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Exam 1 Anatomy
Samsam
335
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/22/2011

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Term
distal
Definition
farther from the body center (away from the limb attachment)
Term
Proximal
Definition
closer to the body center (toward the limb attachment)
Term
medial
Definition
closer (toward) to the midline
Term
lateral
Definition
farther (away) from the midline
Term
superior
Definition
higher
Term
inferior
Definition
lower
Term
anterior
Definition
front (toward the front)
Term
posterior
Definition
back (toward the back)
Term
dorsal
Definition
back (toward the back)
Term
ventral
Definition
front (toward the abdomen)
Term
cranial
Definition
towards the head
Term
caudal
Definition
towards the tail
Term
ipsilateral
Definition
same side of the body
Term
contralateral
Definition
opposite side of the body
Term
superficial
Definition
closer to the outermost layer
Term
deep
Definition
closet to the innermost layer
Term
sulcus
Definition
groove
Term
fissure
Definition
deep groove
Term
foramen
Definition
hole
Term
fossa
Definition
surface of depression
Term
meatus
Definition
a natural body opening/canal
Term
process
Definition
structure that protrudes from its originating surface
Term
condyle
Definition
articular surface in a joint where bones connect
Term
epicondyle
Definition
area surrounding the condyle's
Term
facet
Definition
surface
Term
head
Definition
specialized portion of the top of a bone
Term
crest
Definition
peak of a ridge on a bony structure
Term
line
Definition
self-explanatory
Term
trochanter
Definition
bigger than tuberosity; swollen portion of the bone
Term
tubercle
Definition
smaller raised portion of a bone
Term
tuberosity
Definition
larger raised portions of a bone
Term
what are the planes of the body
Definition
frontal (coronal), midsagittal (median), parasagittal, transverse, and oblique
Term
vertebral column
Definition
__ forms the basic structure of the trunk
Term
vertebral column
Definition
__ consists of 33-34 vertebrae and intervertebral disks
Term
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4-5 coccygeal vertebrae
Definition
in the vertebral column there are __ cervical, __ thoracic, __ lumbar, __ sacral, and __ coccygeal vertebrae in human
Term
intervertebral disks
Definition
__ are between the vertebrae
Term
vertebral body
Definition
__ - bone derived from centrum
Term
epiphyseal ring
Definition
__ - smooth bone derived from anular epiphysis
Term
human anatomy
Definition
the study of the structure of the human body
Term
morphology
Definition
human anatomy is also called __
Term
physiology
Definition
anatomy is closely related to __ the study of the system and body function
Term
gross anatomy
Definition
deals with tissues bigger than 0.1 mm
Term
microscopic anatomy
Definition
deals with smaller structures e.g.: cells or tissues (groups of cells) or microscopic details of various organs e.g.: intestine and liver.
Term
light or electron
Definition
microscopic anatomy could be investigated at __ or __ microscopy levels
Term
dissection
Definition
gross anatomy is seen by __
Term
histology
Definition
microscopic anatomy is also called __
Term
Systemic Anatomy
Definition
Skeletal system, Muscle (muscular) system, Nervous system,Cardiovascular system, Digestive system, Respiratory system...
Term
Regional Anatomy
Definition
1-Back and lower limb, 2-Upper limb and thorax, 3-Abdomen and pelvis, 4-Head and neck
Term
surface anatomy
Definition
shapes and markings on the body surface
Term
developmental anatomy
Definition
deals with the structural changes in the body throughout the life
Term
embryology
Definition
studying development of the body before birth
Term
pathologic anatomy
Definition
deals with structural changes in the tissues caused by a disease
Term
functional anatomy
Definition
deals with function of the body structures
Term
radiographic anatomy and imaging techniques:
Definition
the study of the body using X-ray or other imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging, ultrasound, or positron emission tomography (PET)
Term
The surface anatomy - Abdominal regions and quadrants:
Definition
Term
Major body cavities:
Definition
the cranial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic (abdominopelvic) cavities
Term
anatomical position
Definition
when standing still and the palms are facing forward
Term
principal axes
Definition
longitudinal (vertical) axes, transverse (horizontal) axes, sagittal axes.
