Term
|
Definition
| farther from the body center (away from the limb attachment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closer to the body center (toward the limb attachment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closer (toward) to the midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| farther (away) from the midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| front (toward the abdomen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opposite side of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closer to the outermost layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closet to the innermost layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a natural body opening/canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure that protrudes from its originating surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| articular surface in a joint where bones connect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area surrounding the condyle's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized portion of the top of a bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peak of a ridge on a bony structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bigger than tuberosity; swollen portion of the bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller raised portion of a bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larger raised portions of a bone |
|
|
Term
| what are the planes of the body |
|
Definition
| frontal (coronal), midsagittal (median), parasagittal, transverse, and oblique |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ forms the basic structure of the trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ consists of 33-34 vertebrae and intervertebral disks |
|
|
Term
| 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4-5 coccygeal vertebrae |
|
Definition
| in the vertebral column there are __ cervical, __ thoracic, __ lumbar, __ sacral, and __ coccygeal vertebrae in human |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ are between the vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ - bone derived from centrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ - smooth bone derived from anular epiphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the structure of the human body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| human anatomy is also called __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anatomy is closely related to __ the study of the system and body function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deals with tissues bigger than 0.1 mm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deals with smaller structures e.g.: cells or tissues (groups of cells) or microscopic details of various organs e.g.: intestine and liver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microscopic anatomy could be investigated at __ or __ microscopy levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gross anatomy is seen by __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microscopic anatomy is also called __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skeletal system, Muscle (muscular) system, Nervous system,Cardiovascular system, Digestive system, Respiratory system... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1-Back and lower limb, 2-Upper limb and thorax, 3-Abdomen and pelvis, 4-Head and neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shapes and markings on the body surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deals with the structural changes in the body throughout the life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studying development of the body before birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deals with structural changes in the tissues caused by a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deals with function of the body structures |
|
|
Term
| radiographic anatomy and imaging techniques: |
|
Definition
| the study of the body using X-ray or other imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging, ultrasound, or positron emission tomography (PET) |
|
|
Term
| The surface anatomy - Abdominal regions and quadrants: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cranial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic (abdominopelvic) cavities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when standing still and the palms are facing forward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| longitudinal (vertical) axes, transverse (horizontal) axes, sagittal axes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| median (median sagittal) plane, sagittal (paramedian) plane, frontal (coronal) plane, transverse plane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toward the center of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toward surface of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bending (direction of movement) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stretching (direction of movement) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| away from the body (direction of movement) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toward the body (direction of movement) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pivoting or rotary motion (direction of movement) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circular movement (direction of movement) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrocartilaginous structures between the vertebrae. they absorb shock, assure no friction between the bones and facilitate the movements of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spinal cord and its blood vessels are part of the contents of the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the meninges and cerebro-spinal fluid are part of the contents of the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple radiography that gives a 2-D view of the object (body) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for detection of intracranial lesions or anatomy/pathology of other parts of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include the cranial cavity and vertebral canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include the thoracic and abdominal cavities and pelvic cavity and the levator ani muscle and the ischiococcygeus muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the axes correspond to a point in their corresponding plane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these planes are sections through the body, or through an organ or body parts, to study the detail of the structures found in that section |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ are produced in a vacuum tube that has a cathode and an anode component |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in an x-ray, the __ beam is emitted and passes through the object (body) to reach an x-ray sensitive film placed in a grid, or photographic plate placed behind/beneath the object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissues with high density absorb __ x-ray and on a negative film appear white, whereas the soft tissues appear gray |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may be iodine based, non-iodine based, or other substances used in imaging techniques to visualize internal structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the procedure is quick, safe, and accurate. the physics are like the X-ray. the X-ray tube emits a narrow beam scanning the body through an arc of 180 degree around the patients body. the X-ray having passed through the body are collected by a special x-ray detector and fed to a computer which is then reconstructed and displayed on a TV like screen |
