Shared Flashcard Set

Details

EX 4
ch. 15-18
389
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/25/2017

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Sensory Neuron
Definition
Visceral Sensory (Afferent) Neurons - Chemoreceptors & Mechanoreceptors
Term
What are Afferent Neurons?
Definition
Sensory neurons
Term
What are Chemoreceptors and Mechanoreceptors?
Definition
Sensory neurons
Term
What are Chemoreceptors and Mechanoreceptors?
Definition
Afferent Neurons
Term
Motor Neuron
Definition
Visceral Motor (Efferent) Neurons - Regulate visceral activities by exciting or inhibiting activity
Term
What are Efferent Neurons?
Definition
Motor Neurons
Term
What neurons regulate visceral activities by exciting or inhibiting activity?
Definition
Motor Neurons
Term
What neurons regulate visceral activities by exciting or inhibiting activity?
Definition
Efferent Neurons
Term
What's a chemoreceptor?
Definition
Sensory extensions of the peripheral nervous system into blood vessels where they detect changes in chemical concentrations.
Term
What are sensory extensions of the peripheral nervous system into the blood vessels where they detect changes in chemical concentrations?
Definition
Chemoreceptors
Term
Chemoreceptors are sensory extensions of the peripheral nervous system into what?
Definition
Blood vessels
Term
Where do chemoreceptors detect changes in chemical concentrations?
Definition
Blood vessels
Term
What is a mechanoreceptor?
Definition
A sense organ, or cell, that responds to mechanical stimuli, such as touch, or sound.
Term
What's a sense organ, or cell, that responds to mechanical stimuli, such as touch, or sound?
Definition
Mechanoreceptor.
Term
What's a sense organ that responds to mechanical stimuli?
Definition
Mechanoreceptor.
Term
What's a sense organ that responds to touch?
Definition
Mechanoreceptor.
Term
Can the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS be stimulatory and inhibitor? Or do they have to be one or the other?
Definition
Both: Parasympathetic division (rest and digest) - stimulate contraction of the urinary bladder and inhibit the heart. Sympathetic division (fight or flight) - Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the blood vessels and dilates respiratory passageways.
Term
What can the Parasympathetic division (rest and digest) and Sympathetic division (fight or flight) both do?
Definition
They can be stimulatory and inhibitor.
Term
What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions part of?
Definition
ANS
Term
What is the parasympathetic division known for?
Definition
Rest and digest.
Term
Describe how the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions can be either stimulatory or inhibitory.
Definition
Parasympathetic (rest and digest) - stimulate contraction of the urinary bladder and inhibit the heart. Sympathetic (fight or flight) - Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the blood vessels and dilates respiratory passageways.
Term
Rest and digest of the parasympathetic division, and fight or flight of the sympathetic division, describe what?
Definition
How parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions can be either stimulatory or inhibitory.
Term
How can the parasympathetic division be stimulatory?
Definition
Contraction of the urinary bladder.
Term
How can the parasympathetic division be inhibitory?
Definition
Its effect on the heart.
Term
What is an antagonist duel innervation? Example.
Definition
When one organ's innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS, then the effects are opposite at times. GI tract - Parasympathetic: stimulates glandular secretions. Sympathetic: decreases glandular secretions.
Term
What's it called when one organ's innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS, then the effects are opposite at times. For example, the GI Tract - Parasympathetic: stimulates glandular secretions. Sympathetic: decreases glandular secretions.
Definition
Antagonistic duel innervation.
Term
What's antagonistic duel innervation?
Definition
When one organ's innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS, then the effects are opposite at times.
Term
What's an example of antagonistic duel innervation?
Definition
GI Tract - Parasympathetic: stimulates glandular secretions. Sympathetic: decreases glandular secretions.
Term
What's a complementary duel innervation? Example?
Definition
Sometimes, effects complement each other. Salivary glands - Parasympathetic: stimulates the production of a large volume of thin, watery saliva. Sympathetic: stimulates the production of a small volume of viscous saliva.
Term
What's it called when effects complement each other? For example, salivary glands - Parasympathetic: stimulates the production of a large volume of thin, watery saliva. Sympathetic: stimulates the production of a small volume of viscous saliva.
Definition
Complementary duel innervation.
Term
What's complementary duel innervation?
Definition
When Parasympathetic and Sympathetic effects complement each other.
Term
What's an example of complementary duel innervation.
Definition
Salivary glands - Parasympathetic: stimulates the production of a large volume of thin, watery saliva. Sympathetic: stimulates the production of a small volume of viscous saliva.
Term
What's a cooperative duel innervation? Example?
Definition
Sometimes the effects are cooperative. Coitus - Parasympathetic: involved in arousal. Sympathetic: causes reproduction structures to release secretions to initiate ejaculation.
Term
What's it called when the effects are cooperative? For example, coitus - Parasympathetic: involved in arousal. Sympathetic: causes reproduction structures to release secretions to initiate ejaculation.
Definition
Cooperative duel innervation.
Term
What's cooperative duel innervation?
Definition
When parasympathetic and sympathetic effects are cooperative.
Term
What's an example of cooperative duel innervation?
Definition
Coitus - Parasympathetic: involved in arousal. Sympathetic: causes reproduction structures to release secretions to initiate ejaculation.
Term
Which organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
Definition
Heart, GI tract (parasympathetic exhibits a greater effect here), Urinary bladder, and Reproductive tract.
Term
What do the heart, GI tract, Urinary bladder, and Reproductive tract have in common?
Definition
They are all organs that are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.
Term
What's an organ that's innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Definition
Heart
Term
What's an organ that's innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Definition
GI tract (parasympathetic exhibits a greater effect here)
Term
Which are more one than the other?
