Term
| dorsal body cavity consists of |
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Definition
| cranial, vertebral/spinal |
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Term
| cranial body cavity consists of |
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Definition
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Term
| ventral body cavity consists of |
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Definition
| thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| layers of protective tissue that line the cranial and vertebral canal |
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Term
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Definition
open to outside environment.
ex. lining oral & nasal cavities, vagina, anus |
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Term
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Definition
| closed to the outside, no mucous, two layers: visceral (contacts organ) & parietal (contacts cavity wall) |
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Term
| 4 things needed for the basic survival of cells |
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Definition
| obtain nutrients, dispose wastes, replicate/regenerate, organelles |
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Term
| function of the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| protective barrier, cellular communication (via receptor proteins), regulates movement of substances in/out |
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Term
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Definition
| imbedded in bilayer, may be transmembrane (through both layers) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
~75% of the membrane lipids
bilayer structure, aphipathic, dynamic, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail |
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Term
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Definition
~20% of the membrane lipids
only in animal cells, found among the lipid tails of the bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
~5% of the membrane lipids
amphipathic, only in the layer facing the extracellular fluid (outer surface), cellular adhesion, recognition, and growth/development |
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Term
| 3 forms of passive transport |
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Definition
| simple diffusion, osmosis, & facilitated diffusion (integral protein) |
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Term
| Forms of active transport |
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Definition
| vesicular transport, exocytosis, endocytosis |
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Term
| define vesicular transport |
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Definition
| large macromolecules (endo and exocytosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking), receptor-mediated endocytosis (binds to receptor proteins) |
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Term
| where does exocytosis occur? |
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Definition
| in cells that secrete things (ex. mucous) |
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Term
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Definition
| cytosol, organelles, inclusions (temporary structures in some cells that store nutrients) |
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Term
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Definition
| Microfilaments (smallest), intermediate filaments, microtubules (largest) |
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Term
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Definition
| near edge of cell, movement/mechanical support, have microvilli (non-motile to increase surface area) |
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Term
| define intermediate filaments |
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Definition
| throughout the cell, stabilize organelle in cytosol and attach cells to one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| important for cell shape, project outward from centrosome, have motile cilia and flagella |
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Term
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Definition
Rough ER = protein synthesis
Smooth ER = fatty acid and steroid synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| functions in initiating cell division, helps form microtubules for cilia and flagella |
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Term
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Definition
protein synthesis, RNA
located: attached to nuclear envelope (rough ER), scattered thru cytosol, mitochondria (ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| "powerhouse" of the cell, ATP in inner mitochondrial membrane, double membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA, double membrane, directs cells activities via instructions for protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear envelope, nuclear pores (control movement of substances b/t nucleus and cytoplasm), nucleolus (not enclosed by membrane, produces ribosomal subunits |
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Term
| Cell's adaptation to stress |
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Definition
| obtain nutrients, get rid of waste, replicate/regenerate |
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Term
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Definition
| cells change shape, size or arrangement due to long term irritation/inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| cells increase in NUMBER. Results in high blood pressure. retain normal form and arrangement |
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Term
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Definition
| cells increase in size, maintain normal form and arrangement. ex. skeletal muscles get bigger, high blood pressure causes hypertrophy in the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| cells decrease in size. ex diaphragm atrophy due to ventilation |
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Term
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Definition
| cells change from one type to another, different shape/function |
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Term
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Definition
| non-living, interstitial fluid is derived from blood plasma |
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Term
| 4 types of tissue and their respective function |
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Definition
| epithelial (covering), connective (support), muscle (movement), nervous (control) |
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Term
| 7 special features of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
| Cellularity, avascular, nervous innervation, regneration (high mitotic rate), polarity (apical and basal surface), basement membrane (basal and reticular lamina), membrane junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| anchoring junctions, linker proteins, outer layer of skin and cardiac muscle cells, looks like a zipper |
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Term
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Definition
| avascular, ICF flows b/t cells via connexons, (lens, cornea, cardiac muscle cells) waste out, nutrients in |
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Term
| functions of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
| selective barrier, secretory surface, protective surface |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the basement layer, secreted by epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the basement layer, thin fibers, secreted by CT cells |
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Term
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Definition
| has a free surface, cells arranged in sheets, forms all glands, covering and lining body parts |
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Term