Term
principal planes
Definition
median (median sagittal) plane, sagittal (paramedian) plane, frontal (coronal) plane, transverse plane
Term
rostral
Definition
toward the mouth
Term
medius
Definition
in the midline
Term
median
Definition
within the median plane
Term
central
Definition
toward the center of the body
Term
peripheral
Definition
toward surface of the body
Term
flexion
Definition
bending (direction of movement)
Term
extension
Definition
stretching (direction of movement)
Term
abduction
Definition
away from the body (direction of movement)
Term
adduction
Definition
toward the body (direction of movement)
Term
rotation
Definition
pivoting or rotary motion (direction of movement)
Term
circumduction
Definition
circular movement (direction of movement)
Term
intervertebral disks
Definition
fibrocartilaginous structures between the vertebrae. they absorb shock, assure no friction between the bones and facilitate the movements of the body
Term
vertebral canal
Definition
the spinal cord and its blood vessels are part of the contents of the __
Term
vertebral canal
Definition
the meninges and cerebro-spinal fluid are part of the contents of the __
Term
diagnostic methods
Definition
Term
X-ray
Definition
simple radiography that gives a 2-D view of the object (body)
Term
Myelography
Definition
Term
barium swallow
Definition
Term
computed tomography
Definition
CT stands for
Term
Computed tomography, CT
Definition
used for detection of intracranial lesions or anatomy/pathology of other parts of the body
Term
dorsal cavities
Definition
include the cranial cavity and vertebral canal
Term
ventral cavities
Definition
include the thoracic and abdominal cavities and pelvic cavity and the levator ani muscle and the ischiococcygeus muscle
Term
principal axes
Definition
the axes correspond to a point in their corresponding plane
Term
principal planes
Definition
these planes are sections through the body, or through an organ or body parts, to study the detail of the structures found in that section
Term
x-rays
Definition
__ are produced in a vacuum tube that has a cathode and an anode component
Term
x-ray
Definition
in an x-ray, the __ beam is emitted and passes through the object (body) to reach an x-ray sensitive film placed in a grid, or photographic plate placed behind/beneath the object
Term
more
Definition
tissues with high density absorb __ x-ray and on a negative film appear white, whereas the soft tissues appear gray
Term
contrast media
Definition
may be iodine based, non-iodine based, or other substances used in imaging techniques to visualize internal structures
Term
computed tomography, CT
Definition
the procedure is quick, safe, and accurate. the physics are like the X-ray. the X-ray tube emits a narrow beam scanning the body through an arc of 180 degree around the patients body. the X-ray having passed through the body are collected by a special x-ray detector and fed to a computer which is then reconstructed and displayed on a TV like screen
Term
contrast (iodine-containing) medium
Definition
Enhancement of the contrast between tissues (due to different blood flow) can be achieved by IV injection of __ in a Computed tomography (CT)
Term
Magnetic Resonance imaging
Definition
MRI stands for
Term
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
this method subjects the body to strong magnetic field and radio waves. noninvasive procedure. only those with a pacemaker might be affected by it. resolution is greater than that of a CT scan
Term
Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
the patient lies in a chamber and their body is surrounded by a huge magnet. when the magnet is on, the nuclei of body's hydrogen atoms line up parallel to the strong magnetic field. the patient is then exposed to a brief pulse of radio waves, which knocks the spinning protons out of alignment. when the radio waves are turned off, the protons return to their alignment in the magnetic field, which emit their own faint radio waves. sensors detect these waves, and computer translates them into images
Term
MRI
Definition
__ is absolutely safe and better differentiates between the white and gray matter than the CT
Term
positron emission tomography (PET)
Definition
PET stands for
Term
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Definition
produces images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body. lacks high resolution. yellow area on picture = blood supply
Term
positron emission tomography (PET)
Definition
advantage of __ is that its images contain messages about chemical, physiological, and pharmacological processes in the body
Term
Positron Emission tomography (PET)
Definition
advantage of __ is that its images contain messages about chemical, physiological, and pharmacological processes in the body
Term
positron emission tomography (PET)
Definition
an appropriate isotope is incorporated into molecules of known biochemical behavior in the body and then injected into the patient. the metabolic activity of the compound can be studied by its decay, and emission of positively charged electrons (positrons), which indirectly lead to production of gamma rays. sensor within a scanner picks up the emitted gamma rays, which are then translated into electrical impulses and sent to a computer. a picture of the isotope's location can be seen on the screen by colors