Definition
Sweat Glands and Blood Vessels are innervated by sympathetic neurons.
Term
What are sweat gland and blood vessels innervated by?
Definition
Sympathetic neurons.
Term
What's an example of something innervated by Sympathetic neurons?
Definition
Sweat Glands?
Term
What are blood vessels innervated by?
Definition
Sympathetic neurons.
Term
Describe the parasympathetic division of the ANS.
Definition
Generally associated w/resting conditions. Location of preganglionic neurons (Superior and Inferior to the sympathetic neurons, some cranial nerves, some pelvic nerves). Energy conservation - restoration system.
Term
What does this describe? Generally associated w/resting conditions. Location of preganglionic neurons (Superior and inferior to the sympathetic neurons, some cranial nerves, some pelvic nerves.) Energy conservation - restoration system.
Definition
Parasympathetic division of the ANS.
Term
What's generally associated w/resting conditions?
Definition
Parasympathetic division of the ANS.
Term
What's the location of preganglionic neurons (Superior and inferior to the sympathetic neurons, some cranial nerves, some pelvic nerves)?
Definition
Parasympathetic division of the ANS.
Term
What are the 5 major parasympathetic responses?
Definition
SLUDD: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Digestion, Defecation.
Term
What's SLUDD: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Digestion, Defection?
Definition
The 5 major parasympathetic responses.
Term
What's an example parasympathetic response?
Definition
Salivation
Term
Lacrimation is an example of what kind of response?
Definition
Parasympathetic.
Term
What are some other parasympathetic responses?
Definition
Decrease heart rate. Paradoxical fear (backed in a corner, lose control of bowels and urinate)
Term
What kind of responses are these? Decrease heart rate. Paradoxical fear (backed in a corner, lose control of bowels and urinate)
Definition
Parasympathetic responses.
Term
What's an example of a parasympathetic response?
Definition
Decrease heart rate.
Term
What kind of response is paradoxical fear (backed in a corner, lose control of bowels and urinate)?
Definition
Parasympathetic.
Term
Describe the sympathetic division of the ANS.
Definition
Influences activities regarding stress or physical activity. Prepares body for emergencies. Uses energy.
Term
What influences activities regarding stress or physical activity, prepares body for emergencies, and uses energy?
Definition
Sympathetic division.
Term
Provide a description of the sympathetic division of the ANS.
Definition
Influences activities regarding stress or physical activity.
Term
What division of the ANS prepares the body for emergencies?
Definition
Sympathetic.
Term
What are some of the responses of the sympathetic divisions?
Definition
Controls "fight or flight." Pupils dilate. Increase heart rate and blood pressure. GI tract vessels constrict (not needed). Blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow. Breathing rate increases, airways dilate. Blood glucose levels rise. Release epi. and norepinephrine. Inhibit nonessential responses.
Term
What controls "fight or flight", dilates pupils, increases heart rate and blood pressure, constricts GI tract vessels (not needed), dilates blood vessels to increase blood flow, increases breathing rate, dilates airways, raises blood glucose levels, releases epi. and nonrepinephrine, and inhibits nonessential responses?
Definition
Sympathetic division.
Term
What's an example of a sympathetic division response?
Definition
"fight or flight"
Term
Pupils dilate is a response of what division?
Definition
Sympathetic.
Term
Describe the enteric division of the ANS
Definition
The enteric nervous system's a division of the autonomic nervous system that controls gastrointestinal motility and secretions. It can, and often does, function independently of the brain and spinal cord.
Term
What's a division of the autonomic nervous system that controls gastrointestinal motility and secretions? It can, and often does, function independently of the brain and spinal cord.
Definition
The enteric division of the ANS.
Term
The enteric division of the ANS is a division of which nervous system?
Definition
Autonomic.
Term
What is a division of the system that controls gastrointestinal motility and secretions?
Definition
Enteric
Term
What are nerve plexuses?
Definition
Sensory neurons that connect the digestive tract to the CNS. ANS motor neurons that connect the CNS to the digestive tract. Enteric neurons.
Term
Sensory neurons that connect the digestive tract to the CNS. ANS motor neurons that connect the CNS to the digestive tract. Enteric neurons.
Definition
Nerve plexuses.
Term
What's an example of something that consists of nerve plexuses?
Definition
Sensory neurons that connect the digestive tract to the CNS.
Term
ANS motor neurons that connect the CNS to the digestive tract consist of what?
Definition
nerve plexuses.
Term
What are enteric neurons?
Definition
Sensory neurons that monitor the chemical composition of the digestive tract or monitor stretch of the digestive tract walls. Motor neurons that can stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction and gland secretion. Interneurons that connect the sensory and motor neurons.
Term
Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons are what?
Definition
Enteric neurons.
Term
What are sensory neurons (enteric)?
Definition
Monitor the chemical composition of the digestive tract or monitor stretch of the digestive tract walls.
Term
What are motor neurons (enteric)?
Definition
Stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction and gland secretion.
Term
Define sensation. Define perception.
Definition
Sensation - conscience or subconscious awareness of external stimuli. Perception - conscience awareness and interpretation of sensations performed mainly y the cerebral cortex.
Term
Conscience or subconscious awareness of external stimuli.
Definition
Sensation.
Term
Conscience awareness and interpretation of sensations performed mainly by the cerebral cortex.
Definition
Perception.
Term
Define sensation.
Definition
Conscience or subconscious awareness of external stimuli.
Term
What's a sensory modality? What does it include? How are they grouped?
Definition
Each type of sensation's called a sensory modality. Touch, pain, vision, hearing. Grouped into either general senses or special senses.
Term
Each type of sensation is called?
Definition
Sensory modality.