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Definition
| impermeable, transmembrane proteins from adjacent cells fuse. prevents ECF and molecules in ECF from passing b/t cells. Forms a seal b/t cells. ex. bladder |
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Term
| function of Squamous epithelial cells |
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Definition
| allows rapid passage of substances, ex. lungs |
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Term
| function of cuboidal epithelial cells |
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Definition
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Term
| function of columnar epithelial cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 3-10 flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae, proteins brought to GA on the cis side, modify, sort and package proteins, proteins transported away from GA by vesicles on the trans face |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized simple squamous epithelium, lines the heart and vessels to and from the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| forms serous membranes (pericardium, pleura, peritoneum) |
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Term
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosae) |
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Term
| simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
(rings) kidney tubercle, ovary surface, secretory portions of small glands
secretion/absorption |
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Term
| simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
goblet cells, absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances
non-ciliated, lining GI track |
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Term
| pseudostratified columnar |
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Definition
| ciliated, secretion of mucous by ciliary action, lining upper airaways (trachea) |
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Term
| stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| protects underlying tissues, lines inside of mouth and esophogus |
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Term
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Definition
| top layer of dead cells, outside of skin |
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Term
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Definition
| lots of nuclei all the way to the top layer |
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Term
| stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
2 layers cubelike cells, protection, contains a duct (lumen)
largest ducts of sweat, mammary and salivary glands |
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Term
| stratified columnar epithelium |
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Definition
protection,secretion
only in male urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| secretions are aqueous that contain proteins (hormones, mucous, sweat/oil galnds, bile, milk, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular exocrine glands produce mucous, located in the large intestine, rectum, columnar epithelium, trachea, lining of gobules |
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Term
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Definition
| strongest, largest diameter, most abundant |
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Term
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Definition
| long and thin fibers, branches from networks, recoil |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest, networks, support |
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Term
| properties of connective tissue |
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Definition
| few cells, lots of ECM, fibers, intersitial fluid in jelly like form |
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Term
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Definition
Loose CT Proper (Areolar, Adipose, Reticular)
Dense CT Proper (Regular, Irregular, Elastic) |
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Term
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Definition
| wraps and cushions organs, important in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid, lamina propria of mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| breasts, hypodermis, protects, supports, and insulates organs |
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Term
| Reticular Loose CT Proper |
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Definition
| lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen), immune function |
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Term
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Definition
parallel striping of collagen fibers, squished nuclei of fibroblasts
attaches muscle to bone, bone to bone, withstands tensile strength in 1 direction, in tendons & most ligaments |
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Term
| Dense Irregular CT Proper |
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Definition
fibrous capsules of organs and of joints, dermis of the skin, provides structural strength, able to withstand tension exerted in many directions
outside wall of your bones |
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Term
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Definition
| elastic fibers, walls of large arteries, AORTA, walls of bronchial tubes, allows recoil of tissue following stretching |
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Term
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Definition
| resists compressive stress, forms embryonic skeleton, covers ends of long bones in joint cavities, costal cartilage of ribs, nose, trachea and larynx |
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Term
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Definition
| more elastic fibers in matrix, maintains shape of structure; flexibility, supports external ear and epiglottis |
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Term
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Definition
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint
absorbs compressive shock |
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Term
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Definition
| supports and protects, stores calcium and other minerals, marrow in bone site for blood cell formation (hematopoeisis), very vascularized, osteon haversian systems |
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Term
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Definition
contains plasma, red blood cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes
within blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
red blood cells
no fibers, no organelles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cutaneous, mucous, serous |
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Term
| Skeletal muscle "muscle fibers" |
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Definition
| voluntary movement, facial expression, push nuclei to outside of the cell, abundance of proteins, striations |
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Term
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Definition
| branching, striations, walls of the heart, as it contracts it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
| walls of hallow organs, no striations, forms sheets, central nuclei, involuntary, propels objects along internal passageways (urine, a baby) |
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Term
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Definition
neurons + neuroglia (glial cells)
brain, spine, nerves
electrical signals |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammatory chemicals released, blood vessel dilation increases blood flow to area |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of fluid in CT |
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Term
| Swelling and pain comes from |
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Definition