|
|
Term
| contrast (iodine-containing) medium |
|
Definition
| Enhancement of the contrast between tissues (due to different blood flow) can be achieved by IV injection of __ in a Computed tomography (CT) |
|
|
Term
| Magnetic Resonance imaging |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
| this method subjects the body to strong magnetic field and radio waves. noninvasive procedure. only those with a pacemaker might be affected by it. resolution is greater than that of a CT scan |
|
|
Term
| Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
| the patient lies in a chamber and their body is surrounded by a huge magnet. when the magnet is on, the nuclei of body's hydrogen atoms line up parallel to the strong magnetic field. the patient is then exposed to a brief pulse of radio waves, which knocks the spinning protons out of alignment. when the radio waves are turned off, the protons return to their alignment in the magnetic field, which emit their own faint radio waves. sensors detect these waves, and computer translates them into images |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is absolutely safe and better differentiates between the white and gray matter than the CT |
|
|
Term
| positron emission tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
| produces images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body. lacks high resolution. yellow area on picture = blood supply |
|
|
Term
| positron emission tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
| advantage of __ is that its images contain messages about chemical, physiological, and pharmacological processes in the body |
|
|
Term
| Positron Emission tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
| advantage of __ is that its images contain messages about chemical, physiological, and pharmacological processes in the body |
|
|
Term
| positron emission tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
| an appropriate isotope is incorporated into molecules of known biochemical behavior in the body and then injected into the patient. the metabolic activity of the compound can be studied by its decay, and emission of positively charged electrons (positrons), which indirectly lead to production of gamma rays. sensor within a scanner picks up the emitted gamma rays, which are then translated into electrical impulses and sent to a computer. a picture of the isotope's location can be seen on the screen by colors |
|
|
Term
| positron emission tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
| is used to asses functional blood flow to the brain and heart. it can determine which parts of the brain are most active during speech, seeing, comprehension, etc, |
|
|
Term
| positron emission tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
| resolution is low, images take a long time to form. it cannot record fast changes in the brain activity; an expensive cyclotron machine is needed on the site to make the isotope, and for these reasons, __ is gradually being replaced by other techniques such as fMRI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures blood oxygen in specific areas of brain during various activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses ultra sound to hit and reflect off body structures. it is often used in females to study the endometrium, or the inner layer in the Uterus. noninvasive |
|
|
Term
| classification of the bones |
|
Definition
| long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| longer than wide, have a shaft (diaphysis) plus 2 ends called epiphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin and flattened, usually curved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| various shapes, do not fit into other categories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| support, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell formation are all functions of the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides hard framework to protect the underlying organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscles use bones as levers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reservoir for important minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gross anatomy of the bone |
|
Definition
| compact bone, spongy (cancellous) bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dense outer layer of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ bones have a diaphysis, epiphysis, blood vessels, medullary cavity, and membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hallow cavity - filled with marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| periosteum, Sharpey's fibers, and endosteum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anatomy of a bone reflects __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compression and tension of a bone is greatest at __ surfaces |
|
|
Term
| Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
| what are the two types of ossification (bone-tissue formation) |
|
|
Term
| intramembranous ossification |
|
Definition
| bones are directly ossified without any pre-existing cartilage. skull bones and the clavicle are formed directly from mesenchyme |
|
|
Term
| endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
| bones develop from a pre-existing cartilage. most of the other bones develop initially from hyaline cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intramembranous ossification is the type that occurs in the __, while enchondral ossification usually occurs in __ bones |
|
|
Term
| Intramembranous ossification |
|
Definition
| 1. an ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane. 2. bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane. 3. woven bone and periosteum form. 4. bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model. 2. cavitation of the hyaline cartilage. 3. invasion of the cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation. 4. formation of the medullary cavities and secondary ossification centers. 5. ossification of the epiphysis (hyaline cartilage remains in epiphysial plate and articular cartilages (surfaces) |
