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Exam 1
chemical & cells
133
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/18/2011

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Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands
Term
connective tissue
Definition
connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues
Term
muscular tissue
Definition
contracts to make body parts move and generates heat
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses
Term
atom
Definition
the smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions
Term
molecule
Definition
two or more atoms joined together
Term
cells
Definition
the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals
Term
tissues
Definition
groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
Term
organs
Definition
structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues
Term
system
Definition
consists of organs with a common function
Term
metabolism
Definition
the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
Term
catabolism
Definition
the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Term
anabolism
Definition
the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
Term
responsiveness
Definition
the body's ability to detect and respond to changes
Term
movement
Definition
motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside the cells
Term
growth
Definition
an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both
Term
differentiation
Definition
the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
Term
reproduction
Definition
either (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual
Term
homeostasis
Definition
the condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes
Term
anatomy
Definition
the study of body structures
Term
physiology
Definition
the study of body functions
Term
disorder
Definition
any abnormality of structure or function
Term
disease
Definition
(more specific) term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
Term
symptoms
Definition
subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to the observer (ex. headache, nausea, and anxiety)
Term
signs
Definition
objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure (ex. anatomical: swelling or rash, physiological: fever, high blood pressure, or paralysis)
Term
anatomical position
Definition
facing observer, feet shoulder-width apart, toes forward, palms forward
Term
prone
Definition
facedown
Term
supine
Definition
face up
Term
cephalic
Definition
head
Term
scapular
Definition
shoulder
Term
pollex
Definition
thumb
Term
patellar
Definition
anterior surface of knee
Term
brachial
Definition
arm
Term
antebrachial
Definition
forearm
Term
digital or phalangeal
Definition
toes
Term
lateral
Definition
side
Term
medial
Definition
middle
Term
proximal
Definition
close to point of attachment
Term
dismal
Definition
distant from point of attachment
Term
superior
Definition
top
Term
inferior
Definition
bottom
Term
anterior
Definition
in front
Term
posterior
Definition
in back
Term
midsagittal
Definition
divides into equal right and left sides
Term
parasagittal
Definition
divides into unequal right and left sides
Term
transverse
Definition
divides into superior and inferior
Term
frontal/coronal
Definition
divides into anterior and posterior
Term
cranial cavity
Definition
brain
Term
vertebral canal
Definition
vertebral column, spinal cord, spinal nerves
Term
Thoracic cavity
Definition
chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum
Term
pleural cavity
Definition
each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericarduim
Term
mediastinum
Definition
central portion of thoracic cavity b/w the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
Term
abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
Term
exergonic
Definition
release energy
Term
endergonic
Definition
take in/absorb energy
Term
activation energy
Definition
energy needed to break the chemical bonds of reactants
Term
catalysts
Definition
lower activation energy
Term
hydrophilic
Definition
water loving
Term
hydrophobic
Definition
water hating
Term
macromolecules
Definition
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose; 2-3% of total body mass; source of energy for ATP
Term
lipids
Definition
fats-fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, & steroids; hydrophobic; 18-25%; help generate ATP, major components of cell membranes, regulate metabolism
Term
proteins
Definition
large molecules that contain C, H, O, & N; 12-18%; more complex; composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds; provide structural framework, regulatory, contraction, immunological, transport, & catalytic (enzymes)
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & ribonucleic acid (RNA); contain C, H, O, N, & P
Term
gene
Definition
segment of DNA molecule
Term
RNA
Definition
relays instructions from genes to guide each cell's synthesis of proteins from amino acids
Term
cell- 3 main components
Definition
plasma membrane, cytoplasm (cytosol & organelles), nucleus
Term
fluid mosaic model
Definition
fluid lipids & mosaic of proteins
Term
lipid molecules in bilayer
Definition
phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids
Term
integral proteins
Definition
extend into or through the membrane
Term
peripheral proteins
Definition
not firmly embedded in the membrane
Term
transmembrane proteins
Definition
span entire lipid bilayer
Term
glycoproteins
Definition
proteins that have carbohydrates attached and protrude into the extracellular fluid
Term
ion channel (protein)
Definition
(integral) allows specific ion to move through water-filled pore
Term
carrier (protein)
Definition
(integral) transports specific substances across membrane by changing shape
Term
receptor (protein)
Definition
(integral) recognizes specific ligand and alters cell's functions
Term
enzyme (protein)
Definition
(integral/peripheral) catalyzes reaction inside or outside the cell
Term
linker (protein)
Definition
(integral/peripheral) anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability ad shape for the cell. May also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells together
Term
cell identity marker (glycoprotein)
Definition
distinguishes your cells from anyone else's (except identical twins) (MHC- major histocompatibility proteins)
Term
membrane fluidity
Definition
fluidity depends on the numbers of double bonds in the tails
Term
concentration gradient
Definition
a difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another
Term
electrical gradient
Definition
a difference in electrical charges between two regions
Term
electrochemical gradient
Definition
combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particular ion
Term
active transport
Definition
cellular energy is required to drive the substance "uphill"- against a concentration or electrical gradient
Term
passive transport
Definition
substances can move down its concentration or electrical gradient to move across the membrane using only its kinetic energy