Term
positron emission tomography (PET)
Definition
is used to asses functional blood flow to the brain and heart. it can determine which parts of the brain are most active during speech, seeing, comprehension, etc,
Term
positron emission tomography (PET)
Definition
resolution is low, images take a long time to form. it cannot record fast changes in the brain activity; an expensive cyclotron machine is needed on the site to make the isotope, and for these reasons, __ is gradually being replaced by other techniques such as fMRI
Term
fMRI
Definition
measures blood oxygen in specific areas of brain during various activities
Term
ultrasonography
Definition
uses ultra sound to hit and reflect off body structures. it is often used in females to study the endometrium, or the inner layer in the Uterus. noninvasive
Term
classification of the bones
Definition
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
Term
long bones
Definition
longer than wide, have a shaft (diaphysis) plus 2 ends called epiphysis
Term
short bones
Definition
roughly cube-shaped
Term
flat bones
Definition
thin and flattened, usually curved
Term
irregular bones
Definition
various shapes, do not fit into other categories
Term
functions of the bones
Definition
support, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell formation are all functions of the __
Term
support
Definition
provides hard framework to protect the underlying organs
Term
movement
Definition
skeletal muscles use bones as levers
Term
mineral storage
Definition
reservoir for important minerals
Term
blood-cell formation
Definition
bone contains red marrow
Term
gross anatomy of the bone
Definition
compact bone, spongy (cancellous) bone
Term
compact bone
Definition
dense outer layer of bone
Term
spongy (cancellous) bone
Definition
internal network of bone
Term
long bones
Definition
__ bones have a diaphysis, epiphysis, blood vessels, medullary cavity, and membranes
Term
diaphysis
Definition
"shaft" of a bone
Term
epiphysis
Definition
ends of a bone
Term
blood vessels
Definition
well vascularized
Term
medullary cavity
Definition
hallow cavity - filled with marrow
Term
membranes
Definition
periosteum, Sharpey's fibers, and endosteum
Term
stresses
Definition
anatomy of a bone reflects __
Term
external
Definition
compression and tension of a bone is greatest at __ surfaces
Term
Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
Definition
what are the two types of ossification (bone-tissue formation)
Term
intramembranous ossification
Definition
bones are directly ossified without any pre-existing cartilage. skull bones and the clavicle are formed directly from mesenchyme
Term
endochondral ossification
Definition
bones develop from a pre-existing cartilage. most of the other bones develop initially from hyaline cartilage
Term
-skull
-long bones
Definition
intramembranous ossification is the type that occurs in the __, while enchondral ossification usually occurs in __ bones
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
1. an ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane. 2. bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane. 3. woven bone and periosteum form. 4. bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears
Term
enchondral ossification
Definition
1. formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model. 2. cavitation of the hyaline cartilage. 3. invasion of the cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation. 4. formation of the medullary cavities and secondary ossification centers. 5. ossification of the epiphysis (hyaline cartilage remains in epiphysial plate and articular cartilages (surfaces)
Term
ossification at the epiphysial plate
Definition
in epiphyseal plates of growing bones cartilage is organized for quick growth. cartilage cells form tall stacks, divide quickly, and pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis. this lengths the long bone
Term
ossification at the epiphysial plate
Definition
in epiphyseal plates of growing bones cartilage is organized for quick growth. cartilage cells form tall stacks, divide quickly, and pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis. this lengths the long bone
Term
-epiphyseal plates
-bone tissue
Definition
during childhood and adolescence bones lengthen entirely by growth of the ___. cartilage is replaced with __ as quickly as it grows
Term
diaphysis and epiphysis
Definition
as adolescence draws to an end, cartilage stops growing and is replaced by bone tissue, __ and __ fuse
Term
growth hormone, thyroid hormone, and sex hormones
Definition
what hormones regulate bone growth
Term
growth hormone
Definition
produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates epiphyseal plates
Term
thyroid hormone
Definition
ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportions
Term
sex hormones
Definition
promote bone growth, later induce closure of epiphyseal plates
Term
simple or compound
Definition
bone fractures are generally __ or __
Term
closed reduction and open reduction
Definition
bone fractures are repaired by treatment by reduction. what are the two treatment by reductions?
