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ex phys muscle 1
ex phys muscle 1
123
Anatomy
Graduate
09/30/2014

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Term
Describe the ramp like recruitment of muscle fibers
Definition
We first recruit slow twitch muscle fibers. As muscle force increases, recruitment of Type I muscle fibers increase as we add first Type IIA then Type IIB fibers.
Term
describe the relationship between muscle force and types of muscle fibers activated
Definition
The total amount of force generated is a function of how many of the percentage of Type II muscle fibers activated
Term
which is a stronger fiber: Type I or Type II?
Definition
Type II
Term
what is a motor unit?
Definition
an organized group of muscle fibers that are all the same type
Term
describe the relationship between muscle force and muscle units activated
Definition
We first recruit small motor units with small Type I motor fibers. Next, we recruit larger motor units with larger Type I motor fibers. Then we begin to recruit small Type 2 motor units. Then we begin to activate larger motor units with large Type 2 fibers
Term
which has a higher activation threshold: Type 1 or Type 2?
Definition
Type II
Term
what influences protein synthesis and degradation at the cellular level?
Definition
training, nutritional status, endocrine status
Term
what types of proteins do we see in muscle cells?
Definition
enzymes, structural proteins, transport proteins
Term
what is a genotype?
Definition
internally coded, inheritable information that is carried by all living organisms and that holds the critical instructions that are used and interpreted by the cellular machinery of cells to produce the phenotype
Term
what do we call the expression of our genotype that we can see?
Definition
phenotype
Term
what is a phenotype
Definition
the outward, physical manifestation of the genotype
Term
what happens to our genotype and phenotype when we become more active?
Definition
when we become more active, we can make the phenotype of our proteins closer to their genotype
Term
can training improve our phenotype?
Definition
yes
Term
can training improve our genotype?
Definition
no
Term
how does high frequency, low force exercise change the cross-sectional area of the muscle?
Definition
minimally; you will not develop lots more contractile proteins
Term
how does high frequency, low force exercise affect ATP?
Definition
increases ATP production by increasing mitochondrial and glycolytic enzymes
Term
how does high frequency, low force exercise change onset of metabolic acidosis?
Definition
delays onset of metabolic acidosis
Term
how does high frequency, low force exercise change oxidation of free fatty acids?
Definition
increases oxidation of free fatty acids
Term
how does high frequency, low force exercise affect carbohydrate utilization?
Definition
increases conservation of carbohydrate utilization
Term
how do low frequency, high force exercises change cross sectional area of the muscle?
Definition
increases cross sectional area by increasing contractile elements hat give muscle greater force and power
Term
how does low frequency, high force exercise change mitochondrial density?
Definition
decreases mitochondrial density
Term
how does low frequency, high force exercise affect aerobic capacity?
Definition
decreases aerobic capacity
Term
how does low frequency, high force exercise change ATP-PC stores?
Definition
increases ATP stores
Term
how does low frequency, high force exercise affect glycolytic enzymes
Definition
increases glycolytic enzymes
Term
how does low frequency, high force exercise affect anaerobic capacity
Definition
increases anaerobic capacity
Term
how does low frequency, high force exercise affect capillary density
Definition
decreases capillary density
Term
how does low frequency, high force exercise affect recruitment patterns?
Definition
improved: able to recruit more, large motor units
Term
what is the principle of myoplasticity?
Definition
fibers can be changed and adapted within limits
Term
can mitochondria change in muscle with training?
Definition
yes
Term
how does mitochondria change with aerobic training
Definition
mitochondria increases
Term
how does mitochondria change with resistance training
Definition
decreases
Term
do other phenotype characteristics show as much adapatability as mitochondria with training?
Definition
no
Term
does biochemistry of a muscle fiber change with training?
Definition
yes
Term
how does biochemistry change with training?
Definition
I can add and remove enzymes for energy producing pathways to make the fiber more glycolytic or oxidative
Term
what determines the functional aspects of the muscle fiber?
Definition
motor neuron
Term
can the motor neuron experience plasticity with training?