|
|
Term
| ossification at the epiphysial plate |
|
Definition
| in epiphyseal plates of growing bones cartilage is organized for quick growth. cartilage cells form tall stacks, divide quickly, and pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis. this lengths the long bone |
|
|
Term
| ossification at the epiphysial plate |
|
Definition
| in epiphyseal plates of growing bones cartilage is organized for quick growth. cartilage cells form tall stacks, divide quickly, and pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis. this lengths the long bone |
|
|
Term
-epiphyseal plates
-bone tissue |
|
Definition
| during childhood and adolescence bones lengthen entirely by growth of the ___. cartilage is replaced with __ as quickly as it grows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as adolescence draws to an end, cartilage stops growing and is replaced by bone tissue, __ and __ fuse |
|
|
Term
| growth hormone, thyroid hormone, and sex hormones |
|
Definition
| what hormones regulate bone growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates epiphyseal plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promote bone growth, later induce closure of epiphyseal plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone fractures are generally __ or __ |
|
|
Term
| closed reduction and open reduction |
|
Definition
| bone fractures are repaired by treatment by reduction. what are the two treatment by reductions? |
|
|
Term
| stages of healing a fracture |
|
Definition
| 1. hematoma formation. 2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation. 3. bony callus formation. 4. bone remodeling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone fragments into 3 or more pieces. particularly common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone is crushed. common in porous bones subjected to extreme trauma, as in a fall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broken bone portion is pressed inward. typical of skull fracture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epiphyseal plate tears, separating epiphysis from diaphysis. tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occuring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks. only one side of the shaft splits, the other side bends. common in children, whose bones have relatively more organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone. common sports fracture |
|
|
Term
| osteoporosis (bone disorder) |
|
Definition
| characterized by low bone mass, bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition, occurs in most of women after menopause (secretion of estrogen helps maintain bone density) |
|
|
Term
| osteomalacia (bone disorder) |
|
Definition
| occurs in adults, bones are inadequately mineralized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in children, analogous to osteomalacia, weakened and bowed legs, malformation of the head and ribs (caused by dietary Vit D and calcium phosphate deficiency) |
|
|
Term
| paget's disease (bone disorder) |
|
Definition
| characterized by excessive rate of bone deposition but reduced mineralization leading to bone thickening |
|
|
Term
| achondroplasia (bone disorder) |
|
Definition
| congenital (genetic disease), defective cartilage growth and defective enchondral ossification leading to dwarfism |
|
|
Term
| osetosarcoma (disorder of bones) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
__ makes up nearly half the body's mass. it is the main tissue in the heart and walls of hollow organs
|
|
|
Term
1. movement
2. joint stabilization
3. heat generation |
|
Definition
| what are the functions of muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attached to skeleton, moves body by moving the bones |
|
|
Term
| functions of muscle tissue...movement...maintenance of posture |
|
Definition
| enables the body to remain sitting or standing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| squeezes fluids and other substances through hollow organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ types of muscles |
|
|
Term
| skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and smooth muscle tissue |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 types of muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| packaged into skeletal muscles. makes up 40% of body weight. cells are straited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs only in the walls of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the walls of hollow organs. cells lack striations |
|
|
Term
1. belly
2. tendon
3. intermediate tendons |
|
Definition
| the parts of a skeletal muscle are |
|
|
Term
| synergistic muscle activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antagonistic muscle activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ muscle has a nerve and blood supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the skeletal muscle __ is where nerve contacts the muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the skeletal muscle origin is on __, at less movable attachment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle insertion is on __ movable attachment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the skeletal muscle origin and insertions are by __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are only 12 ribs in the body and they each correspond to the 12 __ vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in rare cases a __ vertebra is attached to a rib. if this happens, it can be asymptomatic (no symptoms appear) or can cause ischemic pain due to the compression of an artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ major body cavity includes the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ major body cavity includes the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ major body cavity includes the digestive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ major body cavity includes the pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ major body cavity includes both the abdominal and pelvic cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ and __ curvatures of the vertebral column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ and __ curvatures of the vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| lordotic, kyphotic, and scoliosis |
|
Definition
| different curvatures of the spinal column include |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if someone is to have a __ column, they appear to be walking with their back straight and their nose up in the air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a __ column appears like you are crouching or hunched over |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the column is shifted to the side |
|
|
Term
| secondary cervical curvature |
|
Definition
| during the 3rd month, the __ curvature occurs |
|
|
Term
| vertebral foramen (canal) |
|
Definition