Term
endocytosis
Definition
coming into the cell
Term
exocytosis
Definition
leaving the cell
Term
diffusion
Definition
(diffus- =spreading) random mixing of particles in a solution occurs because of the particles' kinetic energy
Term
Factors influencing the diffusion rate
Definition
1) Steepness of the concentration gradient
2) Temperature
3) Mass of the diffusion substance
4) Surface area
5) Diffusion distance
Term
simple diffusion
Definition
freely move through the membrane (nonpolar/hydrophobic molecules)
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
solutes that are too polar or charged are aided through the membrane (channel-mediated, carrier-mediated)
Term
channel-mediated diffusion
Definition
most are ion channels, slower than free diffusion, some can be gated
Term
carrier-mediated diffusion
Definition
carrier (transporter) moves a solute down the concentration gradient; solute binds... carrier changes... solute released to the other side
Term
osmosis
Definition
passive process; movement of H2O from higher concentration to lower concentration (of H2O); achieved through (1) simple diffusion across lipid bilayer (2) movement through aquaporins- integral membrane proteins that act as water channels
Term
hydrostatic pressure
Definition
force exerted by a liquid
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
force exerted by an impermeable solute
Term
tonicity
Definition
(tonic=tension) measure of a solution's ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content
Term
isotonic
Definition
equal
Term
hypotonic
Definition
(hypO-cell swells to O shape) hypo=less than; solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the cell so the water goes in the cell to dilute it causing hemolysis
Term
hypertonic
Definition
hyper= greater than; solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the cell causing the water to leave the cell which causes crenation
Term
primary active transport
Definition
energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP changes shape of the carrier protein-> "pumps" the solute against its concentration gradient; sodium-potassium pump
Term
secondary active transport
Definition
stored energy in NA+ or H+ concentration gradients are used to drive other substances across membrane against their gradients (secondary indirectly uses ATP)
Term
vesicle transport
Definition
active process (requires ATP); vesicle (little bladder); endocytosis & exocytosis
Term
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
ligands; vesicle forms after receptor protein recognizes & binds to a particular particle in the extracellular fluid; take up: lipoproteins, transferrin, some vitamins, antibodies, and some hormones
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
(phagi- to eat) cells engulf large particles; macrophages&neutrophils; particle binds to receptor - causing extension of pseudopods, fusing into a phagosome; take up: invading microbes, worn-out cells
Term
bulk-phase endocytosis
Definition
tiny droplets of extracellular
Term
exocytosis
Definition
releases materials from the cell
Term
secretory cells
Definition
digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus, etc.
Term
nerve cells (exocytosis)
Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
secretory vesicles
Definition
membrane enclosed vesicles
Term
transcytosis
Definition
movement of a substance through a cell as a result of endocytosis on the opposite side
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
cytosol and organelles
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol
Term
microfilaments
Definition
thinnest; composed of protein actin; prevalent at the edge of the cell; functions: aid to generate movement and mechanical support & provide framework for microvilli
Term
intermediate filaments
Definition
thicker; composed of several different proteins; function: maintain structure under mechanical stress, stabilize positions of organelles, & aid in anchoring cells to one another
Term
microtubules
Definition
thickest/largest; composed mainly of the protein tubulin; assembled by centrosome-growing outwardly toward the periphery of the cell; function: determine cell shape; movement of organelles, chromosomes, and cell projections
Term
centrosome
Definition
located near nucleus; two components: pair of centrioles & pericentriolar material
Term
pericentriolar material
Definition
part of the centrosome; contains ring-shaped complexes composed of protein tubulin; complexes function to organize growth (i.e. mitotic spindle)
Term
cilia
Definition
brings particles to cell; fine adjustments
Term
flagella
Definition
movement
Term
ribosomes
Definition
two parts (can be attached or "free"); sites of protein synthesis- large content of ribonucleic acid (rRNA); attached to endoplasmic reticulum or floating in cytoplasm
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
network of membranes extending from nuclear envelope; two forms (1) rough- synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids (2) smooth- synthesizes fatty acids & steriods; inactivates drugs; stores/releases Ca+ in muscle cells
Term
golgi complex (apparatus)
Definition
composed of 3-20 cisternae (different enzymes in different cisternae); function: modify, sort, package, & transport; not attached to nuclear membrane; entry face receives/modifies proteins from ER-> medial cisterna add carbohydrates and lipids-> exit face modifies/sorts/packages for transport
Term
lysosomes
Definition
contain <60 digestive/hydrolytic enzymes; digest substances that enter from endocytosis; carry out autophagy (worn-out organelles); carry out autolysis (digestion of entire cell); carry out extracellular digestion
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
contain oxidases (enzymes- remove hydrogen atoms); oxidize organic substances (i.e. amino acids, fatty acids, etc.); oxidize toxic substances (alcohol); abundant in the liver; can self-replicate
Term
proteasomes
Definition
destroys unneeded, damaged, and faulty proteins; plays a role in maintaining a negative feedback loop- halting the operation once it's no longer needed; in cytosol and nucleus; contain proteases (enzymes- cut proteins
Term
mitochondria
Definition
function: generate ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration; ~100s-1000s occur in cells; located where oxygen enters cell or where ATP is used often; cristae=folds in inner membrane (important in cellular respiration); they can self-replicate; momma gave us mitochondria
Term
nucleus
Definition
brains of cell; most cells only have one; nuclear envelope= double membrane separating nucleus from cytoplasm; nuclear pores= circular arrangement of proteins surrounding a large opening; small molecules/ions move by diffusion/large ones by active transport
Term
nucleoli (-us)
Definition
a cluster of protein, DNA, & RNA; produce ribosomes
Term
chromosomes
Definition
inside nucleus (46)
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