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Exam 1---6
Hamster
61
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
10/02/2010

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Term
Joint
Definition
A site where 2 or more skeletal elements join or come together. The skeletal elements may be cartilage or bone. Movement may or may not be the characteristic of the joint.
Term
Major cause of osteoarthritis?
Definition
natural wear on tear on joints
Term
Rheumatoid arthritis
Definition
Much more severe, an autoimmune disease
Term
Bursa
Definition
a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles or where a tendon passes over a bone; cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over the joints
Term
Bursitis
Definition
inflammation of a bursa
Term
joint sprain
Definition
a torn ligament or tendon
Term
joint dislocation
Definition
you've pulled one of the skeletal elements out of the joint capsule
Term
Lyme disease
Definition
can be caused by deer ticks
Term
Circumduction
Definition
A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction; only truly possible at ball and socket joints; example: serving in tennis
Term
Knee joint is __axial joint?
Definition
biaxial--flex/extend and rotation
Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition
toes are elevated
Term
Plantar flexion
Definition
so toes point downward
Term
Inversion
Definition
soles tip towards each other
Term
Eversion
Definition
soles tip laterally
Term
TMJ syndrome can cause
Definition
clicking, limitation of movement at the jaw
Term
Inversion and Eversion occur at the ______ joints?
Definition
Intertarsal joints
Term
Three types of muscle
Definition
smooth, skeletal, cardiac
Term
Major characteristics of all muscle cells
Definition
producing movement, contain actin and myosin
Term
Straited muscle
Definition
skeletal and cardiac
Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
moves the skeleton, tongue, eyes, diaphragm, etc; aka voluntary muscle; must have innervation to contract
Term
Cardiac muscle
Definition
moves the heart
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
homogeneous appearance; moves all other organs and blood vessels
Term
What are the connective tissue sheaths that hold sk muscle together?
Definition
epimesium, perimysium, endomysium; connect muscle to skin, bone, etc; pathway for nerves and vessels
Term
position of epimesium
Definition
surrounds entire muscle, gives it a discrete shape
Term
position of perimysium
Definition
surrounds groups of muscle fibers (fassicles)
Term
endomysium
Definition
surrounds individual muscle fibers
Term
sk muscle cells
Definition
large, long, multinucleated
Term
Collagen attaches
Definition
muscle to tendons and tendon to bone
Term
What kind of tissue forms the tendon?
Definition
dense regular connective tissue
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
from Z line to Z line
Term
A band
Definition
contains myosin
Term
I band
Definition
contains the thin filaments
Term
H band
Definition
where the thin and thick filaments do not overlap
Term
Z line
Definition
center of the I band: where the thin filaments are anchored
Term
What gets shorter and what stays the same in the sarcomere?
Definition
-Entire sarcomere and I band gets shorter
-A bands remain same width
Term
NMJ
Definition
Axon releases Ach, Ach binds to receptors on the sarcolemma, sodium enters the cell sarcolemma and along T-tubules
Term
motor unit
Definition
a motor neuron and all the myofibers it innervates
Term
How does Botox work to relieve tension in the skin around the eyes?
Definition
paralyzes the muscles by blocking Ach release
Term
Muscle architecture
Definition
helps determine range of motion and helps determine force that can be generated
Term
Range of motion
Definition
depends on length, for more range of motion you want longer muscle fibers
Term
Force is dependent on what architecture of muscle?
Definition
cross-sectional area, related to # of muscle fibers
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
enlargement, you demand more of the muscle
Term
atrophy
Definition
muscle shrinks, when muscle is not challenged, either because you are bed-ridden or if nerve damage occurs to nerve that innervates that muscle
Term
How do muscles change in response to anabolic steroids?
Definition
stimulate muscle growth, simulate Testosterone
Term
Three diff types of contraction
Definition
1) Isometric--myofibers stay the same length, ex: postural, keep position, hold something in place
2) Concentric: myofibers get shorter; ex: lift a burger to your mouth
3) Eccentric: myofibers get longer
Term
the 6 extraocular muscles
Definition
superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique
Term
Where do the muscles of facial expression attach?
Definition
To the overlying skin
Term
orbicularis oculi
Definition
acts as a sphincter to close the eye lids; distributes the tears to keep eyes moist; potential problems if these muscles were paralyzed?--eyes would dry out, damage to cornea
Term
Zygomaticus major
Definition
ex: in smiling; joint involved? None!; muscle pulls the skin toward the origin
Term
Orbicularis oris
Definition
moves lips when closing, pursing, or protruding them
Term
Buccinator
Definition
forms the cheek wall; helps keep food in between the teeth while chewing; other things it does: whistling, blowing, sucking
Term
Wrinkles form ____ to the muscles of facial expression
Definition
Perpendicular; this is b/c of the stress put on the skin when the muscles contract
Term
What are the bony attachments of the sternocleidomastoid? (hint: in the name)
Definition
sternum, clavicle, mastoid
Term
Right SCM
Definition
turns head to the left; aBducts head to the right
Term
Left SCM
Definition
turns head to the right; aBducts head to the left
Term
both right and left SCM acting simultaneously
Definition
would bring the head down; flexion at cervical intervertebral joints
Term
Rectus abdominis
Definition
flexes the vertebral column and trunk
Term
External abdominal oblique
Definition
flexes the vertebral column and truck when contracting bilaterally; when contracting unilaterally: rroates trunk toward opposite side and aBducts trunk toward same side
Term
Internal abdominal oblique
Definition
Flexes vertebral column and trunk when contracts bilaterally; when acting unilaterally: rotates and aBducts trunk towards the same side
Term
Transverse abdominis
Definition
compresses the abdominal and pelvic organs; such as in coughing, vomiting, defecation, child birth
Term
If you put your hands in your pocket...
Definition
-way your fingers are pointed: orientation of the external oblique
- way your thumb is pointed: orientation of the internal oblique
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