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exam 1
N/A
53
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/22/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term
somatic reflexes
Definition
involve contraction of skeletal muscle
Term
visceral reflexes
Definition
involve the internal organs
Term
cranial reflexes
Definition
involve the cranial nerves
Term
5 components of the reflex arc
Definition
receptos, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector
Term
patellar reflex
Definition
stretch reflex
monosynaptic reflex
somatic reflex
fast reflex
Term
stretch reflexes
Definition
maintain posture, balace, locomotion. initiated by tapping a tendon, which stretches the muscle, stimulating the muscle spindles and causing contraction.
Term
withdrawal reflex
Definition
polysynaptic reflex
somatic reflex
reflex strength is proportional to the severity of the stimulus
Term
reciprocal inhibition
Definition
prevents antagonist muscles from resisting contraction
Term
corneal reflex
Definition
sensory fiers from the trigeminal nerve detect pressure on the cornea, motor fibers from the facial nerve acts like a hook to close the eyelid.
Term
the pupillary light reflex
Definition
optic nerve (sensory) - ocularmotor nerve (motor)
both ipsilateral and contralateral
Term
general senses
Definition
touch, pain, pressure, temperature, stretch, vibration
Term
adaptation
Definition
sensory receptors get used to the sensation and stop firing (except with pain)
Term
exteroreceptors
Definition
provide information about the external world.
nocioceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors.
Term
interoceptors/visceroceptors
Definition
respond to stimuli within the body
found in internal visceral organs
Term
nocioceptors
Definition
free nerve endings
found in joints, bones, visceral organs, skin
do not exhibit adaptation
Term
thermoreceptors
Definition
free nerve endings
changes in temperature
exhibit adaptation
Term
mechanoreceptors
Definition
free nerve endings - tickle and itch sensations
root hair plexus - feel hair move
merkel cells and tactile discs - in epidermis, light touch
Term
Meisner's corpuscles
Definition
light touch and vibration (most superficial)
Term
Pacinian corpuscles
Definition
deep touch or vibration (deepest)
Term
Ruffini's corpuscles
Definition
deep touch and vibration (middle)
Term
referred pain
Definition
when neurons from different areas travel together it is hard to tell where the pain is coming from
ex: heart and left shoulder
Term
proprioceptors
Definition
monitor the position of limbs in space
-muscle spindle fibers
located in joint capsules
information goes to the cerebellum and cerebral cortex
Term
special senses
Definition
olfaction, gustation, vision, equilibrium, hearing
Term
organ of smell
Definition
olfactory epithilium
Term
transmission of olfactory information
Definition
from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex
from the olfactory tract to the limbic system
Term
taste sensations
Definition
sour - H+
salty - sodium
sweet - organic molecules
bitter - nitrogen
umami - amino acids like glutamate, found in meat
Term
types of papillae
Definition
circumvallate, fungiform, filiform
taste buds are inside papillae
Term
transmission of gustatory information
Definition
to the gustatory cortex
Term
sclera
Definition
white of the eye
protects
attachment point for extrinsic eye muscles
Term
iris
Definition
colored part of the eye
Term
sty
Definition
result of inflammation of the sebaceous and sweat glands around the eyelash
Term
lacrimal glands
Definition
make tears
Term
tears
Definition
reduce friction on eye surface
antibiotic enzyme called lysozyme
provide oxygen to the eye surface
remove debris and other irritants
Term
fibrous layer
Definition
cornea, sclera
Term
vascular layer (uvea)
Definition
iris, pupil, ciliary body, choroid
Term
neural layer (retina)
Definition
neural part, pigmented part
Term
cornea
Definition
clear, continuous with the sclera
gets oxygen from tears
contains no blood vessels
lots of free nerve endings
Term
pupillary dilator muscles
Definition
radial muscles
contraction enlarges the pupil in low light
sympathetic
Term
pupillary constrictor muscles
Definition
sphincter muscles
contraction decreases pupil diameter in bright light
parasympathetic
Term
ciliary body
Definition
in the vascular layer
attaches to the lens via the suspensory ligaments, the ciliary muscles and ligaments control lens shape
it makes aqueous humor
Term
glaucoma
Definition
aqueous humor builds up and presses on the lens, causing pressure on the retina
Term
choroid
Definition
the vascular layer
in between the sclera and retina
rich with blood vessels, provides oxygen
Term
layers of the retina
Definition
ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones, pigmented layer
Term
transmission of visual information
Definition
from the optic nerve to the occipital cortex
Term
middle ear
Definition
malleus, incus, stapes,
Term
the cochlea
Definition
scala vestibuli - perilymph
scala media, cochlear duct- endolymph and organ of corti
scala tympani - perilymph
Term
transmission of hearing information
Definition
from the cochlear nerve to the auditory cortex
Term
rotational equilibrium
Definition
semicircular canals
Term
static equilibrium
Definition
involves saccule and utricle
Term
maculae
Definition
oval structures inside the saccule and utricle involved in static equilibrium
otoliths, gelatinous material, hair cells, nerve fibers
Term
ampulla
Definition
structure at the base of each semicircular canal involved in rotational equilibrium
ampulla, cupula, crista, hair cells, supporting cells, sensory nerves
Term
external ear
Definition
pinna
lobule
external acoustic meatus
tympanic membrane
Term
inner ear
Definition
semicircular canals
vestibule
cochlea
pharyngealtympanic tube
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