The Little Ice Age (c. 1300-1800)

Winters are longer/wetter thus growing season is shorter/ harder...part of the Agricultural Crisis

-worked for the papacy, obsessed with the Glory that was Rome, had life long desire to inspire Laura (Poet-Laureate)

-petrarch was greatest scholar of his day, advocated study of humanities, discovered and restored manuscripts, advocate of classical greatness

(1381) Biggest revolt; 100,000 peasants led by Watt Tyler marched on London; Preacher named John Bull “if Adam delved and Eve span, then who is the gentleman” ó everyone should labor

-Richard II/ mayor beheads Tyler to show will suppress by force;Conflict and Compromise

In most places incomes did go up

-quarrels with Petrarch started over the vernacular

-wrote The Decameron: tells story of elite life during plague

-wrote Geanealogies of the Pagan Gods: encylopedia of mythology

-wrote Vita di Dante: spread legacy of Dante

-discovered/ translated classical texts

·      Perfected oil paint on canvas

·      Ghent Altarpiece (1432)

·      Arnolfini Portrait (1434)

·      Incredible handle of detail and symbolism shown, realistic view

·      Has illusion of depth…three-dimensionality

·      Madonna with Chancellor Nicolas Rolin (1435)

·      Adoration of Magi (1470’s)

·      Show off of aqueduct and perspective

·      Primavera (1477-1488)

·      Famous painting- heavily mythological

·      Shows what clothes look like in movement

·      The Birth of Venus (1484)

·      Most famous painting- mythological

·      Venus depicted in shell…who comes from foam of the sea

·      Has realistic hair blowing in the wind

·      Transitional figure who gets into new things

·      Portrait painter to the stars

·      Meeting of Bacchus and Ariadne (1522-1523)

·      Mythological scene…feeling of movement

·      Venus of Urbino (1538)

·      Liked to depict female nudes

·      Pope Paul III (c.1543-1546)

·      Realistic portrayal

·      Charles V at Muhlberg (1548)

·      Died a broken man…after victory

·      Has a strong lower jaw (INCEST)

·      Prince Philip (1554)

·      Spanish Hopsburgs and incest shown through strong lower jaw

The Spread of the Plague (1347-1351)

-Cargo w/ rats carrying slaves starts the spread feel sick & black blotches (dead blood cells) would fill lymph system

-Dedicated clergymen died treating sick, leaving undedicated

-some thought Eat, drink, be merry, party; others thought it was a Sign of God’s wrathó people whipped themselves against advisements of pope

-People in Europe are more anxious about afterlife than ever before

·      Humanist scholar and head of the Platonic Academy in Florence from 1462

-Christianizes the homophobic Symposium

-Wrote Platonic Theory: Non-sexual love

the revival of classical greatness from its earliest form through latin (language and literature)- stress on literature

-greatest humanist scholar before Erasmus

-disproved the authenticity of The Donation of Constantine through philogy

-harsh critic of scholasticism

-began Annotations on the New Testament: criticism of Jerome's vulgate

-he used Eastern technique of perspective and realism (individual faces on each person)

-painter of  Enthroned Madonna 

-Arena Chapel à Expulsion of Joachim, Kiss of Judas(made with fresco), Last Judgment (shows detail-The Damned vs. The Blessed) 

-designed and began Campanile: architecture

-notable painter for use of light and shadow...vibrant use of color

-Disputation over the Sacraments, The School of Athens, Fire in the Borgo, Transfiguration

-painter of God Created Adam (Sistine Chapel)...male nudes, Last Judgement

-fav= sculpting; Pieta, David (big hands), Moses (in tomb for Julius II)

-also architect for revisal of St. Peter's Basilica (epic scale), Tomb of Julius II, and Medici Chapel

·      Known as an art theorist

·      Ten Books of Architecture: Studied text and adapted it to his work

-wrote Santa Maria Novella and Sant’Andrea in Mantua 

·      Duomo - Dome of Florence Cathedral 

·      He designed a herring bone technique of masonry to construct this

·      Sacristy of San Lorenzo (1421)

·      Symmetry and classical elegance

·      Was intended to be the last crusade by Ferdinand…at this time there was a civil war in Granada

·      One victory over power of Islam seen here

·      initially surrender treaties were very generous, but that was reversed later on as new leader took over who was Anti-Islamic (tried to convert)

