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Exam 1
Millions of terms
182
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/25/2011

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Term
cephalic
Definition
head/skull
Term
frontal
Definition
forehead
Term
orbital
Definition
eye
Term
nasal
Definition
nose
Term
inguinal
Definition
groin, lower adbdomen
Term
brachial
Definition
arm
Term
oral
Definition
mouth
Term
femoral
Definition
thigh
Term
antebrachial
Definition
forearm
Term
cervical
Definition
neck
Term
crural
Definition
bottom of leg
Term
pelvic
Definition
pelvis area
Term
sternal
Definition
breastbone
Term
pedal
Definition
feet
Term
nuchal
Definition
back of the neck
Term
scapular
Definition
shoulders
Term
sacral
Definition
tailbone area/lower back
Term
popliteal
Definition
back of the knee
Term
thoracic
Definition
chest
Term
costal
Definition
ribs
Term
axillary
Definition
armpit
Term
abdominal
Definition
abbbbbbs
Term
buccal
Definition
cheek
Term
pubic
Definition
genital region
Term
antecubital
Definition
inside of the elbow
Term
mental
Definition
chin
Term
patellar
Definition
knee
Term
umbilical
Definition
belly button
Term
acromial
Definition
shoulder blade
Term
tarsal
Definition
ankle
Term
carpal
Definition
wrist
Term
cranial
Definition
skull
Term
vertebral
Definition
spine
Term
lumbar
Definition
lower back
Term
gluteal
Definition
buttttt
Term
plantar
Definition
sole
Term
pollex
Definition
thumb
Term
palmar
Definition
palm
Term
superior
Definition
higher up
Term
inferior
Definition
lower down
Term
ant
Definition
Term
anterior
Definition
front (humans) toward head (animals)
Term
posterior
Definition
back (humans) butt (animals)
Term
dorsal
Definition
back (animals)
Term
ventral
Definition
stomach (animals)
Term
medial
Definition
toward the midline of body
Term
lateral
Definition
further from the midline of the body
Term
proximal
Definition
closer to the core of the body
Term
distal
Definition
further from the core of the body
Term
superficial
Definition
closer to the skin of the body
Term
deep
Definition
closer to the center (inside away from skin)
Term
ipsilateral
Definition
same side of the body (left and left)
Term
contralateral
Definition
opposite side of the body (right and left)
Term
intermediate
Definition
between proximal and distal
Term
intermediate
Definition
between proximal and distal
Term
sagittal
Definition
cuts the body into right and left halves
Term
frontal
Definition
divides the body into front and back portions
Term
transverse
Definition
divides the body into upper and lower portions
Term
anatomy
Definition
the study of the structure of body parts and the relationships to one another (where it is and what it's made of)
Term
physiology
Definition
study of the body's structural machinery (how the body works)
Term
hierarchy of organization
Definition
organismal, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular/chemical
Term
integumentary system
Definition
external covering: skin, sweat/oil glans, hair
Term
skeletal system
Definition
protects and supports body organs, provides framework to make movement, bones
Term
muscular system
Definition
allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression, posture, produces heat
Term
nervous system
Definition
fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glads
Term
endocrine system
Definition
secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism
Term
cardiovascular
Definition
blood vessels, carries oxygen, co2, etc.
