Term
| what creates inspiration and expiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pressure difference creates inspiration |
|
Definition
| pressure inside lung lobes is less than atmospheric pressure, moving air in |
|
|
Term
| what pressure difference creates expiration |
|
Definition
| pressure inside lung lobes is greater than atmospheric pressure, moving air out |
|
|
Term
| what is the atmospheric pressure at sea level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do lungs have an internal structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what determines the structure of the lungs |
|
Definition
| structure of lungs depends on the structure and dynamics of the chest wall |
|
|
Term
| what is the intrapleural pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result of the -4 mmHg difference in pressure of the intrapleural space compared to the atmosphere? |
|
Definition
| the negative pressure creates a vacuum that holds the outer portion of the lung lobe against the inner portion of the chest wall and diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| how do we mechanically create pressure differences inside lung lobes? |
|
Definition
| by moving the diaphragm and chest wall to stretch the lung lobes |
|
|
Term
| what happens when you stretch the lung lobes? |
|
Definition
| stretching creates a pressure less than atmospheric so air will move in |
|
|
Term
| what happens when you push on lung lobes? |
|
Definition
| pushing creates a pressure more than atmospheric so air will move out |
|
|
Term
| is lung tissue elastic or inelastic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are inspiratory ventilation and expiratory ventilation different? |
|
Definition
| we breathe air in, warm it up, and breathe it out. Warm air is expanded, so VE > VI |
|
|
Term
| how do we calculate VE or VI? |
|
Definition
| VE or VI = Tidal Volume x Breathing Frequency |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of air you take in per breath |
|
|
Term
| define pulmonary mechanics |
|
Definition
| the process of moving air in and out |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of performing pulmonary mechanics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does respiration occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many alveoli do we have in each lobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the alveolus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capillaries around the alveoli diffuse oxygen into the alveoli and receive carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| what is physiological dead space |
|
Definition
| air trapped in air passages in the lungs that don't go to the alveolus and can't be used for respiration |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate alveolar ventilation |
|
Definition
| (Tidal volume - dead space) x breathing frequency |
|
|
Term
| can all of the minute ventilation get to the alveolus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are static lung volumes assessed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the lung volume measurement of normal resting breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kinds of measurements can spirometry give us about lungs? |
|
Definition
| static lung volume, maximal inspiration, maximal expiration, total long capacity, rate at which you can move air in and out |
|
|
Term
| what does the rate at which you can move air in and out tell us? |
|
Definition
| strength of musculature and compliance of lungs |
|
|
Term
| are the size of your lungs and air capacity critical for exercise? |
|
Definition
| not except in the very elite or if you have a pulmonary disorder |
|
|
Term
| what is the formula to calculate partial pressure |
|
Definition
| partial pressure = total pressure x gas concentration |
|
|
Term
| what is the path of movement of gases |
|
Definition
| gases move from an area of high to low partial pressure |
|
|
Term
| why does oxygen move into alveoli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the path of oxygen in the body? |
|
Definition
| lungs to capillaries to pulmonary vein to left atrium and ventricle to system arteries to body cells to systemic veins to right atrium and ventricle to pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
| what determines the flow of oxygen and carbon dioxide within veins and arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does external respiration occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does internal respiration occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of blood is in the pulmonary artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of blood is in the pulmonary vein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in the pulmonary capillaries |
|
Definition
| oxygen increases until it gets to the point that we see in the pulmonary vein |
|
|
Term
| which reaches its partial pressure faster: carbon dioxide or oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of the oxygen in the blood is free gas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of the oxygen in the blood is bound gas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gas that exists as bubbles within plasma and red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| what gives blood its partial pressures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common form of oxygen in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is on the x axis of the oxyhemoglobin association curve? |
|
Definition
| partial pressure of oxygen |
|
|
Term
| at what part of the body is the partial pressure of oxygen 40 mmHg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what part of the body is the partial pressure of oxygen 100 mmHg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is on the left y axis of the oxyhemoglobin association curve |
|
Definition
| percent oxyhemoglobin saturation |
|
|
Term
| what is oxyhemoglobin saturation |
|
Definition
| a measurement of the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| what is the best oxyhemoglobin saturation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is on the right y axis of the oxyhemoglobin association curve |
|
Definition
| oxygen content in mL O2/100mL blood |
|