----Moriscos were the converted Muslims: not attached to new faith

-France= emergence of absolutist monarchy

-1453 The New World of Warfare: emergence of fire power and Welsh long bow

-French king taken prisoner to London ($3 million crown ransom)- kept second son as captive until he paid the $...his son escaped and he felt bad so he went back as a prisoner (shows John was an honorable man)

-English used scootage (gathering of money) ó they can build a small army…40 days at a time

-peasent girl, dressed in men's clothes, led armies, voices from God (witch)

-appearence before the Dauphin...led army to Orleans: English retreat

-Captured, tried, and executed

-Constantinople XI Paleologus...Giustiniani and 700 men

-Arrival of 80,000 turks toting the big gun

-Turkish attacks keep coming, Giustiani wounded/ Constantinople dies

-Gate falls...Turks win

-family of physicians turned bankers

-known for governing indirectly (paid off elections)...they all wanted tons of money (sponsored Michelangelo, etc)

-Fall of Medici to Florentine Republic (Savonarola)

-Return of Medici w/ Spanish...acted as puppets

-White Rose of York vs. Red Rose of Lancaster

---Noble Families wanted to call the shots...roses were cousins of royal family

-the Yorkists win; Edward IV is King; he dies; sons illegitamite, thus their uncle Richard comes to power

-famous battle where Henry V of England faces France

-The english are cornered, send negotiators, France rejects them

-Henry V sets up stakes and infantry (long bow, mud)

-English win this battle in Hundred Years War

-brilliant leader...the New Alexander...known as "The Conquereror"

-wanted to conquer from East to West, defender of faithful, tolerant of relgions, loved poetry & science, ruthless/ bloodthirsty, bisexual/pedophile

-Peace Treaties with Venice and Hungary

-The "Throat-Cutter"

-built navy: buys Urban's gun...used in seige of Constantinople

~supposed to bring about a truce between Milan and Venice (involved all 5 major powers); lasted about 40 yrs

~want peace in Italian peninsula b/c the year prior there was the fall of Constantinople: they did not want to fall to the Ottoman Empire

-wrote advice in The Courtier on how to be a good courtier/ groupie from these new Princely regimes

-need to know about science, philosophy, war

-maintain favor of prince you are working for

-individual liberty is only good in theory (it brought ruin to Italy)...princely regime needed for order

-aka Ferdinand (Aragon) and Isabella (Castille)

-war of Succession vs. Juana la Beltraneja...they win and are firmly inpower

-have 2 goals:restore order/ royal power, and have a strong ruler/ referee

-Re-establishment of Order: La Santa Hermandad

-Re-establishment of Order: act of resumption and concejo real

-New Foreign Policy...dominant royal army

old system that had been developed over centuries in Spain…encomendera would be granted land and labor after they had conquered the land

-goal to stabilize England...initiates new policies for a new centralizing monarchy

-royal council with lower nobles

-makes sons marry Katherine of Aragon to stabilize alliances w/ Europe (Spain specifically)

(1494): Spanish and Portuguese change the line made by the pope (secularly)…at Portuguese’s insistence they push the line 5 miles further west (more of Brazil)…eventually will be extended to the Pacific

-Voyage with Columbus (1498)…didn’t like the savagery

-Priesthood; renunciation of encomienda system

-Mission Campaign in Guatemala (1536-1538)

-Campaign for the New Laws (1542): natives had rights…shouldn’t be slaves

Voyage to India

-made it to India there and back…sea route established to all this wealth

-Balboa and Pizarro (1513): exposition to the Pacific

-Atahualpa, Huascar, and Smallpox

    -brutal civil war and Atahualpa defeats his brother and repairs town

-Cajamarca (Nov. 15, 1532)

    -Pizarro comes to town and kidnaps the emperor…one room w/ gold and one room w/ silver and will let go…not fast enough so he burnt his feet off and gave option to be baptized and strangled before killed or burned alive

    -killed 5,000 people and Atahualpa

-Pizarro Assasinated (June 36, 1541)…by Spaniards he had antagonized

-riots in Castille and Aragon...Jews baptized or die

-Converso Problem...affluent in society; causes resentment...crypto Jews

-Revolt of Toledo: conversos on trial/ burned

-Inquisition established in 1478; Ferdinand leads to establish stablity and peace btwn conversos and Jews

-career/life in the Republic: official in republic...loves politics...head of the council of war...created militia for Florence

-he read of glories of Roman Republics  and wrote of hated mercenaries

-wrote The Prince, The Discourses, The History of Florence

-the Apologia, Oration on the Dignity of Man

-Interest in Kaballah

-spread of Greek philosophy: stoicism, epicureanism, skepticism