Term
stages of healing a fracture
Definition
1. hematoma formation. 2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation. 3. bony callus formation. 4. bone remodeling
Term
comminuted fracture
Definition
bone fragments into 3 or more pieces. particularly common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle
Term
compression fracture
Definition
bone is crushed. common in porous bones subjected to extreme trauma, as in a fall
Term
depressed fracture
Definition
broken bone portion is pressed inward. typical of skull fracture
Term
epiphyseal fracture
Definition
epiphyseal plate tears, separating epiphysis from diaphysis. tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occuring
Term
greenstick fracture
Definition
bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks. only one side of the shaft splits, the other side bends. common in children, whose bones have relatively more organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults
Term
spiral fracture
Definition
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone. common sports fracture
Term
osteoporosis (bone disorder)
Definition
characterized by low bone mass, bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition, occurs in most of women after menopause (secretion of estrogen helps maintain bone density)
Term
osteomalacia (bone disorder)
Definition
occurs in adults, bones are inadequately mineralized
Term
rickets (bone disorder)
Definition
occurs in children, analogous to osteomalacia, weakened and bowed legs, malformation of the head and ribs (caused by dietary Vit D and calcium phosphate deficiency)
Term
paget's disease (bone disorder)
Definition
characterized by excessive rate of bone deposition but reduced mineralization leading to bone thickening
Term
achondroplasia (bone disorder)
Definition
congenital (genetic disease), defective cartilage growth and defective enchondral ossification leading to dwarfism
Term
osetosarcoma (disorder of bones)
Definition
a form of bone cancer
Term
muscle
Definition

__ makes up nearly half the body's mass. it is the main tissue in the heart and walls of hollow organs

Term

1. movement

2. joint stabilization

3. heat generation 

Definition
what are the functions of muscle tissue
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
attached to skeleton, moves body by moving the bones
Term
functions of muscle tissue...movement...maintenance of posture
Definition
enables the body to remain sitting or standing
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
squeezes fluids and other substances through hollow organs
Term
3
Definition
there are __ types of muscles
Term
skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and smooth muscle tissue
Definition
what are the 3 types of muscles
Term
skeletal muscle tissue
Definition
packaged into skeletal muscles. makes up 40% of body weight. cells are straited
Term
cardiac muscle tissue
Definition
occurs only in the walls of the heart
Term
smooth muscle tissue
Definition
in the walls of hollow organs. cells lack striations
Term

1. belly

2. tendon

3. intermediate tendons

Definition
the parts of a skeletal muscle are
Term
synergistic muscle activity
Definition
Term
antagonistic muscle activity
Definition
Term
skeletal
Definition
__ muscle has a nerve and blood supply
Term
neuromuscular junction
Definition
in the skeletal muscle __ is where nerve contacts the muscle
Term
bone
Definition
the skeletal muscle origin is on __, at less movable attachment
Term
more
Definition
skeletal muscle insertion is on __ movable attachment
Term
tendon or aponeurosis
Definition
the skeletal muscle origin and insertions are by __
Term
thoracic
Definition
there are only 12 ribs in the body and they each correspond to the 12 __ vertebrae
Term
cervical
Definition
in rare cases a __ vertebra is attached to a rib. if this happens, it can be asymptomatic (no symptoms appear) or can cause ischemic pain due to the compression of an artery
Term
cranial
Definition
the __ major body cavity includes the brain
Term
thoracic (chest)
Definition
the __ major body cavity includes the heart
Term
abdominal
Definition
the __ major body cavity includes the digestive system
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
the __ major body cavity includes the pelvis
Term
abdomino-pelvic cavity
Definition
the __ major body cavity includes both the abdominal and pelvic cavity
Term
primary and secondary
Definition
there are __ and __ curvatures of the vertebral column
Term
primary and secondary
Definition
there are __ and __ curvatures of the vertebral column
Term
lordotic, kyphotic, and scoliosis
Definition
different curvatures of the spinal column include
Term
lordotic column
Definition
if someone is to have a __ column, they appear to be walking with their back straight and their nose up in the air
Term
kyphotic column
Definition
a __ column appears like you are crouching or hunched over
Term
scoliosis
Definition
when the column is shifted to the side
Term
secondary cervical curvature
Definition
during the 3rd month, the __ curvature occurs
Term
vertebral foramen (canal)
Definition
content of the __ : spinal cord and its blood vessels, the meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Term
intervertebral foramen
Definition
the __ transmits the nerve roots and vessels of the spinal cord, and contains the dorsal root ganglion
Term
atlas
Definition
the first cervical vertebra is called __
Term
axis
Definition
the second cervical vertebra is called the __
Term
vertebra prominens
Definition
the 7th cervical vertebra is called the __
Term
similar
Definition
the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th cervical vertebrae are all __
Term
1. transverse foramen. 2. bifid spinous process. 3. small vertebral body. 4. large and triangular vertebral canal
Definition
characteristics of cervical vertebrae are ...