|
Term
| what is the oxyhemoglobin association curve? |
|
Definition
| the level of saturation of oxygen at different partial pressures of oxygen |
|
|
Term
| describe the relationship between saturation of oxygen and partial pressure of oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at high partial pressures of oxygen, are the changes in saturation large or small? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you desaturated your oxygen levels, will there be more or less free oxygen to be utilized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the top part on the right side of the oxyhemoglobin association curve show? |
|
Definition
| the amount of oxygen available for the tissue (a-v) O2 difference |
|
|
Term
| how much arterial blood oxygen gives you 100% saturation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much venous oxygen concentration gives you 75% saturation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much do I desaturated at rest to leave oxygen as a free gas for the muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what different factors affect the affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| temperature, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, pH |
|
|
Term
| is lower pH more or less acidic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the oxyhemoglobin association curve shifts to the right because of increased body temperature, increased arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, loss of pH, or increased acidity moves the oxyhemoglobin curve to the right |
|
|
Term
| is a Haldane shift a shift to the left or right |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what things might cause a Haldane shift |
|
Definition
| decreased carbon dioxide arterial partial pressure, decreased acidity, increased pH, decreased body temperature |
|
|
Term
| what can go on the y axis of an oxyhemoglobin association curve graph instead of saturation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what things would cause a rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve? |
|
Definition
| becoming slightly acidic, dropping pH, increasing body temp, increasing carbon dioxide partial pressure |
|
|
Term
| when might you see the body becoming slightly acidic, dropping pH, increasing body temp, increasing carbon dioxide partial pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is a Bohr shift beneficial? |
|
Definition
| it increasing av O2 difference by reducing venous O2 to increase the amount of oxygen for the muscle |
|
|
Term
| what percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood is free gas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood is bound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of carbon dioxide in the blood is switched to bicarbonate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 things that carbon dioxide in the blood binds to? |
|
Definition
| plasma proteins, carbaminoemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| is H2CO3 a weak or strong acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what will free CO2 do in the presence of a desaturated hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| bind to the red blood cell |
|
|
Term
| what will CO2 form in the presence of water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does carbonic acid/bicarbonate formation mostly take place and why? |
|
Definition
| in the RBC because the RBC has more of the enzyme to catalyze the reaction; less so in the plasma |
|
|
Term
| what is the enzyme in the RBC that catalyzes carbonic acid into bicarbonate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the chloride shift |
|
Definition
| The negativity of the bicarbonate causes sodium chloride in the plasma to disassociate to form sodium bicarbonate. The freed chloride then moves into the RBC where it binds to potassium to form potassium chloride |
|
|
Term
| when will the CO2 bound in sodium bicarbonate be released? |
|
Definition
| when it reaches the alveolus |
|
|
Term
| describe external respiration |
|
Definition
| The goal is to eliminate CO2 from the blood into the alveolus so that we can breathe it out during expiration. CO2 free gas will follow the partial pressure gradient, activating carbonic anhydrase isozyme along the way. The carbonic anhydrase isozyme reverts bicarbonate into carbonic acid. Carbonic acid will disassociate to become CO2 in water. Any CO2 that's bound to an amino acid based compound will disassociate because of the change in partial pressure to follow the pressure gradient |
|
|
Term
| are the proportions of the gases in the blood that exist in "free" form large or small? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the effect of the small proportions of free gases in the blood big or small? |
|
Definition
| big on the extent of the other forms that exist |
|
|
Term
| what regulates gas exchange? |
|
Definition
| partial pressures of the gases |
|
|
Term
| what influences partial pressures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is our tidal volume at rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is our maximum tidal volume with exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does tidal volume change during exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does breathing frequency change during exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some feed forward mechanisms that increase our tidal volume and breathing frequency during exercise? |
|
Definition
| Chemoreceptors in the CNS are influenced by CSF content of PCO2. Peripheral chemoreceptors measure PO2 and PCO2. Central and peripheral chemoreceptors measure ph. Mechanical receptors from the muscles and joints tell us how rapidly we are moving our muscles. When we think about exercising, we get an increase in tidal volume (conscious control from CNS) |
|
|
Term
| where are the respiratory centers that control respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 respiratory control centers |
|
Definition
| pneumotaxic, apneustic, expiratory, inspiratory |
|
|
Term
| is inspiration passive or active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does inspiration require a little or a lot of input |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is expiration mostly passive or active |