Definition
no
Term
what attaches to what in the sliding filament process?
Definition
myosin molecule attaches to an actin contractile protein
Term
what determins the sliding in the slidiing filament process?
Definition
sliding is a function of how quickly the myosin can swivel and pull the action across the myosin
Term
what influences how quickly the myosin head can swivel and pull the actin across the myosin?
Definition
training and the type of chain of the myosin head: myosin heavy chain is plastic and can get better with certain types of training
Term
can the myosin chain I form get faster with training?
Definition
no
Term
is the myosin chain I form fast or slow with its swivel stroke?
Definition
slow
Term
can myosin chain 2 forms get faster with their swivel stroke?
Definition
no
Term
can myosin chain 2 forms get slower with their swivel stroke?
Definition
yes
Term
can myosin ATPase change with training?
Definition
yes. Endurance training can push the isoform of the ATPase from 2 to 1
Term
is myosin ATPase type 1 or 2 faster at hydrolysis?
Definition
2 is faster a hydrolysis
Term
what is the effect of endurance training on type 2 fibers?
Definition
makes them slower
Term
what is the effect of resistance training on type 1 fibers?
Definition
makes them a little faster, more like type 2a fibers
Term
what are the components of a muscle fiber that are plastic?
Definition
structural, biocehmical components
Term
what are the structural and biochemical components of muscle fibers that are palstic
Definition
energy substrate, enzymatic profile, myosin chain, myosin ATPase, cross sectional area, mitochondrial densit, capillary density
Term
what is not plastic about muscle fibers
Definition
components related to the motor neuron
Term
what does motor learning control regarding muscle fibers?
Definition
size, myelination, recruitment threshold
Term
can the twitch response, fatiguability, and relaxation time change in a muscle fiber?
Definition
only a little
Term
what influences a muscle's recruitment pattern and skill?
Definition
motor learning
Term
what is the epimysium
Definition
the outermost layer that surrounds the entire muscle
Term
what is the fascicle
Definition
the individual bundles of muscle fibers within the epimysium
Term
what is the perimysium
Definition
layer that surrounds the fascicle
Term
what is the endomysium
Definition
layer that surrounds the muscle fiber
Term
What makes the myosin realize that the actin sites are uncovered by tropomyosin and that it is safe to bind?
Definition
ATP binds to myosin head and is hydrolyzed to ADP, liberating energy to activate myosin head to attach to actin
Term
what is the gold standard for histology of muscle?
Definition
muscle biopsy
Term
what are the myofibrils?
Definition
threadlike structures that contain the contractile proteins
Term
what are myofibrils composed of
Definition
protein filaments
Term
what is the thick protein filament called?
Definition
myosin
Term
what is the thin protein filament called
Definition
actin
Term
what are the 2 proteins attached to actin
Definition
troponin and tropomyosin
Term
what is the subumit of the myofibril
Definition
sarcomere
Term
what divides sarcomeres
Definition
z line
Term
what is the A band
Definition
location of myosin filamints
Term
what is the I band
Definition
location of the actin filaments
Term
what is the H zone
Definition
center of the sarcomere at rest where there is a portion of the myosin filament with no H zone
Term
what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
system of tubules around the myofibrils that store calcium for muscle contraction
Term
what causes actual contraction of the muscle
Definition
actin slides over myosin causing muscle to shorten
Term
what is another name of the sliding filament model
Definition
swinging lever arm model
Term
what happens in the sliding filament model
Definition
actin slides oer myosin, shortening sarcomere length
Term
what is the orientation of the myosin heads?
Definition
the myosin heads are oriented toward the actin molecule
Term
what must furst arrive to trigger the muscle membrane into muscle contraction?
Definition
action potential must arrive
Term
what is the pathway of events that must occur prior to the protein filament actions of muscle shortening
Definition
1. nerve impulse arrives at NMJ. 2. action potential from motor neuron causes release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft of the NMJ. 3. AcH binds to receptors on the motor end plate, producing a motor end plate potential that depolarizes the muscle cell. 4. the depolarization is conducted down the transverse tuules into the muscle fiber. When the action potential reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium is relased and diffuses into the muscle to bind to troponin
Term
what is tropomyosin
Definition
a thin molecule that lies in a groove between the double rows of actin
Term
what is troponin attached to?
