?
Definition
Control by diet and exercise.
Term
What gland is most active in children?
Definition
Thymus
Term
Thymus location?
Definition
Deep to sternum
Term
Which gland is most active in children and atrophies with age?
Definition
Thymus
Term
What does thymus turn into after it atrophies with age?
Definition
Adipose and ct
Term
What does the thymic hormone of the thymus control?
Definition
T cells
Term
General adaptation syndrome ( gas)
Definition
Opposite of homeostasis : gears body to deal with stress
Term
Name two types of stress in gas.
Definition
Eustress and distress
Term
Eustress
Definition
True stress, small amount good
Term
Distress
Definition
Destructive, harmful, lowers immunity.
Term
Stressor
Definition
Any stress that initiates gas ( bacteria, bleeding, emotions)
Term
Name a stress that is good for you.
Definition
Eustress, taking test
Term
Name a harmful stress.
Definition
Distress, chopping off arm.
Term
Name examples of stressors
Definition
Bacteria, emotions, bleeding
Term
What does stress stimulate?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
How many pathways does gas stimulate through?
Definition
2
Term
What are the two pathways the gas stimulates through?
Definition
Alarm- reaction and resistance reaction
Term
Alarm reaction
Definition
Sympathetic stimulation of the body and adrenal medulla
Term
Resistance reaction
Definition
Allows body to Fight stress after alarm reaction gives out.
Term
Anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex hormones
Definition
Resistance reaction
Term
What is an initial response to a stressor?
Definition
Alarm reaction
Term
What is activated by the nervous system with alarm reaction?
Definition
Fight/flight -- fast to start
Term
List organs alarm reaction effects
Definition
Heart, brain, skeletal muscle, lungs, skin, urinary tract, digestive, spleen contracts, liver, adrenal medulla
Term
Alarm reaction effects these 4 organs and they also vasodilate and increase?
Definition
Brain, heart, skeletal muscles and lungs
Term
List organs that decrease and constrict with alarm reaction.
Definition
Skin, urinary, digestive
Term
Which organ with contraction forces extra blood out into circulation?
Definition
Spleen
Term
Name the organ that breaks down glycogen into glucose for quick energy.
Definition
Liver
Term
Adrenal medulla and alarm reaction
Definition
Sympathetic stimulation to Adrenal medulla prolongs alarm respone.
Term
What uptakes na+ to maintain fluid/ ion balance (expense of k+)?
Definition
CRH-->ACTH-->TH
Term
Increases fat catabolism
Definition
GHRH-->GH
Term
Exhaustion
Definition
Occurs if alarm and resistance fail to cope with stress Or counteract stressor
Term
What is cause of exhaustion?
Definition
Loss of extracellular k+ (Due to excess aldosterone)
Term
What do cells lose with exhaustion?
Definition
Intracellular k+
Term
If k+ leaves cell and leaks in negative h the intracellular becomes negative and the extracellular becomes positive, is this true?
Definition
Yes
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