Term
vertebral artery
Definition
contents of the transverse foramen =
Term
vertebral arteries
Definition
pass through the transverse foramen of the 6 upper cervical vertebrae. they enter the skull through the foramen magnum
Term
atlas C1
Definition
__ has no spinous process, no body, small anterior arch, and a larger posterior arch. it has an anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, large vertebral foramen, and two lateral masses
Term
atlas C1
Definition
On the __ each mass has a superior and an inferior articular facet.
Term
atlas and occipital bone
Definition
the atlanto-occipital joint is between the __ and __
Term
axis C2
Definition
__ has an odontiod process (dens) with an anterior articular facet to articulate with atlas, and a posterior articular facet for transverse ligament of atlas
Term
hangman fracture
Definition
fracture occurs when the dens of the Axis is displaced and fractured. the arch of the axis pushes the dens posteriorly and compresses the brain stem, leading to death
Term
atlanto-Occipital articulation (upper head joint)
Definition
__ articulation: between superior articular facet of Atlas and Occipital condyles
Term
atlanto-axial articulation (lower head joint)
Definition
__ articulation: consists of median and lateral atlanto-axial articulations
Term
transverse ligament of atlas, apical ligament of the dens, and alar ligaments
Definition
what are the 3 securing ligaments
Term
transverse ligament of atlas
Definition
__ ligament __ is between the two lateral masses
Term
apical ligament of the dens
Definition
__ ligament __ attaches to anterior margin of foramen magnum
Term
alar ligaments
Definition
__ ligaments - from dens to lateral margin of foramen magnum
Term
12
Definition
there are __ thoracic vertebrae in human
Term
thoracic vertebrae
Definition
__ vertebrae have two articular facets on their lateral side (one on the body and the other on the transverse process)
Term
thoracic vertebrae
Definition
the spinous process in the __ vertebrae is long and slopes posteroinferiorly
Term
costo-vertebral joints
Definition
the head of each rib articulates with two adjacent vertebrae and the disk between them
Term
costo-transverse joints
Definition
between the tubercle of the rib and the transverse process of it's own vertebra
Term
5
Definition
there are __ lumbar vertebrae in human
Term
lumbar
Definition
__ vertebrae have large body kidney shape
Term
lumbar
Definition
__ vertebrae have long transverse process
Term
lumbar
Definition
__ vertebrae have relatively small vertebral foramen
Term
lumbar puncture
Definition
is done at L3-L5 region. the intercrestal line (iliac crests) is at the level of L4 approximately (safe region)
Term
thoracic
Definition
there are 12 ribs in humans forming the __ cage
Term
ribs
Definition
__ have a head, neck, body, and a tubercle
Term
true ribs
Definition
ribs 1-7 are __ ribs
Term
false ribs
Definition
the last 5 ribs are __ ribs
Term
floating ribs
Definition
the 11th and 12th ribs are __ ribs
Term
costal groove
Definition
contains the intercostal nerve and vessels
Term
vertebrae
Definition
the head and the tubercle of ribs have articular surfaces to articulate with the __
Term
sternum
Definition
__ consists of: manubrium, body, xiphoid process. the sternal angle T4, and jugular (suprasternal) notch
Term
males than in females
Definition
in the sternum, the sex differences is that the body is longer, narrower and slimmer in __ than in __
Term
sternal puncture
Definition
bone marrow needle biopsy for transplant or cytologic analysis
Term
sternal puncture
Definition
in the midline in the body of the sternum between 2-3 ribs attachments
Term
2/3
Definition
never try a sternal puncture in the lower __ of the sternal body
Term
median sternotomy
Definition
__ sternotomy: in coronary bypass surgery
Term
sternum congenital anomalies
Definition
complete sternal cleft, pectus excavatum (funnel chest), pigeon chest, congenital sternal fissure (sternal foramen), aneurysm of the aorta are all what?