Definition
tropomyosin
Term
what does tropomyosin do in a relaxed muscle?
Definition
block the acive sites where myosin cross bridges want to attach on actin
Term
what must be released into the sarcolemma for a myosin cross bridge to attach to actin?
Definition
calcim from the terminal cisternae of the sarcolpasmic reticulum
Term
what does the calcium bind to that allows the myosin to bind to actin?
Definition
calcium binds to troponin, which causes a position change in tropomyosin
Term
what does the cross bridge binding of myosin and actin do?
Definition
initiates release of energy stored in myosin to produce an angular movement resultgin in muscle shortnening
Term
what is needed to detach myosin from actin
Definition
ATP
Term
why are muscles at rest so easily stretched?
Definition
actin and myosin are not firmly attached
Term
does a muscle have one or many types of fibers
Definition
a muscle can have multiple fiber types
Term
what is the twitch property of a slow twitch muscle
Definition
slow
Term
what are the twitch properties of a Type IIA muscle fiber
Definition
Fast, fatigue resistant
Term
what are the twitch properties of a type IIB muscle fiber
Definition
fast, fatigable
Term
what are the metabolic properties of a type I muscle fiber
Definition
oxidative
Term
what are the metabolic properties of a type IIA muscle fiber
Definition
oxidative glycolytic
Term
what are the metabolic properties of a type IIB muscle fiber
Definition
glycolytic
Term
what is the motor neuron type for Type I muscle fibers?
Definition
alpha 2
Term
what is the motor neuron type for type II muscle fibers?
Definition
alpha 1
Term
what is the neuron size for type I muscle fibers?
Definition
small
Term
what is the neuron size for type II muscle fibers?
Definition
large
Term
what is the conduction velocity for type I muscle fibers?
Definition
slow
Term
what is the conduction velocity for type II muscle fibers motor neurons?
Definition
fast
Term
what is the recruitment threshold for type I muscle fibers?
Definition
low
Term
what is the recruitment threshold for type II muscle fibers?
Definition
high
Term
what is the force production for type I muscle fibers?
Definition
low
Term
what is the force production for type IIA muscle fibers?
Definition
high
Term
what is the force production for type IIB muscle fibers?
Definition
highest
Term
what is the fatigue resistance for type I muscle fibers?
Definition
high
Term
what is the fatigue resistance for type IIA muscle fibers?
Definition
moderate-low
Term
what is the fatigue resistance for type IIB muscle fibers?
Definition
Low
Term
what is the elasticity for type I muscle fibers?
Definition
low
Term
what is the elasticity for type II muscle fibers?
Definition
high
Term
what is the mitochondrial density for type I muscle fibers?
Definition
highest
Term
what is the mitochondrial density for type IIA muscle fibers?
Definition
high
Term
what is the mitochondrial density for type IIB muscle fibers?
Definition
low
Term
what is the z line thickness for type I muscle fibers
Definition
wide
Term
what is the z line thickiness for type IIA muscle fibers
Definition
medium
Term
what is the z line thickness for type IIB muscle fibers
Definition
narrow
Term
what is the capillary density for type I muscle fibers?
Definition
high
Term
what is the capillary density for type IIA muscle fibers?
Definition
medium
Term
what is the capillary density for type IIB muscle fibers?
Definition
low
Term
what is the myoglobin content for type I muscle fibers?
Definition
high
Term
what is the myoglobin content for type IIA muscle fibers?
Definition
medium
Term
what is the myoglobin content for type IIB muscle fibers/
Definition
low
Term
what is the hypertrophic response to type I muscle fibers?
Definition
small
Term
what is the hypertrophic response to type II muscle fibers?
Definition
large
Term
how does velocity of movement change as force increases
Definition
decreases
Term
how does power output change as velocity increases?
Definition
power output increases until a point, then it gradually decreases
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