Term
Touch, pain, vision, and hearing are what?
Definition
Sensory modality.
Term
General and special senses group what?
Definition
Sensory modality.
Term
What are general senses? Special senses?
Definition
General sensation - somatic (tactile, thermal, proprioceptive); visceral-pressure, chemicals, stretch, nausea, hunger, temperature. Special senses - smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium.
Term
Somatic (tactile, thermal, proprioceptive); visceral-pressure, chemicals, stretch, nausea, hunger, and temperature.
Definition
General sensation.
Term
smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium.
Definition
Special senses.
Term
What's an example of general sensation?
Definition
Somatic (tactile, thermal, proprioceptive)
Term
What are free nerve endings used to detect?
Definition
Pain, temp, tickle, itch, some touch
Term
What detects pain, temp, tickle, itch, and some touch?
Definition
Free nerve endings.
Term
What's an example of something free nerve endings detect?
Definition
Pain
Term
What detects temp?
Definition
Free nerve endings
Term
What are encapsulated nerve endings used to detect?
Definition
pressure, vibration, and some touch
Term
Pressure, vibration, and some touch are detected by?
Definition
Encapsulated nerve endings
Term
What's an example of what encapsulated nerve endings detect?
Definition
Pressure.
Term
What's vibration detected by?
Definition
Encapsulated nerve endings.
Term
What are gustatory receptors cells used for?
Definition
Taste buds.
Term
What receptors cells are used in taste buds?
Definition
Gustatory.
Term
What are photoreceptors used for?
Definition
Retina of the eye.
Term
Retina of the eye uses what receptors?
Definition
Photoreceptors
Term
What are hair cells used for?
Definition
Inner ear for hearing.
Term
What cells in the inner ear are used for hearing?
Definition
Hair cells.
Term
Describe exteroceptors, interreceptor, and proprioceptors?
Definition
Exteroreceptors - include hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, and pain. Interoreceptors - monitor the body's internal environment. Proprioceptors - provide info about body position, muscle length, and tension and the position and movement of joints.
Term
Include hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, and pain.
Definition
Exteroreceptors
Term
What are somatic sensations?
Definition
Include tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive
Term
What includes tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive?
Definition
Somatic
Term
What's an example of a somatic sensation?
Definition
tactile
Term
What kind of sensation is thermal?
Definition
Somatic.
Term
What are tactile sensations?
Definition
touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle
Term
What kind of sensations are touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle?
Definition
Tactile
Term
What's an example of tactile sensation?
Definition
touch
Term
What kind of sensation is pressure?
Definition
Tactile
Term
Describe crude and discriminative touch.
Definition
Sort of know where you are being touched.
Term
What's it called when you sort of know where you're being touched?
Definition
Crude and discriminative touch.
Term
What's crude touch?
Definition
Sort of know where you're being touched.
Term
What's it called when you sort of know where you're being touched?
Definition
Discriminative touch.
Term
What receptors do discriminative touch use?
Definition
You know exactly where you're being touched.
Term
You know exactly where you're being touched.
Definition
Discriminative touch.
Term
What receptor's used for pressure?
Definition
Messiners corpuscles and Tactile discs.
Term
Messiners corpuscles and Tactile discs are receptors used for?
Definition
Pressure.
Term
What receptor causes an itch?
Definition
Pacinian corpuscles.
Term
What does the receptor Pacinian corpuscles cause?
Definition
Itch.
Term
What receptor causes a tickle? Can you do this to yourself?
Definition
Free nerve endings. The only one you will not be able to fully elicit on is yourself.
Term
Free endings cause what?
Definition
Tickle
Term
What's the only sense you will not be able to fully elicit on yourself?
Definition
Tickle
Term
What receptor does thermal sensation come from?
Definition
Thermoreceptors?
Term
Thermoreceptors cause what kind of sensation?
Definition
Thermal.
Term
What receptor does pain come from?
Definition
Nociceptors
Term
Nociceptor receptor creates what kind of sensation?
Definition
Pain
Term
Describe the 3 types of pain.
Definition
Acute - rapid, not felt deeply, sharp, pricking. Deep - muscles, joints, tendons, fascia. Visceral - organ pain.
Term
How many types of pain are there?
Definition
3
Term
What are the 3 types of pain?
Definition
Acute, Deep, and Visceral
Term
What's acute pain?
Definition
Rapid, not felt deeply, sharp, pricking
Term
What's referred pain?
Definition
Pain that's felt in a surface area away from the stimulated organ.
Term
What's pain that's felt in a surface area away from the stimulated organ?
Definition
Referred pain.
Term
What's phantom pain?
Definition
Experienced by patients that have had a limb removed. Nerve impulses arise from the proximal end where the limb used to be attached.
Term
What's experienced by patients that have had a limb removed? Nerve impulses arise from the proximal end where the limb used to be attached.
Definition
Phantom pain.
Term
Describe learning and memory (long and short term)
Definition
Learning - ability to acquire new knowledge. Memory: Short term - temporary like remembering a phone number long enough to dial it. Long term - short term memory can be transferred.
Term
Describe learning.
Definition
Ability to acquire new knowledge.
Term
Describe short term memory.
Definition
Temporary, like remembering a phone number long enough to dial it.
Term
Describe long term memory.
Definition
Short term memory can be transferred.
Term
What system does the wakefulness and sleep rely on?
Definition
Reticular activating system (RAS)
Term
Reticular activating system (RAS) helps what system?
Definition
wakefulness and sleep
Term
wakefulness relies on what?
Definition
Reticular activating system (RAS)
Term
What does sleep rely on?
Definition
Reticular activating system (RAS)
Term
How many olfactory receptors are found in the nose?