| content of the __ : spinal cord and its blood vessels, the meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ transmits the nerve roots and vessels of the spinal cord, and contains the dorsal root ganglion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first cervical vertebra is called __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the second cervical vertebra is called the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 7th cervical vertebra is called the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th cervical vertebrae are all __ |
|
|
Term
| 1. transverse foramen. 2. bifid spinous process. 3. small vertebral body. 4. large and triangular vertebral canal |
|
Definition
| characteristics of cervical vertebrae are ... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contents of the transverse foramen = |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pass through the transverse foramen of the 6 upper cervical vertebrae. they enter the skull through the foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ has no spinous process, no body, small anterior arch, and a larger posterior arch. it has an anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, large vertebral foramen, and two lateral masses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On the __ each mass has a superior and an inferior articular facet. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the atlanto-occipital joint is between the __ and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ has an odontiod process (dens) with an anterior articular facet to articulate with atlas, and a posterior articular facet for transverse ligament of atlas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fracture occurs when the dens of the Axis is displaced and fractured. the arch of the axis pushes the dens posteriorly and compresses the brain stem, leading to death |
|
|
Term
| atlanto-Occipital articulation (upper head joint) |
|
Definition
| __ articulation: between superior articular facet of Atlas and Occipital condyles |
|
|
Term
| atlanto-axial articulation (lower head joint) |
|
Definition
| __ articulation: consists of median and lateral atlanto-axial articulations |
|
|
Term
| transverse ligament of atlas, apical ligament of the dens, and alar ligaments |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 securing ligaments |
|
|
Term
| transverse ligament of atlas |
|
Definition
| __ ligament __ is between the two lateral masses |
|
|
Term
| apical ligament of the dens |
|
Definition
| __ ligament __ attaches to anterior margin of foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ ligaments - from dens to lateral margin of foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ thoracic vertebrae in human |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ vertebrae have two articular facets on their lateral side (one on the body and the other on the transverse process) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spinous process in the __ vertebrae is long and slopes posteroinferiorly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the head of each rib articulates with two adjacent vertebrae and the disk between them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between the tubercle of the rib and the transverse process of it's own vertebra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ lumbar vertebrae in human |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ vertebrae have large body kidney shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ vertebrae have long transverse process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ vertebrae have relatively small vertebral foramen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is done at L3-L5 region. the intercrestal line (iliac crests) is at the level of L4 approximately (safe region) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are 12 ribs in humans forming the __ cage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ have a head, neck, body, and a tubercle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the last 5 ribs are __ ribs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 11th and 12th ribs are __ ribs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains the intercostal nerve and vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the head and the tubercle of ribs have articular surfaces to articulate with the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ consists of: manubrium, body, xiphoid process. the sternal angle T4, and jugular (suprasternal) notch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the sternum, the sex differences is that the body is longer, narrower and slimmer in __ than in __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone marrow needle biopsy for transplant or cytologic analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the midline in the body of the sternum between 2-3 ribs attachments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| never try a sternal puncture in the lower __ of the sternal body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ sternotomy: in coronary bypass surgery |
|
|
Term
| sternum congenital anomalies |
|
Definition
| complete sternal cleft, pectus excavatum (funnel chest), pigeon chest, congenital sternal fissure (sternal foramen), aneurysm of the aorta are all what? |
|
|
Term
| zygapophysial joints and uncovertebral joints |
|
Definition
| what are the two joints of the vertebral column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these are the small vertebral joints between the articular processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between cervical vertebrae. they develop by age and may become pathologic and permit disk herniation especially is C5 region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intervertebral disks consist of an outer tense part called.. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intervertebral disks consists of a soft jelly-like nucleus called the ___ |
|
|
Term
| intervertebral disks function |
|
Definition
| __ function: acts as a shock absorber, is compressible and permits slight degree of movement of the vertebrae over each other. they build up approximately 20% of the length of the vertebral column (taller in the mornings) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ occurs mostly posterolaterally where the Anulus Fibrosis is thinner |
|
|
Term
| ligaments of the vertebral column |
|
Definition