| histamine increases the permeability of the vessels, pressure on the nerve endings cause swelling |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue repair, regular cells divide and arrange into original locations |
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Term
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Definition
| scar tissue formation (lots of collagen fibers) |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelium (avascular) & bone |
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Term
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Definition
| skeletal muscle & cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac muscle, nervous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| thermoregulation, protection, excretion/absorption, synthesis of vitamin D, cutaneous sensation |
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Term
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Definition
| Skin & Accessory organs (hair, nails, oil & sweat glands) |
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Term
| What is the largest organ |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| EPIDERMIS (EPITHELIAL) + DERMIS (CT) |
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Term
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Definition
| subcutaneous layer of CT, not part of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| avascular, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
| 4 types of cells of the skin |
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Definition
| keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells |
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Term
| Langerhans cells function in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| little friction areas, 4 epidermal layers |
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Term
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Definition
palms, feet, fingertips
5 epidermal layers |
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Term
| epidermis is 100% replaced how often? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
deepest layer of epidermis
living layer, cell division |
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Term
| what kind of tissue is the stratum basale made of |
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Definition
simple cuboidal keratinocytes
also contains melanocytes and merkel cells |
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Term
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Definition
| living layer, 8-10 layers, contains tonofilaments, langerhans cells and projections of melanocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do melanocytes look like? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thin dying layer, 3-5 layers flattened keratinocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| covers tonofilaments, making them into keratin. in stratum granulosum |
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Term
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Definition
release lipid-rich secretion that waterproofs the skin.
in stratum granulosum |
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Term
| which layer is only in thick skin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| only in thick skin, 3-5 layers flattened, clear, dead keratinocytes |
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Term
| largest layer of the skin |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
25-30 layers flattened, dead keratinocytes
no nuclei, cells continuously shed |
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Term
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Definition
| papillary dermis, reticular dermis |
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Term
| papillary dermis is made of what tissue |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what tissue is the reticular dermis made of |
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Definition
| dense irregular CT proper |
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Term
| Which layer is the majority (80%) of the dermis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| functions of dermal papillae |
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Definition
| increase S.A., increase blood supply, projections of papillary dermis is to overlying stratum basale |
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Term
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Definition
CT, very tough
blood vessesls
lymphatic vessels
& nerves |
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Term
| the hypodermis is made of: |
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Definition
| highly vascular, adipose tissue & reticular loose CT proper. Large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves whose branches extend into the dermis |
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Term
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Definition
| melanin, carotene, hemoglobin |
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Term
| red hair is due to an abundance of |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| can't produce the tyrosinase enzyme |
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Term
| 3 factors of cutaneous sensation |
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Definition
| light touch, pressure/vibration, pain |
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Term
| what are the 3 properties of light touch in cutaneous sensation? |
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Definition
| meisner's corpuscles, merkel cells, and hair |
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Term
| property of pressure/vibration of cutaneous sensation |
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Definition
| pacinian corpuscles (activates nerve endings) |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| sebaceous glands are also called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do sebaceous glands produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where are sebaceous glands located? |
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Definition
| everywhere except soles and palms |
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Term
| Which types of glands are associated with hair follicles? |
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Definition
| sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands |
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Term
| Which type of glands open directly onto skin surface? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of sweat glands produce "true sweat" |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are eccrine sweat glands located? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where are apocrine sweat glands located? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of sweat gland produces milky "sweat"? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| rich network of capillaries underly in the dermis |
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Term
| does hard or soft keratin predominate in nails? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are nails made up of? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the thickening of the nail bed |
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Term
| What is the name for the cuticle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| columns of dead, keratinized epidermal cells (keratinocytes) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| 2 Layers of the hair follicle |
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Definition
| external root sheath, internal root sheath |
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Term
| what does the external root sheath produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the external root sheath similar to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the internal root sheath produced by? |
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Definition
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