Definition
10-100 million receptors
Term
What contains 10-100 million receptors?
Definition
Olfactory receptors
Term
Where are olfactory receptors found?
Definition
nose
Term
What kind of receptors are in the nose?
Definition
olfactory
Term
Olfactory epithelium acts as olfactory receptors. What areas do they cover?
Definition
Inferior surface of the cribriform.
Term
What covers the inferior surface of the cribriform?
Definition
Olfactory epithelium.
Term
What does olfactory epithelium act as?
Definition
Olfactory receptors?
Term
Where can olfactory receptors be found?
Definition
inferior surface of the cribriform.
Term
About how many mg/ml of a molecule needs to be in the air for it to be picked up by the olfactory receptors?
Definition
1/25,000,000,000 mg/ml
Term
1/25,000,000,000 mg/l of a molecule are needed by what receptors to be picked up?
Definition
Olfactory.
Term
What's an odorant? How do they work?
Definition
Airborne molecules that become dissolved in the fluid surrounding the epithelium. Bind to chemoreceptors in the nose. Olfactory hairs depolarize. There are 4k detectable smells.
Term
What are airborne molecules that become dissolved in the fluid surrounding the epithelium?
Definition
Odorants.
Term
Describe the olfactory pathway.
Definition
Olfactory neurons in the epithelium > Olfactory bulbs > Olfactory tract > Olfactory nerve (cranial nerve)
Term
What's the first step of the olfactory pathway?
Definition
Olfactory neurons in the epithelium
Term
What's the second step of the olfactory pathway?
Definition
Olfactory bulbs
Term
What's the third step of the olfactory pathway?
Definition
olfactory tract
Term
Describe the 3 parts of the olfactory cortex and their function.
Definition
Lateral area - conscious perception of smell. Medial area - visceral and emotional reactions to odors, connected to the limbic system. Intermediate area - modulation of sensory information.
Term
Describe the lateral area of the olfactory cortex.
Definition
Conscious perception of smell.
Term
What's the function of the medial area of the olfactory cortex?
Definition
Visceral and emotional reactions to odors, connected to the limbic system.
Term
What's the function of the intermediate area of the olfactory cortex?
Definition
Modulation of sensory information.
Term
What are gustatory receptors?
Definition
Taste buds.
Term
What receptors are in taste buds?
Definition
Gustatory
Term
About how many taste buds are found on the tongue?
Definition
10k
Term
10k of these are found on the tongue
Definition
taste buds
Term
Describe papilla
Definition
Small rounded bumps on the tongue that have tactile receptors, but not taste receptors
Term
What are small rounded bumps on the tongue that have tactile receptors, but not taste receptors?
Definition
Papilla
Term
Where are the taste buds found? Where are they found in children?
Definition
Taste buds are found around the papillae. On children they're also found on the lips and throat.
Term
Where are taste buds found?
Definition
Around the papillae.
Term
Describe gustatory (taste) cells.
Definition
Have no axons. Neurotransmitters stimulate action potentials in sensory neurons around them.
Term
What have no axons, and have neurotransmitters that stimulate action potentials in sensory neurons around them?
Definition
Gustatory (taste) cells.
Term
What are gustatory cells?
Definition
Taste
Term
What are taste cells?
Definition
Gustatory.
Term
Describe gustatory hairs. Describe how they work.
Definition
Fine hair filaments that are found on the tongue. Chemical must be dissolved in saliva to taste, make contact w/gustatory hairs on taste buds for signal transduction to occur.
Term
What are fine hair filaments that are found on the tongue?
Definition
Gustatory hairs.
Term
What must happen to taste?
Definition
Chemical must be dissolved in saliva, make contact w/gustatory hairs on taste buds for signal transduction to occur.
Term
What are the 5 primary taste sensations?
Definition
Sour - detects acidity. Salty - dissolve through Na+ channels. Bitter - G protein (Most sensitive, may be protective, many alkaloids are poisonous [plant sources]). Sweet - G protein. Umami.
Term
What's a G protein?
Definition
Bind the guanine nucleotides GDP and GTP
Term
What bind the guanine nucleotides GDP and GTP
Definition
G protein
Term
What's Umami?
Definition
A category of taste in food (besides sweet, sour, salt, and bitter), corresponding to the flavor of glutamates, especially monosodium glutamate.
Term
What's a category of taste in food (besides sweet, sour, salt, and bitter), corresponding to the flavor of glutamates, especially monosodium glutamate.
Definition
Umami
Term
What taste sensations are stimulated by G-Proteins?
Definition
Sweet and Bitter
Term
What are the taste sensations sweet and bitter stimulated by?
Definition
G-proteins
Term
Describe the gustatory pathway
Definition
Facial nerve - anterior 2/3 of the tongue. Glossopharyngeal nerve - posterior 1/3 of the tongue. Vagus nerve - throat and epiglottis.
Term
What do the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve comprise?
Definition
Gustatory pathway
Term
Rods
Definition
responsible for seeing shades of grey in dim light; contains the protein rhodopsin (In bright light, more rhodopsin's broken down. In dim light, more rhodopsin's needed to make the retina more light sensitive)
Term
What's responsible for seeing shades of grey in dim light?
Definition
Rods
Term
What contains the protein rhodosin?
Definition
Rods
Term
What happens to rhodopsin in bright light?
Definition
Broken down
Term
Cones
Definition
provide color in bright light
Term
What provides color in bright light?
Definition
Cones
Term
Fovea centralis
Definition
contains only cones, area of highest visual acuity (sharpness of vision)
Term
What contains only cones, and is the area of highest visual acuity (sharpness of vision)?