|
Definition
| active until you start to do hard exercise |
|
|
Term
| why don't you need as much input to the expiratory center as you do to the inspiratory center |
|
Definition
| expiration is more passive than inspiration |
|
|
Term
| what does the pneumotaxic center do |
|
Definition
| influences expiration when you have to start doing active expiration during exercise |
|
|
Term
| what does the apneustic center do |
|
Definition
| ALWAYS sends signals to inspiratory center for rhythmic breathing; sends information to expiratory center only when you start exercise |
|
|
Term
| which is longer in resting: expiration or inspiration |
|
Definition
| expiration is longer than inspiration at a resting state: it takes longer to get air out |
|
|
Term
| why do we want to increase the speed of expiration during exercise? |
|
Definition
| to get the next inspiration in much more rapidly |
|
|
Term
| besides frequency, what else does the apneustic center influence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the chemical stimulus that causes you to increase your minute ventilation? |
|
Definition
| partial pressure of carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| are we sensitive to changes in oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does minute ventilation change much with changes in oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does minute ventilation change much with changes in carbon dioxide partial pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some things that influence changes in pulmonary mechanics during an exercise session? |
|
Definition
| PCO2, PO2, hydrogen ion (pH), potassium, muscle feedback, CNS feed forward system (conscious control) |
|
|
Term
| how does minute ventilation change during exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does tidal volume change during exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does breathing frequency change during exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does alveolar ventilation change during exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does arterial partial pressure of CO2 change during exercise |
|
Definition
| sometimes increases, sometimes stays the same |
|
|
Term
| how does arterial partial pressure of oxygen change during exercise |
|
Definition
| stays the same or slight decrease |
|
|
Term
| how does the pH of arterial blood change during exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does minute ventilation change as exercise intensity increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does liters of air per minute change as exercise intensity increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the partial pressure of pulmonary alveolar O2 change as exercise intensity increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does partial pressure of arterial oxygen change as exercise intensity increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide change as exercise intensity increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does partial pressure of mixed venous O2 change as exercise intensity increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does arterial pH change as exercise intensity increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the point when we start to see drastic changes in pH and partial pressures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when partial pressures changes start to occur? |
|
Definition
| they have a powerful effect on pulmonary ventilation |
|
|
Term
| what things can modify exercise effects? |
|
Definition
| training and intensity of exercise |
|
|
Term
| how does oxygen uptake change as exercise intensity is increased |
|
Definition
| oxygen uptake increases exponentially |
|
|
Term
| how does expiratory minute ventilation compare in a trained and untrained person during exercise |
|
Definition
| Expired minute ventilation increases more initially in an untrained person but increases more at max intensity in a trained person |
|
|
Term
| how does minute ventilation change as intensity increases to VO2 max? |
|
Definition
| o Minute ventilation vs Time as intensity increases to VO2 max |
|
|
Term
| how does respiratory exchange ratio change as exercise intensity increases to VO 2 max> |
|
Definition
| o Respiratory exchange ratio increases linearly |
|
|
Term
| how does carbon dioxide produced change as exercise intensity increases? |
|
Definition
| o Carbon dioxide produced in L/min increases linearly |
|
|
Term
| how does oxygen produced change as exercise intensity increases? |
|
Definition
| o Oxygen produced in L/min increases nearly linearly |
|
|
Term
| how does fracture of expired oxygen being blown off produced change as exercise intensity increases? |
|
Definition
| o Fracture of expired oxygen being blown off has sort of a U shape |
|
|
Term
| how does fracture of expired co2 being blown off change as exercise intensity increases? |
|
Definition
| o Fracture of expired CO2 being blown off has sort of a normal curve shape |
|
|
Term
| how do we get minute ventilation changes in an exercise that progressively increases in intensity? |
|
Definition
| Most changes that occur in intensity occur as you increase tidal volume. As tidal volume begins to max out, you can move from moderate to high intensity. You can increase breathing frequency to produce more an more minute ventilation. |
|
|
Term
| how does lactic acid change as exercise intensity increases |
|
Definition
| o Lactic acid vs time increases gradually at first, then very suddenly |
|
|
Term
| how does minute ventilation change during steady state exercise? |
|
Definition
| increases then hits a plateau |
|
|
Term
| what is the ventilatory response to steady state exercise |
|
Definition
| initially an overshoot occurs causing a fast increase in minute ventilation. After the overshoot, there will be a gradual increase in minute ventilation |
|
|
Term
| how does intensity of exercise relate to the plateau of pulmonary ventilation |
|
Definition
| the greater the intensity of exercise, the higher the plateau of pulmonary ventilation and the longer it takes to decrease after exercise |
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|
