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Exam 1
Flashcards for the first exam in my Anatomy and Physiology class!
171
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/12/2011

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Cards

Term
TERM
Definition
DEFINITION
Term
Anatomy
Definition
Science of body structures
Term
Physiology
Definition
Science of budy functions
Term
Superior
Definition
Toward the head
Term
Inferior
Definition
Away from head
Term
Anterior/Ventral
Definition
Front
Term
Posterior/Dorsal
Definition
Back
Term
Medial
Definition
Near midline
Term
Lateral
Definition
Further from midline
Term
Midline
Definition
Imaginary line dividing organism into two equal parts
Term
Proximal
Definition
Near body trunk
Term
Distal
Definition
Further from trunk
Term
Superficial
Definition
Toward surface
Term
Deep
Definition
Away from surface
Term
Supination
Definition
Palms up, knuckles down
Term
Pronation
Definition
Palms down, knuckles up
Term
Eversion
Definition
Toes pointed out
Term
Inversion
Definition
Toes pointed in
Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition
Moving up
Term
Plantarflexion
Definition
Moving down
Term
Flexion
Definition
Decreasing angle
Term
Adduction
Definition
Moving limb closer to body
Term
Abduction
Definition
Moving limb further from body
Term
Coronal/Frontal
Definition
Front and back
Term
Sagittal
Definition
Right and left
Term
Mid-Sagittal
Definition
Midline, two equal parts
Term
Para-Sagittal
Definition
Unequal parts
Term
Transverse
Definition
Top and bottom
Term
Oblique
Definition
Diagonal
Term
Cranial
Definition
Brain
Term
Vertebral
Definition
Sprinal cord and beginnings of of spinal nerves
Term
Pleural
Definition
Lungs
Term
Mediastinum
Definition
Heart, trachea, esophagus
Term
Abdominal
Definition
Liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, intestines, spleen, kidney, appendix
Term
Pelvic
Definition
Reproductive organs, bladder, lower large intestines
Term
Thoracic
Definition
Contains pleural, pericardial, and abdominal cavities
Term
Cephalic
Definition
Face
Term
Orbital
Definition
Eyes
Term
Buccal
Definition
Cheek
Term
Cervical
Definition
Neck
Term
Nasal
Definition
Nose
Term
Oral
Definition
Mouth
Term
Labial
Definition
Lips
Term
Mental
Definition
Chin
Term
Thoracic
Definition
Torso
Term
Acromial
Definition
Shoulder
Term
Axilla
Definition
Armpit
Term
Sternal
Definition
Sternum
Term
Mammory
Definition
Breasts
Term
Umbilical
Definition
Naval
Term
Coxal
Definition
Hip
Term
Inguinal
Definition
Groin
Term
Brachial
Definition
Between shoulder and elbow; upper arm
Term
Antecubital
Definition
Inner elbow
Term
Antebrachial
Definition
Forearm
Term
Carpal
Definition
Wrist
Term
Manual
Definition
Hands
Term
Pollex
Definition
Thumb
Term
Digits
Definition
Fingers
Term
Palmal
Definition
Palm
Term
Carpal
Definition
Wrist
Term
Femoral
Definition
Thigh
Term
Patellar
Definition
Knee
Term
Popliteal
Definition
Back of knee
Term
Tarsal
Definition
Ankle
Term
Crural
Definition
Shin
Term
Dorsum
Definition
Anterior foot
Term
Plantar
Definition
Bottom of feet
Term
Calcaneal
Definition
Heel
Term
Hallux
Definition
Big toe
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Condition of balance
Term
Feedback Receptor
Definition
Monitors change in a controlled situation
Term
Feedback Control Center
Definition
Evaluates input received from receptor and generates output, ie: receptor says it's hot, control center decides to sweat
Term
Feedback Effector
Definition
Receives input from control center and prodices response, ie: sends signal to sweat
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
Reverses a change, ie: too cold, make warm
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
Reinforces a change, ie: contractions during labor
Term
Lesser Elements in Body
Definition
Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe
Term
Major Elements in Body
Definition
O, H, N, C
Term
Protons
Definition
1.007d
Term
Neutrons
Definition
1.008d
Term
Electrons
Definition
0.0005d
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
Number of protons. In lower corner
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition
Protons and neutrons combined. Bottom middle.
Term
Mass Number
Definition
Rounded Atomic Mass. Protons and neutrons combined. In upper corner
Term
Radioactive Isotopes
Definition
Unstable nucleus. Responsible for change of color on SPECT, PET scans, etc.
Term
Half-Life
Definition
Time it takes for a radioactive particle to become half as radioactive.
Term
Molecule
Definition
Two or more atoms sharing electrons
Term
Compound Molecule
Definition
Contains atoms of 2 or more different elements
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
"opposites attract" one or more electrons "donated" from one element/atoms to the other in order to satisfy the octet rule
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
Sharing electrons on the outer shell. Most common bond in the body.
Term
Hydrogen Bond
Definition
Hydrogen atom with positive charge is attracted to an atom with a negative charge
Term
Inorganic Compounds
Definition
Lack Carbon, ie: water, salts, acids, bases
Term
Organic Compounds
Definition
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Term
Lipids
Definition
Fatty acids, triglycerides (protection, insulation), phospholipids, vitaminds A, D, E, K, steriods (estrogen, testosterone, cholesterol)
Term
Proteins
Definition
C, O, N. Responsible for stricture of body tissues (collagen and keratin), hormones (insulin), Contractile (actin, myosin),
Term
Nucleic Acids
Definition
DNA and RNA
Term
DNA
Definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid. Forms genetic material
Term
RNA
Definition
Ribonucleic acid. Guides the synthesis of proteins.