Term
lymphatic system
Definition
immune system, picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, white blood cells, attacks foreign substances
Term
respiratory system
Definition
keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes co2, lungs
Term
digestive system
Definition
breaks down food into absorbable units, indigestible food is eliminated
Term
urinary system
Definition
eliminates nitrogenous waste, regulates water, acid-base balance of the blood
Term
reproductive system
Definition
makin babies
Term
homeostasis
Definition
the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world (body temp)
Term
metabolism
Definition
all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Term
anabolic
Definition
smaller to bigger, building reactions
Term
catabolic
Definition
breaking down larger molecules
Term
anatomical position
Definition
stand erect, feet flat on floor, arms at sides, palms and face facing forward
Term
axial region
Definition
head, neck and trunk
Term
appendicular region
Definition
limbs
Term
epigastric region
Definition
when abdomen is cut into 6, upper middle
Term
umbilical region
Definition
when abdomen is cut into 6, the middle
Term
hypogastric region
Definition
when abdomen is cut into 6, the lower middle
Term
dorsal body cavity
Definition
contains cranial cavity and vertebral canal
Term
ventral body cavity
Definition
contains thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Term
(all cavities are filled with) organs
Definition
viscera
Term
diaphragm
Definition
barrier between thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Term
mediastinum
Definition
area between lungs, contains heart, aortas, esophagus and trachea and thymus
Term
Pleural cavities
Definition
hold the lungs
Term
visceral and parietal pleura
Definition
membranes that cover the lungs and line the rib cage
Term
visceral and parietal pericardium
Definition
membranes that cover heart and line the pericardial sac
Term
in between visceral and parietal membranes
Definition
cavity (pleural/pericardial)
Term
tougher of parietal and visceral membranes
Definition
parietal
Term
visceral and parietal peritoneum
Definition
membranes of abdominopelvic cavity
Term
96% of our body is made of
Definition
C, O, H, N
Term
polymers
Definition
large chain-like molecules made up of repeating units called monomers (di and tri mers) (macromolecules)
Term
dehydration synthesis
Definition
anabolic rxn that (condensation) takes away water by removing 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
catabolic rxn in which polymers are broken down into individual monomers (add water and split up the bonds)
Term
4 classes of biological polymers
Definition
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
made up of monomers called saccharides (C, H, O)
Term
monosaccharides
Definition
simple sugars, 5 or 6 C in a ring, used for short term energy production
Term
disaccharides
Definition
2 monosaccharides joined together, short term energy source (all include glucose)
Term
formation of disaccharides
Definition
dehydration synthesis (two hydrogens and one oxygen atom are eliminated from two monosaccharides)
Term
breakdown of disaccharides
Definition
hydrolysis (add water, split it into H and OH to make two OHs with excess O)
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
thousands of monosaccharides, not sweet, long-term energy storage and structural roles
Term
important polysaccharides
Definition
glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin
Term
glycogen
Definition
long term energy storage in animals
Term
starch
Definition
long term energy storage in plants
Term
cellulse
Definition
structural role in plant cell walls, can't be digested by humans (provides dietary fiber)
Term
chitin
Definition
structural polysaccharides in exoskeletons, can't digest
Term
conjugated carbohydrates
Definition
carb bound to lipid or protein
Term
glycolipids
Definition
external surface of cell membrane, sugar and fat connected
Term
glycoproteins
Definition
external surface of cell membrane, mucus of respiratory and digestive tracts, sugar and protein
Term
proteoglycans
Definition
gel that holds cells and tissues together, joint lubrication, rubbery texture of cartilage, complex
Term
lipids
Definition
fats, insoluble in water (hydrophobic), triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids and cholesterol, eicosanoids, waxes
Term
triglycerides
Definition
long term energy storage lipids, 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Term
phospholipids
Definition
primary membrane component lipids
Term
steroids and cholesterol
Definition
hormones, membrane component lipids
Term
eicosanoids
Definition
chemical messenger lipids
Term
waxes
Definition
waterproofing and protection lipids
Term
waxes
Definition
waterproofing and protection lipids
Term
fatty acids
Definition
stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid
Term
saturated
Definition
every carbon molecule is connected with hydrogen
Term
monounsaturated
Definition
every carbon molecule except for one is connected with hydrogen
Term
polyunsaturated
Definition
multiple carbons have double bonds
Term
monounsaturated
Definition
every carbon molecule except for one is connected with hydrogen
Term
trans fat
Definition