Definition
Fovea centralis
Term
Optic discs
Definition
(blind spot) not rods or cones, can't see image that strikes the blind spot.
Term
What's a blind spot, has no rods or cones, and if an image strikes it we can't see it?
Definition
Optic discs
Term
What's a blind spot?
Definition
Optic discs
Term
What has no rods or cones?
Definition
Optic discs
Term
Aqueous humor
Definition
nourishes the lens and cornea. maintains intraocular pressure. replaced every 90 mins. maintains shape of eyeball. keeps retinal pressures against choroids.
Term
nourishes lens and cornea. maintains intraocular pressure. replaced every 90 mins. maintains shape of eyeball. keeps retinal pressures against choroids.
Definition
aqueous humor
Term
nourishes the lens and cornea
Definition
aqueous humor
Term
maintains intraocular pressure
Definition
aqueous humor
Term
Vitreous humor
Definition
Maintains introcular pressure. Keeps eyeball from collapsing. Holds retina in place. Not replaced.
Term
Maintains intraocular pressure. Keeps eyeball from collapsing. Holds retina in place. Not replaced.
Definition
Vitreous humor.
Term
maintains intraocular pressure.
Definition
Vitreous humor
Term
Keeps eyeball from collapsing
Definition
Vitreous humor
Term
Intrinsic eye muscles
Definition
responsible for accommodation and pupil size
Term
responsible for accommodation and pupil size
Definition
Intrinsic eye muscles
Term
responsible for accommodation
Definition
Intrinsic eye muscles
Term
Responsible for pupil size
Definition
Intrinsic eye muscles
Term
Refraction of light rays
Definition
light bends; occurs in the cornea
Term
light bends; occurs in the cornea
Definition
refraction of light rays
Term
light bends
Definition
refraction of light rays
Term
occurs in the cornea
Definition
refraction of light rays
Term
lens
Definition
responsible for fine tuning an image and changing the focus
Term
responsible for fine tuning an image and changing the focus
Definition
lens
Term
responsible for fine tuning an image
Definition
lens
Term
responsible for changing the focus
Definition
lens
Term
Accommodation
Definition
increases in the curvature of the lens for near vision. (images that you see are inverted. As the signal's transmitted to the brain, the image's turned upright)
Term
increases in the curvature of the lens for near vision
Definition
accommodation
Term
images that you see are
Definition
inverted
Term
as the signal's transmitted to the brain
Definition
the image's turned upright
Term
How do images look on the back of your eye?
Definition
Inverted
Term
Where do images look inverted?
Definition
On the back of your eye.
Term
Describe distant vision and near vision.
Definition
Distant vision - the lens' more flattened and image's focused on the retina. Near vision - the lens' more rounded and also focused on the retina.
Term
Distant vision
Definition
the lens' more flattened and image's focused on the retina
Term
photoreceptors
Definition
rods - rhodopsin. Cones - 2 dif pigments
Term
rods - rhodopsin. cones - 2 dif pigments
Definition
photoreceptors
Term
photoreceptors in rods
Definition
rhodopsin
Term
what causes night blindness
Definition
deficiency in vitamin A and inability to synthesize rhodopsin
Term
describe the neuronal pathway for visual sensations
Definition
Optic nerve (CNII) > Optic chiasma (where nerve crosses) > Optic tract > Superior colliculi > Visual cortex of occipital lobe
Term
Optic nerve (CNII) > Optic chiasma (where nerve crosses) > Optic tract > Superior colliculi > Visual cortex of occipital lobe
Definition
Neuronal pathway for visual sensations
Term
What's the first part of the neuronal pathway for visual sensations?
Definition
Optic nerve (CNII)
Term
What causes retinal detachment?
Definition
Retina separates. Blow to head. Shrinking of vitreous humor.
Term
What's macular degeneration?
Definition
Loss of acute vision, blackspot appear
Term
What's loss of acute vision, blackspot appear?
Definition
Macular degeneration
Term
What's a symptom of macular degeneration?
Definition
Loss of acute vision.
Term
[image]
Definition
Label: Auricle (whole ear), Helix (top part of ear), Earlobe (Lobule), External Auditory Canal (where you shouldn't stick qtips), Tympanic membrane (ear drum), Malleus (right above tympanic membrane), Incus (next to Malleus), Stapes (in little oval window), Oval window (under Incus), Round window (covered by secondary tympanic membrane), Cochlea (snail shell), Semicircular canal (snail hat), Vestibulocochlear nerve (superior), Auditory tube (leads to nasopharynx)
Term
Describe the events involved in hearing
Definition
1. Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane. 2. Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles. 3. Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct. 4. The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the tympanic duct. 5. Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells agains the tectorial membrane. 6. Information about the region and the intensity of stimulation's relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII.
Term
1. Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane. 2. Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles. 3. Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct. 4. The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the tympanic duct. 5. Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the tectorial membrane. 6. Information about the region and the intensity of stimulation's relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII.
Definition
The events involved in hearing.
Term
What's the first event involved in hearing?
Definition
Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane.
Term
What are the two types of balance? Describe them. What parts of the ear regulate them?
Definition
Static equilibrium - refers to the maintenance of body position relative to gravity (Saccule and utricle [vestibule]). Dynamic equilibrium - maintenance of body position in response to sudden movement (Semicircular canals).
Term
At what age do smell and taste start to decline? Why do these senses decline?
Definition
50. Gradual loss of receptors and slower rate of regeneration.
Term
What happens at age 50, when there's a gradual loss of receptors and slower rate of regeneration?
Definition
Smell and taste start to decline.
Term
At what age do smell and taste start to decline?
Definition
50
Term
What's presbyopia? When does it begin?
Definition
The lens begins to lose elasticity and has difficulty focusing on close objects. Age 40.