Term
Cell Types
Definition
Blood, nerve, muscle, immune
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
Barrier, lipid bilayer, selectively permeable
Term
Amphipathic
Definition
Polar and non-polar parts
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
75% of membrane. Amphipathic. Polar: hydrophilic heads. Non-polar: hydrophobic heads
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
20% of membrane. Amphipathic. Attaches to phospholipids
Term
Glycolipids
Definition
5% of membrane. Attach to carbohydrates
Term
Membrane Proteins
Definition
peripheral
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
No energy is needed
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Diffusion through selectively permeable membrane in order to meet equilibrium
Term
Isotonic Solution
Definition
Concentration on both sides of membrane equal
Term
Hypertonic Solution
Definition
Environment has a higher concentration
Term
Hypotonic Solution
Definition
Environment has a lower concentration
Term
Active Transport
Definition
Uses ATP, energy needed
Term
Vesicular Transport: Endocytosis
Definition
"pac man" plasma membrane forms a vesicle to suck in material
Term
Vesicular Transport: Exocytosis
Definition
Materials move out of a cell by the fusion with the membrane of vesicles formed inside the cell
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
Contains all cell contents
Term
Cytosol
Definition
75-90% water, intracellular fluid. 55% total cell volume. Ph=7. Ion, glucouse, amino acids, proteins, lipids, ATP, waste
Term
Organelles
Definition
Perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintence, and reproduction
Term
Cytoskeleten
Definition
Protein filaments. Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubulars
Term
Microfilaments
Definition
Generate movemtns and provide mechanical support. Microvilla
Term
Microvilla
Definition
Nonmotile, fingerlike projections on plasma membrane
Term
Intermediate Filaments
Definition
Stabolization, help cells attach to each other
Term
Microtubulars
Definition
Determine cell shape. Composed of tubulin
Term
Centrosome
Definition
2 centrioles and perocentriolar material. Cell division and microtubular formation
Term
Centrioles
Definition
Cylindrical structures composed of 9 clusters of 3 microtubulars
Term
Perocentriolar maerial
Definition
Tubulin
Term
Ribosome
Definition
Site of protein synthesis
Term
Cilia
Definition
Short, hair like projections on surface of cell
Term
Flagella
Definition
Longer cilia
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Synthesizes fatty acids and steriods, inactivates or detoxifies drugs and harmful substances, removes the phosphate group from
Term
Golgi Complex
Definition
Modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins from RER
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Digests substances that enter cell via endocytosis and transport final products of digestion to the cytosol. Autophagy. Autolysis.
Term
Autophagy
Definition
Digestion of worn-out organelles
Term
Autolysis
Definition
Digestion of the entire cell
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
AKA "Microbodies". Oxidize (remove hydrogen) from various organic substances (alcohol)
Term
Proteasomes
Definition
Distruction of unneeded, damages, or faulty proteins
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
"power house of the cell" Generates ATP through Aerobic respiration
Term
Catabolic
Definition
Break large molecules down
Term
Glucose Catabolism
Definition
Breakdown of glucose to produce ATP. 1 Glucose molecule=36 ATP molecules
Term
Glucose Catabolism Step 1: Glycolysis
Definition
Occurs in cytosol, requires no oxygen, breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, 2 FADH2
Term
Glucose Catabolism Step 2: Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Definition
Occurs in inner chamber of mitochondria, creates 1 ATP, 4 NADH, 1 FADH2 PER pyruvic acid molecule
Term
Glucose Catabolism Step 3: Electron Transport System
Definition
Electron accepting molecules, ATP synthase, uses NADH and FADH2. Creates 3 ATP per NADH and FADH2
Term
ATP
Definition
Adenosine Triphosphate. High energy covalent bonds, release energy when broken
Term
ADP
Definition
Adenosine Diphosphate.
Term
Anabolic
Definition
Builds small molecules up
Term
Protein Synthesis
Definition
Process of cells building proteins
Term
DNA Nucleotides
Definition
Adenine and Thymine; Guanine and Cytosine
Term
RNA Nucleotides
Definition
Adenine and Uracil; Guanine and Cytosine
Term
Codon
Definition
Triplet
Term
mRNA
Definition
Transcription. "unzips" DNA. Creates complementary strand
Term
rRNA
Definition
Translation. Reads mRNA sequence
Term
tRNA
Definition
Transfer. Finds anticodons.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Proteins, help reduce energy needed to create reaction. Lock and key structure (bind and unbind)
Term
Proteins
Definition
Collagen, keratin, actin, myosin, antibodies, hemoglobin
Term
Avascular
Definition
Does not have BV, receives nutrients from CT
Term
Functions
Definition
Selective barrier
Term
Apical Layer
Definition
Top layer. In contact with/lining lumen (open space inside vein). Cilia or Microvilli
Term
Lateral Layer
Definition
Touching adjacent cells
Term
Basal Layer
Definition
Attached layer. CT.
Term
Locations
Definition
Skin
Term
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Definition
Lining of heart, BV, lymphatic system, pleura
Term
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition
Tubules of kidney and thyroid, smallest ducts of glands, secretion and absorption
Term
Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epi
Definition
Microvilli. Goblet Cells. GI Tract, respiratory, reproductive, urinary systems
Term
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epi
Definition
Goblet cells. Uterine tube, respiratory tract
Term
Pseudostratified Columnar Epi
Definition
Lining of upper respiratiry tubes
Term
Keratinized Stratified Squamous
Definition
Skin
Term
Non-Keratinized Stratified Squam
Definition
Mouth, esophagus, vagina
Term
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition
Male urethra, large ducts of mammary and sweat glands.
Term
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Definition
Large ducts of some glands, urethra
Term
Transitional Epithelium
Definition
Urinary organs, bladder
Term
Functions
Definition
Connects - tendons connect muscle to bone, ligaments connect bone to bone
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