Term
zygapophysial joints and uncovertebral joints
Definition
what are the two joints of the vertebral column
Term
zygapophysial joints
Definition
these are the small vertebral joints between the articular processes
Term
uncovertebral joints
Definition
between cervical vertebrae. they develop by age and may become pathologic and permit disk herniation especially is C5 region
Term
intervertebral disks
Definition
fibrocartilage tissue
Term
the anulus fibrosus
Definition
intervertebral disks consist of an outer tense part called..
Term
nucleus pulposus
Definition
intervertebral disks consists of a soft jelly-like nucleus called the ___
Term
intervertebral disks function
Definition
__ function: acts as a shock absorber, is compressible and permits slight degree of movement of the vertebrae over each other. they build up approximately 20% of the length of the vertebral column (taller in the mornings)
Term
herniation
Definition
__ occurs mostly posterolaterally where the Anulus Fibrosis is thinner
Term
ligaments of the vertebral column
Definition
anterior longitudinal ligament, post. longitudinal lig, ligamentum flavum, intertransverse ligs, interspinous lig, supraspinal lig
Term
ligamentum flavum
Definition
__ ligament of the vertebral column is yellowish in color due to elastic fibers, facilitates movements
Term
sacrum
Definition
__ consists of 5 sacral vertebrae and the intervertebral disks that lie between them.
Term
-concave
-convex
Definition
the sacrum has a __ anterior surface and a __ dorsal surface
Term
females
Definition
in __ the sacrum is wider, shorter, and more concave
Term
males
Definition
in __ the sacrum is longer and less wide
Term
hiatus
Definition
epidural anesthesia is given through sacral __ to block the pelvic nerves
Term
coccyx
Definition
the __ have four vertebrae (rudimentary)
Term
cornua
Definition
__ of horns of coccyx facing sacrum
Term
coccygeal vertebrae
Definition
falling on buttocks, specially in females, painful delivery all injure the __ vertebrae
Term
coccydynia
Definition
pain in coccyx
Term
spina bifida
Definition
failure of vertebral arches to form or fuse. usually in lumbar or sacral vertebrae, leading to meningocele (just meninges bulge out of the vertebral canal) or meningomyelocele (meninges plus spinal cord bulge out)
Term
spina bifida occulta
Definition
folic acid substitution in conception and during pregnancy decreases the risk of spina bifida
Term
spina bifida
Definition
failure of vertebral arches to form or fuse. usually in lumbar or sacral vertebrae, leading to meningocele (just meninges bulge out of the vertebral canal) or meningomyelocele (meninges plus spinal cord bulge out)
Term
trapezius
Definition
Muscles of the back: __ has 3 parts: descending part, transverse part, and ascending part
Term
descending part
Definition
__ part of the trapezius: origin: from external occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, and ligamentum nuchae. Insertion: lateral third of the clavicle
Term
transverse part
Definition
__ part of the trapezius: from C7-T3 spinous process. Inserted to: clavicle and scapula (acromion)
Term
ascending part
Definition
__ part: from T3-T12 spinous process. Insertion: spine of the scapula
Term
function of the trapezius
Definition
function of the __: elevation, retraction, and rotation of scapula. helps in adduction and slight elevation of arm
Term
innervation of trapezius
Definition
innervation of __: spinal root of accessory nerve (CNXl) and C3-C4 (propioception and pain)
Term
rhomboid minor
Definition
origin: spinous precess of C6 and C7. Insertion: medial margin of scapula
Term
rhomboid major
Definition
caudal to Rh. minor. Origin: spinous process of T1-T4. insertion: medial margin of scapula
Term
Function of rhomboid minor and rhomboid major
Definition
function of __ and __: press the scapula to the thoracic wall, retraction of scapula medially. Nerve supply: dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)
Term
levator scapulae
Definition
Origin: transverse process of C1-C4. Insertion: superior angle of scapula, Function: elevates the scapula, Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)
Term
Latissimus dorsi M: (coughing M)
Definition
has many parts: Origin: vertebral part T7-T12 spinous processs thoracolumbar part (from fascia) iliac part (from iliac crest). costal part: 10-12th rib. inferior angle of scapula. insertion: crest of the lesser tubercle of humerus. function: adduction and lowering the arm, medial rotation and extension of the arm (humerus). raises the body toward the arm when climbing. Innervation: thoracodorsal N (C6, C7, C8)
Term