| anterior longitudinal ligament, post. longitudinal lig, ligamentum flavum, intertransverse ligs, interspinous lig, supraspinal lig |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ ligament of the vertebral column is yellowish in color due to elastic fibers, facilitates movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ consists of 5 sacral vertebrae and the intervertebral disks that lie between them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sacrum has a __ anterior surface and a __ dorsal surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in __ the sacrum is wider, shorter, and more concave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in __ the sacrum is longer and less wide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epidural anesthesia is given through sacral __ to block the pelvic nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ have four vertebrae (rudimentary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ of horns of coccyx facing sacrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| falling on buttocks, specially in females, painful delivery all injure the __ vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of vertebral arches to form or fuse. usually in lumbar or sacral vertebrae, leading to meningocele (just meninges bulge out of the vertebral canal) or meningomyelocele (meninges plus spinal cord bulge out) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| folic acid substitution in conception and during pregnancy decreases the risk of spina bifida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of vertebral arches to form or fuse. usually in lumbar or sacral vertebrae, leading to meningocele (just meninges bulge out of the vertebral canal) or meningomyelocele (meninges plus spinal cord bulge out) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscles of the back: __ has 3 parts: descending part, transverse part, and ascending part |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ part of the trapezius: origin: from external occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, and ligamentum nuchae. Insertion: lateral third of the clavicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ part of the trapezius: from C7-T3 spinous process. Inserted to: clavicle and scapula (acromion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ part: from T3-T12 spinous process. Insertion: spine of the scapula |
|
|
Term
| function of the trapezius |
|
Definition
| function of the __: elevation, retraction, and rotation of scapula. helps in adduction and slight elevation of arm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innervation of __: spinal root of accessory nerve (CNXl) and C3-C4 (propioception and pain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| origin: spinous precess of C6 and C7. Insertion: medial margin of scapula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caudal to Rh. minor. Origin: spinous process of T1-T4. insertion: medial margin of scapula |
|
|
Term
| Function of rhomboid minor and rhomboid major |
|
Definition
| function of __ and __: press the scapula to the thoracic wall, retraction of scapula medially. Nerve supply: dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin: transverse process of C1-C4. Insertion: superior angle of scapula, Function: elevates the scapula, Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5) |
|
|
Term
| Latissimus dorsi M: (coughing M) |
|
Definition
| has many parts: Origin: vertebral part T7-T12 spinous processs thoracolumbar part (from fascia) iliac part (from iliac crest). costal part: 10-12th rib. inferior angle of scapula. insertion: crest of the lesser tubercle of humerus. function: adduction and lowering the arm, medial rotation and extension of the arm (humerus). raises the body toward the arm when climbing. Innervation: thoracodorsal N (C6, C7, C8) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innervation: intercostal nerves (T9-T12) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| serratus post. inferior and serratus post. supeior |
|
Definition
| __ and __ may both function as accessory muscles of respiration (in COPD) |
|
|
Term
| lateral (superficial) group and medial deep group |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 groups of intrinsic muscles of the back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Illiocostalis, lumborum, thoracis, cervicis, Longissimus thoracis, cervicis, capitis, Splenius cervicis and capitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ group innervation: all by primary spinal dorsal rami |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ group function: for erect posture of the body and the two splenii rotate the head. Extensors when both sides contract and flexion when one side contracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ group have interspinales muscles and intertransverse muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is deep in the suboccipital region just inferior to the occipital bone in the dorsal aspect of the neck. it is formed by the rectus capitis posterior major muscle, the oblique capitis superior muscle, and the oblique capitis inferior muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| content of the __: 3rd part of vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve (C1) innervating all 3 muscles, suboccipital plexus of veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ layers of meninges, or membranes, that cover the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| 1. pia matter, 2. arachnoid matter, 3. dura matter |
|
Definition
| what are the three layers of meninges that cover the spinal cord? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ matter is the thin inner layer that surrounds the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ matter is the middle layer that is found above the pia matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ matter is the tough outside layer that covers the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is deep in the suboccipital region just inferior to the occipital bone in the dorsal aspect of the neck. it is formed by the rectus capitis posterior major muscle, the oblique capitis superior muscle, and the oblique capitis inferior muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ space is found underneath the arachnoid mater. it is in between the arachnoid and pia mater. it contains the CSF which is produced by the ventricles of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition of excess CSF. the spinal fluid needs to be withdrawn. when this happens the protein level goes up and the glucose level goes down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ has no body and no spinous process. it contains a hole or facet for the dens of the axis to connect to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ vertebrae have two spinous processes. the __ vertebrae have one single spinous process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ vertebrae have transverse foramen, in which the __ vertebrae do not. this means that within the transverse processes, you will find two holes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ vertebrae have larger vertebral foramen than __ vertebrae due to the brain stem. this means that the central hole is larger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spinal