Term
What type of visual diseases become more frequent in the elder?
Definition
Retinal diseases such as macular disease, detached retina, and glaucoma.
Term
What do macular disease, detached retina, and glaucoma have in common?
Definition
They're visual diseases that become more frequent in the elder.
Term
What's an example of a visual disease that becomes more frequent in the elder?
Definition
Macular disease.
Term
What's presbycusis? When does this usually occur?
Definition
Noticeable hearing loss. Age 60.
Term
What's tinnitus?
Definition
Ringing in the ears.
Term
What's ringing in the ears?
Definition
Tinnitus.
Term
Describe the differences b/w exocrine and endocrine glands.
Definition
Exocrine - secretes products into ducts. Endocrine - Ductless glands that transport their products (hormones) via the bloodstream.
Term
What's starkly different about the exocrine glands, as opposed to the endocrine glands?
Definition
Exocrine secretes products into ducts.
Term
Describe the differences b/w the nervous and endocrine systems.
Definition
Nervous System: Mediator molecule is Neurotransmitters. Site of mediator action. Close to site of release. Types of target cells are muscles, glands, and other neurons. Time of onset of action is milliseconds. Duration of action is short (milliseconds). Endocrine System: Mediator molecule is hormones. Site of mediator action is far from site of release. Types of target cells are cells throughout the body. Time of onset of action is seconds, hours, or days. Duration of action is long (seconds-days).
Term
What are these two systems? System: Mediator molecule is Neurotransmitters. Site of mediator action is close to site of release. Types of target cells are muscles, glands, and other neurons. Time of onset of action is milliseconds. Duration of action is short (milliseconds). System: Mediator molecule is hormones. Site of mediator action is far from site of release. Types of target cells are cells throughout the body. Time of onset of action is seconds, hours, or days. Duration of action is long (seconds-days)
Definition
Describe the differences b/w the nervous and endocrine systems.
Term
What's the mediator molecule in the Nervous System?
Definition
Neurotransmitters
Term
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
Definition
Alter metabolic activity. Regulate growth and development. Guide reproductive processes. Regulate the activity of smooth and cardiac muscle.
Term
Are hormones consistent in the amount of time it takes for them to produce a response in their target cell?
Definition
No, various times. Some w/in seconds and some w/in hours or days.
Term
What have various times? For example, some w/in seconds, and some w/in hours or days?
Definition
Hormones in the amount of time it takes for them to produce a response in their target cell.
Term
Are hormones consistent in the amount of time it takes for them to produce a response in their target cell?
Definition
No.
Term
Are large quantities of hormones needed to produce a response in the target cells?
Definition
Hormones can produce very powerful effects in very small amounts.
Term
Do all hormones affect all cells?
Definition
Hormones only affect target cells.
Term
Hormones only affect what?
Definition
Target cells.
Term
What are target cells affected by?
Definition
Hormones.
Term
What must a hormone bind to on a target cell?
Definition
Receptors.
Term
In general, how many receptors for a particular hormone are found on a target cell?
Definition
2k-100k
Term
2k-100k are a number of what?
Definition
Receptors for a particular hormone that are found on a target cells.
Term
What's a possible number of receptors for a particular hormone that are found on a target cell?
Definition
2k
Term
Describe down-regulation of receptors.
Definition
Occurs when a hormone's present in excess. The number of target cell receptors decreases.
Term
What effect do excess hormones have on a cell?
Definition
The number of receptors decline.
Term
Why would the number of receptors on a cell decline?
Definition
Excess hormones.
Term
Describe up-regulation of receptors.
Definition
Occurs when a hormone's deficient. The number of receptors increase. Makes the target tissue more sensitive to hormones.
Term
What's it called when a hormone's deficient, so the number of receptors increase, which makes the target tissue more sensitive to hormones?
Definition
Up-regulation.
Term
What effect does a deficiency in hormones have on a target cell? (increase or decrease the number of receptors?)
Definition
The number of receptors increase.
Term
Why would the number of receptors on a target cell increase?
Definition
Deficiency in hormones.
Term
Does the increase in the number of receptors make a cell more sensitive, or less sensitive, to hormones?
Definition
More sensitive.
Term
What makes a target cell more sensitive to hormones?
Definition
Increased number of receptors.
Term
What effect does a deficiency in hormones have on a target cell? (increase or decrease the number of receptors?)
Definition
The number of receptors increase.
Term
Why would the number of receptors on a target cell increase?
Definition
Deficiency in hormones.
Term
Does the increase in the number of receptors make a cell more sensitive, or less sensitive, to hormones?
Definition
More sensitive.
Term
What makes a target cell more sensitive to hormones?
Definition
Increased number of receptors.
Term
Describe the relationship b/w caffeine and adenosine.
Definition
Caffeine works by binding to adenosine receptors. Adenosine makes you sleepy when it's bound to these receptors.
Term
____ works by binding to ____ receptors. ____ makes you sleepy when it's bound to these receptors.
Definition
Caffeine and Adenosine.
Term
How does caffeine work?
Definition
It binds to adenosine receptors.
Term
What's a circulating hormone? Describe them.
Definition
Pass in the blood and act on distant target cells. Linger in the blood and exert their effects for minutes to hours. Inactivated by the liver and excreted by the kidneys.
Term
What's a local hormone?
Definition
Hormones that act w/out entering the blood stream.
Term
What are hormones that act w/out entering the blood stream?
Definition
Local hormone
Term
Name the two types of local hormones and how they function.
Definition
Paracrine - act on neighboring cells that are close by.
Autocrine - act on the same cell that secreted the hormone.
Term
Paracrine - act on neighboring cells that are close by. Autocrine - act on the same cell that secreted the hormone.