serratus post. inferior
Definition
innervation: intercostal nerves (T9-T12)
Term
serratus post. superior
Definition
function: rib elevation
Term
serratus post. inferior and serratus post. supeior
Definition
__ and __ may both function as accessory muscles of respiration (in COPD)
Term
lateral (superficial) group and medial deep group
Definition
what are the 2 groups of intrinsic muscles of the back
Term
lateral group
Definition
Illiocostalis, lumborum, thoracis, cervicis, Longissimus thoracis, cervicis, capitis, Splenius cervicis and capitis
Term
lateral group
Definition
__ group innervation: all by primary spinal dorsal rami
Term
lateral group
Definition
__ group function: for erect posture of the body and the two splenii rotate the head. Extensors when both sides contract and flexion when one side contracts
Term
medial group
Definition
the __ group have interspinales muscles and intertransverse muscle
Term
suboccipital triangle
Definition
it is deep in the suboccipital region just inferior to the occipital bone in the dorsal aspect of the neck. it is formed by the rectus capitis posterior major muscle, the oblique capitis superior muscle, and the oblique capitis inferior muscle
Term
suboccipital triangle
Definition
content of the __: 3rd part of vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve (C1) innervating all 3 muscles, suboccipital plexus of veins
Term
3
Definition
there are __ layers of meninges, or membranes, that cover the spinal cord
Term
1. pia matter, 2. arachnoid matter, 3. dura matter
Definition
what are the three layers of meninges that cover the spinal cord?
Term
pia
Definition
__ matter is the thin inner layer that surrounds the spinal cord
Term
arachnoid
Definition
__ matter is the middle layer that is found above the pia matter
Term
dura
Definition
__ matter is the tough outside layer that covers the spinal cord
Term
suboccipital triangle
Definition
it is deep in the suboccipital region just inferior to the occipital bone in the dorsal aspect of the neck. it is formed by the rectus capitis posterior major muscle, the oblique capitis superior muscle, and the oblique capitis inferior muscle
Term
subarachnoid space
Definition
the __ space is found underneath the arachnoid mater. it is in between the arachnoid and pia mater. it contains the CSF which is produced by the ventricles of the brain
Term
hydrocephalis
Definition
condition of excess CSF. the spinal fluid needs to be withdrawn. when this happens the protein level goes up and the glucose level goes down
Term
atlas
Definition
the __ has no body and no spinous process. it contains a hole or facet for the dens of the axis to connect to
Term
-cervical
-lumbar
Definition
the __ vertebrae have two spinous processes. the __ vertebrae have one single spinous process
Term
-cervical
-lumbar
Definition
the __ vertebrae have transverse foramen, in which the __ vertebrae do not. this means that within the transverse processes, you will find two holes
Term
cervical
lumbar
Definition
__ vertebrae have larger vertebral foramen than __ vertebrae due to the brain stem. this means that the central hole is larger
Term
small
Definition
the spinal cord terminates at the lower level of L1. therefore they have __ vertebral foramen
Term
L3-L5
Definition
the lumbar puncture is given between __ because there is no spinal cord to interfere with the puncture
Term
shorter
Definition
the flexibility of the intervertebral disks decreases as you get older. there's a reason why older people are usually __ than the average person
Term
herniation
Definition
if an intervertebral disk ruptures it can lead to a __ in the body. they are usually either posterior or posterior lateral. symptoms are pain, weakness of muscles, and paralysis. they can be viewed with an MRI
Term
Ligamentum flavum
Definition
most important spinal column ligament is the thick ligament called the __
Term
lumbarization
Definition
defect of the vertebrae that occurs when the 1st vertebrae of the sacrum, S1, separates and fuses with the lumbar region, ultimately leading to 6 lumbar vertebrae instead of the usual 5
Term
sacralization
Definition
defect of the vertebrae that occurs when the 5th vertebrae of the Lumbar region, L5 separates and fuses with the sacrum, leading to 6 sacral vertebrae instead of the usual 5
Term
spina bifida
Definition
defect of the vertebrae that occurs when the arches of each side of the vertebrae fail to fuse together .this leads to a condition in which the meninges and/or the spinal cord are exposed
Term
meningocele
Definition
herniation of the meninges
Term
meningomyelocele
Definition