cord terminates at the lower level of L1. therefore they have __ vertebral foramen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lumbar puncture is given between __ because there is no spinal cord to interfere with the puncture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the flexibility of the intervertebral disks decreases as you get older. there's a reason why older people are usually __ than the average person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if an intervertebral disk ruptures it can lead to a __ in the body. they are usually either posterior or posterior lateral. symptoms are pain, weakness of muscles, and paralysis. they can be viewed with an MRI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most important spinal column ligament is the thick ligament called the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defect of the vertebrae that occurs when the 1st vertebrae of the sacrum, S1, separates and fuses with the lumbar region, ultimately leading to 6 lumbar vertebrae instead of the usual 5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defect of the vertebrae that occurs when the 5th vertebrae of the Lumbar region, L5 separates and fuses with the sacrum, leading to 6 sacral vertebrae instead of the usual 5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defect of the vertebrae that occurs when the arches of each side of the vertebrae fail to fuse together .this leads to a condition in which the meninges and/or the spinal cord are exposed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| herniation of the meninges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| herniation of both the meninges and the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defect of the vertebrae that occurs when the 1st vertebrae of the sacrum, S1, separates and fuses with the lumbar region, ultimately leading to 6 lumbar vertebrae instead of the usual 5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ acid is usually given to decrease the risk of spina bifida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are the 3 long bones in the leg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large thigh bone. strongest bone in the body and is located in the upper portion of the leg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ and __ are located in the lower portion of the leg |
|
|
Term
| tibia is larger than fibula |
|
Definition
| the __ is larger than the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ long leg bone is medial to the body, __ long leg bone is lateral to the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in between the bones and are smooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1. Ilium, 2. Ischium, 3. Pubis |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 parts of the innominate bone/hip bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the large upper portion of the innominate/hip bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ and __ are found in the bottom portion of the innominate/hip bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is anterior or towards the front |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the thicker of the parts of the innominate/hip bone that are found at the bottom. it is also posterior or located towards the back |
|
|
Term
| 1. sacrum, 2. innominate right. 3. innominate left |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 parts of the pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the upper part of the pelvis is called the __ pelvis, while the lower part of the pelvis is called the __ pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the lower middle part of the hip bone that looks like a hole that has concaved in. it is the site of the insertion of the femur bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to do a bone marrow biopsy, you should puncture the __ crest until you get to the red, spongy matter also referred to as the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a __ pelvis is thick and heavy. a __ pelvis is thin and light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a __ pelvis is deep. a __ pelvis is shallow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a __ lesser pelvis is narrow. a __ lesser pelvis is wide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a __ pelvic inlet is heart-shaped. a __ pelvic inlet is oval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __% of babies are delivered in the Cephalic position. head first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any other position other than head first during delivery is called being delivered in the __ position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if a womans pelvic diameter is less than __ cm, it will be difficult to deliver a baby. the best bet for her is a C-section |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of instrument that measures the diameters in the pelvic region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a __ is a type of depression. is is usually the site of attachment for a ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on the __ of the femur, there is an artery to supply blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all muscles on the back of the leg (dorsal part of the leg) are innervated by the __ nerve...except for the short head of the Biceps Femoris which is innervated by the __ nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ are the toes of the foot |
|
|
Term
| proximal and distal portion |
|
Definition
| the phalanges have a Proximal, middle, and distal poriton. but the big toe only has a __ and __ portion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tarsal bones are also called the __ bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in between the tarsal bones and the phalanges are the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the heel of the foot. it is the biggest bone found on the foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ bone is found on the lateral side of the foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ bone is found of the medial side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| goes into one hole and out another. it comes out of the greater sciatic foramen and enters the lesser sciatic fodamen of the plexus |
|
|
Term
| 1. gluteus maximus, 2. gluteus medius, 3. gluteus minimus |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 major muscles found in the butt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is the cheif extensor of the hip. functions as an extensor of the hip joint and a lateral rotator. it is also the primary muscle that is used when rising, sitting, and climbing |
|
|
Term
| 1. flexor digitorum longus, 2. flexor hallusis longus, 3.tibialis posterior muscle, 4. popliteus muscle |
|
Definition
| what are the 4 main groups of the deep layer of the posterior leg muscles |
|
|