Definition
Local hormones.
Term
Describe the 4 classes of hormones
Definition
Steroids - Derives from cholesterol. Synthesized on the smooth ER. Biogenic amines - Simples hormone molecules. Thyroid hormones and catechalomine: synthesized by modifying the amino acid tyrosine. Histamines: synthesized by modifying the amino acid histamine. Peptides and proteins - consists of 3-200 amino acids. Synthesized on the rough ER. Some have carbohydrates attached - glycoprotein. Eicosanoids - Derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid. Example: prostaglandins and leukotrines.
Term
What are these the 4 classes of? Steroids - derived from cholesterol. synthesized on the smooth ER. Biogenic amines - simplest hormone molecules. thyroid hormones and catechalomine: synthesized by modifying the amino acid tyrosine. histamines: synthesized by modifying the amino acid histamine. Peptides and proteins - consists of 3-200 amino acids. synthesized on the rough ER. some have carboyhydrates attached - glycoprotein. Eicosanoids -derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid. example: prostaglandins and leukotrines.
Definition
Hormones
Term
How many classes of hormones are there?
Definition
4
Term
Which hormones are free floating in blood? Why?
Definition
Catecholamine, peptide and protein hormones. They are water soluble.
Term
Which hormones bind to a transport protein? What's the function of attaching to a transport protein?
Definition
Steroids and thyroid hormones. Improve the transport of lipid soluble hormones by making them temporarily water soluble. Retard the passage of these small hormones through the filtering mechanism in the kidneys. Provide a ready reserve of hormones.
Term
Which hormones bind to a transport protein?
Definition
Steroids and thyroid hormones.
Term
What is the function of steroids and thyroid hormones attaching to a transport protein?
Definition
Improve and transport of lipid soluble hormones by making them temporarily water soluble. Retard the passage of these small hormones through the filtering mechanism in the kidneys. Provide a ready reserve of hormones.
Term
Describe how lipid soluble hormones pass through the blood and bind to receptors.
Definition
Bind to the receptors inside the target cells.
Term
Describe how water-soluble hormones bind to the target cell.
Definition
Binding of hormone (first messenger) to its receptor activates G protein, which activates adenylane cyclase.
Term
What does the binding of hormone (first messenger) to its receptor, activating the G protein, which activates adenylane cyclase describe?
Definition
How water-soluble hormones bind to the target cell.
Term
What does the binding of a water-soluble hormone (first messenger) to its receptor activate?
Definition
G protein, which activates the adenylane cyclase.
Term
Describe a first messenger and second messenger.
Definition
First messenger - can deliver its message only to the plasma membrane. Second messenger - relays the message inside the cell where the response will take place.
Term
What's a G-protein?
Definition
Linked receptors on the outer surface to adeylyn cyclase molecules on the inside.
Term
What are receptors on the outer surface that link to adeylyn cyclase molecules on the inside?
Definition
G-protein
Term
G-protein receptors on the outer surface link to what?
Definition
Adeylyn cyclase molecules on the inside.
Term
What would happen if the G-protein remains active in the intestines? (see cholera example)
Definition
Cholera bacteria produce massive diarrhea and people die from dehydration. Cholera toxin modifies G-proteins in the intestines so they remain active. Too much cAMP's produced. In intestinal cells, cAMP activates a pump that ejects Cl- from the cells into the lumen of the small intestine. Water and Na+ follow the Cl-. This causes the diarrhea.
Term
Why can a small dose of hormones have such a large impact?
Definition
They set off a chain reaction. One molecule of hormone can activate 100 or so G-proteins, when it binds to its receptor.
Term
What does hormones setting of a chain reaction describe? For example, one molecule of hormone can activate 100 or so G-proteins, when it binds to its receptor.
Definition
How a small dose of hormones can have a large impact.
Term
What can a small dose of hormones set off?
Definition
Chain reaction.
Term
Responsiveness of hormones depend on what 3 factors?
Definition
Hormone concentration. Number of receptors. Influences exerted by other hormones.
Term
Describe the permissive effect.
Definition
actions of some hormones require the action of another hormone.
Term
What's it called when the actions of some hormones require the action of another hormone?
Definition
Permissive effect.
Term
In permissive effect, the actions of some hormones require ____
Definition
the action of another hormone.
Term
Antagonistic effect
Definition
When one hormone opposes the action of anothe
Term
What are hormone stimulation and inhibition caused by?
Definition
Signals from the nervous system. Chemical changes in the blood. Other hormones. Feedback systems.
Term
What do these cause? Signals from the nervous system. Chemical changes in the blood. Other hormones. Feedback systems.
Definition
Hormone stimulation and inhibition.
Term
Give an example of hormone stimulation and inhibition.
Definition
Signals from the nervous system.
Term
What two glands work together and are considered the boss of all other endocrine glands? How are they connected?
Definition
Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland. Connected by the infundibulum.
Term
What hormones, if any, does the anterior pituitary produce, and using which cells?
Definition
The anterior pituitary produces 7 hormones (Human Growth Hormone [hGH], Thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], Follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], Leutenizing hormone [LH], Prolactin [PRL], Adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH], and Melanocyte-stimulating hormone [MSH]) using 5 cells (Somatotroph [hGH], Thyrotrophs [TSH], Gonadotrophs [FSH & LH], Lactotrophs [PRL], and Corticotrophs [ACTH & MSH]).
Term
Where do these 7 hormones, produced using these 5 cells come from? Human Growth Hormone (hGH) by Somatotrophs, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by Thyrotrophs, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Leutenizing hormone (LH) by Gonadotrophs, Prolactin (PRL) by lactotrophs, and Adrenocorticortropic hormone (ACTH) and Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) by Corticotrophs.