herniation of both the meninges and the spinal cord
Term
lumbarization
Definition
defect of the vertebrae that occurs when the 1st vertebrae of the sacrum, S1, separates and fuses with the lumbar region, ultimately leading to 6 lumbar vertebrae instead of the usual 5
Term
folic
Definition
__ acid is usually given to decrease the risk of spina bifida
Term
femur, tibia, and fibula
Definition
what are the 3 long bones in the leg
Term
femur
Definition
large thigh bone. strongest bone in the body and is located in the upper portion of the leg
Term
tibia and fibula
Definition
__ and __ are located in the lower portion of the leg
Term
tibia is larger than fibula
Definition
the __ is larger than the __
Term
-tibia
-fibula
Definition
__ long leg bone is medial to the body, __ long leg bone is lateral to the body
Term
condyles
Definition
found in between the bones and are smooth
Term
malleolus
Definition
__ refers to the ankle
Term
1. Ilium, 2. Ischium, 3. Pubis
Definition
what are the 3 parts of the innominate bone/hip bone
Term
Ilium
Definition
the __ is the large upper portion of the innominate/hip bone
Term
ischium and pubis
Definition
the __ and __ are found in the bottom portion of the innominate/hip bone
Term
pubis
Definition
the __ is anterior or towards the front
Term
the iscium
Definition
the __ is the thicker of the parts of the innominate/hip bone that are found at the bottom. it is also posterior or located towards the back
Term
1. sacrum, 2. innominate right. 3. innominate left
Definition
what are the 3 parts of the pelvis
Term
-false
-true
Definition
the upper part of the pelvis is called the __ pelvis, while the lower part of the pelvis is called the __ pelvis
Term
acetabulum
Definition
the __ is the lower middle part of the hip bone that looks like a hole that has concaved in. it is the site of the insertion of the femur bone
Term
iliac
Definition
to do a bone marrow biopsy, you should puncture the __ crest until you get to the red, spongy matter also referred to as the bone marrow
Term
iliolumbar ligament
Definition
Term
inguinal ligament
Definition
Term
-males
-females
Definition
a __ pelvis is thick and heavy. a __ pelvis is thin and light
Term
-males
-females
Definition
a __ pelvis is deep. a __ pelvis is shallow
Term
-males
-females
Definition
a __ lesser pelvis is narrow. a __ lesser pelvis is wide
Term
-males
-females
Definition
a __ pelvic inlet is heart-shaped. a __ pelvic inlet is oval
Term
85%
Definition
__% of babies are delivered in the Cephalic position. head first
Term
breeched
Definition
any other position other than head first during delivery is called being delivered in the __ position
Term
9.5 cm
Definition
if a womans pelvic diameter is less than __ cm, it will be difficult to deliver a baby. the best bet for her is a C-section
Term
pelvic meter
Definition
type of instrument that measures the diameters in the pelvic region
Term
fovea
Definition
a __ is a type of depression. is is usually the site of attachment for a ligament
Term
head
Definition
on the __ of the femur, there is an artery to supply blood
Term
-tibial
-common peroneal
Definition
all muscles on the back of the leg (dorsal part of the leg) are innervated by the __ nerve...except for the short head of the Biceps Femoris which is innervated by the __ nerve
Term
phalanges
Definition
the __ are the toes of the foot
Term
proximal and distal portion
Definition
the phalanges have a Proximal, middle, and distal poriton. but the big toe only has a __ and __ portion
Term
cuneiform
Definition
the tarsal bones are also called the __ bones
Term
metatarsals
Definition
in between the tarsal bones and the phalanges are the __
Term
calcaneus
Definition
the __ is the heel of the foot. it is the biggest bone found on the foot
Term
cuboid
Definition
the __ bone is found on the lateral side of the foot
Term
navicular
Definition
the __ bone is found of the medial side
Term
pudendal nerve
Definition
goes into one hole and out another. it comes out of the greater sciatic foramen and enters the lesser sciatic fodamen of the plexus
Term
1. gluteus maximus, 2. gluteus medius, 3. gluteus minimus
Definition
what are the 3 major muscles found in the butt
Term
gluteus maximus
Definition
__ is the cheif extensor of the hip. functions as an extensor of the hip joint and a lateral rotator. it is also the primary muscle that is used when rising, sitting, and climbing
Term
1. flexor digitorum longus, 2. flexor hallusis longus, 3.tibialis posterior muscle, 4. popliteus muscle
Definition
what are the 4 main groups of the deep layer of the posterior leg muscles
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