take unsaturated fat, break the bonds, and add hydrogen to create more bonds and it's harder to break apart
Term
reductionism vs. holism
Definition
studying the body as small units vs. studying the body as a whole
Term
negative feedback
Definition
body senses change and activates mechanisms that will reverse it
Term
receptor
Definition
senses change in the body
Term
integrating (control) center
Definition
process information and makes a decision on how to handle it
Term
effector
Definition
cell or organ that carries out change in the body
Term
positive feedback
Definition
physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction
Term
plural of a
Definition
ae
Term
plural of ax
Definition
aces
Term
plural of en
Definition
ina
Term
plural of ex
Definition
ices
Term
plural of is
Definition
es
Term
plural of ix
Definition
ices
Term
plural of ma
Definition
mata
Term
plural of on
Definition
a
Term
plural of um
Definition
a
Term
plural of us
Definition
era, i, ora
Term
plural of x
Definition
ges
Term
plural of y
Definition
ies
Term
plural of yx
Definition
yces
Term
6 major elements
Definition
CHON CaP
Term
lesser elements
Definition
NaCl FeSK Mg
Term
oxidation
Definition
rxn in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy
Term
reduction
Definition
rxn in which a molecule gains electrons and energy
Term
phospholipids
Definition
component of membranes that compartmentalize cells and provide boundaries between cells, contain phosphate/nitrogen group and 2 fatty acid tails
Term
hydrophilic part of phospholipid
Definition
the head (phosphate and nitrogen group) POLAR
Term
hydrophobic part of a phospholipid
Definition
the fatty acid tail (non-polar)
Term
steroids and cholesterol basic molecular pattern
Definition
four carbon rings joined together, variation has to do with side chains, little difference between testosterone and estrogen
Term
negative side effects of anabolic steroids
Definition
raise cholesterol, raise blood pressure, liver disease, stunt growth, atrophy of testes, gynecomastica, more masculine, agressiveness, mood swings, depression
Term
eicosanoids
Definition
derived from a fatty acid, hormone-like chemical messenger that signals between cells
Term
prostaglandins
Definition
in all eicosanoids, helps with inflammation, clotting, hormones, labor, blood vessels
Term
bile acids
Definition
steroids that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption
Term
cholesterol
Definition
component of cell membranes, precursor of other steroids
Term
fatty acids
Definition
precursor of triglycerides, source of energy
Term
steroid hormones
Definition
chemical messengers between cells
Term
triglycerides
Definition
energy storage, thermal insulation, filling space, binding organs together, cushioning organs
Term
proteins
Definition
most diverse group of organic macromolecules, made up of 20 amino acids
Term
amino acid
Definition
carbon with 3 attachments (amino - NH2, carboxyl - COOH, and a radical group - R)
Term
how a protein is formed
Definition
the amino and carboxyl groups combine the OH and H to make water and they come together
Term
peptide bond
Definition
the connection between amino acids to form a protein (need more than 100 peptides)
Term
dipeptide
Definition
two amino acids together
Term
primary structure of a protein
Definition
straight line
Term
secondary structure of a protein
Definition
shaped amino acid chain (helix)
Term
tertiary structure of a protein
Definition
3d shape of an amino acid chain
Term
quaternary structure of a protein
Definition
multiple tertiary structures/amino acid chains, not all proteins have quaternary (hemoglobin)
Term
how tertiary/quaternary structures are formed
Definition
molecules that are hydrophobic hide in folds, different molecules have different bonds which pull and shape the protein
Term
conjugated proteins
Definition
amino acid group paired with non-amino acid group (hemoglobin contains complex iron containing ring)
Term
enzymes
Definition
globular proteins that have unique 3D shapes (end in ase)
Term
enzyme jobs
Definition
make and break bonds and change structure of molecules (unwind DNA)
Term
active site
Definition
area where the substrate will bind, the enzyme can function doing the same thing over and over but will eventually wear out
Term
catalysts
Definition
accelerate reactions or enable them to occur under conditions they normally wouldn't, enzymes are catalysts that lower the activation energy
Term
coenzymes
Definition
molecules that help enzymes function (vitamins)
Term
inhibitors
Definition
substances that bind with a substrate to have them not work, we do this to regulate enzyme activity so they don't digest US
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
made up of nucleotides, store and transfer genetic information, DNA and RNA
Term
nucleotides
Definition
consist of at least one phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar and (AGCTU) uracil
Term
structure of a nucleic acid
Definition
sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate backbone held together with dehydration synthesis, bases stick out
Term
ATP
Definition
Adenosine Triphosphate - energy that all life needs, when an nucleic acid has multiple phosphate groups, one can be released to create the energy (ADP) and then recycled to do it again
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