Definition
Anterior pituitary
Term
How many many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?
Definition
7
Term
What hormones, if any, does the posterior pituitary produce?
Definition
None.
Term
What sort of hormones are produced by the hypothalamus? Where are they released? How do they get to their release point?
Definition
Oxytocin (OT) - Target tissues: breast and uterus. During Delivery, it enhances the contraction of the uterus. After delivery it stimulates milk ejection. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Helps to retain body water. Decreases urine production and sweating. Causes kidneys to return more water to the blood.
Term
What are these hormones produced by? Oxytocin (OT) - Target tissues: breast and uterus. During delivery, it enhances the contraction of the uterus. After delivery, it stimulates milk ejection. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Helps to retain body water. Decreases urine production and sweating. Causes kidneys to return more water to the blood.
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
What sort of hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?
Definition
Oxytocin (OT) and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Term
What do the following hormone abbreviations stand for and what do they do?
Definition
HGH - Human growth hormone (also known as somatotropin is a peptide that stimulates growth, cell production, and cell regeneration). TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone (produced when the hypothalamus releases a substance called thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), metabolism). FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone (produced by pituitary gland. in women, helps control the menstrual cycle and production of eggs by ovaries). LH - Leutenizing hormone (produced by pituitary gland. in women, helps regulate menstrual cycle and egg production). PRL - Prolactin (also known as luteotropic hormone, protein that's best known for its role in enabling production of milk). ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (produced in anterior pituitary gland, regulates levels of steroid hormone cortisol, which is released from the adrenal gland). MSH - Melanocyte stimulating hormone (produced by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and skin cells, derived from a protein, has an effect on melanocytes: skin cells that contain the black pigment, melanin). OT - Oxytocin (peptide hormone and neuropeptide, helps facilitate childbirth). ADH - Antidiuretic hormone (small peptide molecule that's released by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain, also known as arginine vasopressin, it tells your kidneys how much water to conserve and regulates and balances amount of water in blood)
Term
What hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland?
Definition
Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone.
Term
Where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones stored and released by?
Definition
Posterior pituitary gland
Term
Give an example of a hormone that's stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland.
Definition
Oxytocin
Term
Describe the shape and location of the thyroid gland.
Definition
Butterfly shaped. Located inferior of the larynx.
Term
What do the follicular cells produce?
Definition
Thyroid hormones. T4 (tetraiodothyronine) and T3 (triodothyronine)
Term
What are these thyroid hormones produced by? T4 (Tetraiodothryonine) and T3 (triodothyronine)
Definition
follicular cells
Term
What do the follicular cells produce?
Definition
Thyroid hormones
Term
What do the Parafollicular cells produce? What does that hormone do?
Definition
Calcitonin - helps regulate calcium homeostasis
Term
What are the functions of the thyroid hormones?
Definition
Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR). Help maintain normal body temp. Stimulate protein synthesis. Increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production. Upregulate beta receptors that attach to catecholamines. Work with hGH and insulin to accelerate body growth.
Term
What hormones are these the function of? Increased basal metabolic rate (BMR). Maintenance of normal body temp. Stimulation of protein synthesis. Increased use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production. Upregulation of beta receptors that attach to catecholamines. Work with hGH and insulin to accelerate body growth.
Definition
Thyroid
Term
Give an example of a function of thyroid hormones.
Definition
Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Term
Where's the parathyroid gland located?
Definition
Posterior aspect of each of the thyroid gland.
Term
What are the main hormone secreting cells of the parathyroid?
Definition
Chief cells
Term
What are chief cells?
Definition
The main hormone secreting cells of the parathyroid.
Term
What hormone do chief cells produce?
Definition
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Term
What produces Parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Definition
Chief cells
Term
What hormones work to regulate calcium homeostasis?
Definition
Calcitonin, PTH, Calcitriol
Term
What do Calcitonin, PTH, and Calcitriol regulate?
Definition
Calcium homeostasis
Term
Give an example of a hormone that works to regulate calcium homeostasis.
Definition
Calcitonin
Term
Where are the adrenal glands located?
Definition
Top of each kidney
Term
What two regions are the adrenal glands made of?
Definition
Outer cortex and Medial Medulla
Term
What do the outer cortex and medial medulla comprise?
Definition
The two regions of the adrenal glands
Term
What's one region of the adrenal gland?
Definition
outer cortex
Term
What hormones do the 3 regions of the cortex produce?
Definition
Mineralocorticoids - used to regulate mineral homeostasis. Glucocorticoids - glucose homeostasis. and Androgens - sex hormones.
Term
Where's the pancreas located? What are the exocrine cells of the gland? What are the endocrine cells of the gland?
Definition
Located in the curve of the duodenum. Exocrine cells called acini. Endocrine cells called Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans)
Term
What's located in the curve of the duodenum, has exocrine cells called acini, and endocrine cells called pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)?
Definition
pancreas
Term
where's the pancreas located?
Definition
curve of the duodenum
Term
Describe the hormones produced by the 4 types of cells of the pancreatic islets. be sure to include the function of those hormones.
Definition
Alpha (A) - Secrete Glucagon. Beta (B) - Secrete insulin. Delta (D) - Secrete Somatostatin. F cells - pancreatic polypeptide
Term
Describe how insulin and glucagon are controlled.
Definition
Controlled by negative feedback.
Term
What in the pancreatic islets is controlled by negative feedback?
Definition
Insulin and Glucagon.
Term
Describe how insulin's controlled.
Definition
Negative Feedback
Term
Gonads produce gametes, what are the two types of human gonads? What are the two types of human gametes?
Definition
Gonads. Ovaries - found in females. Testes - in males. Produce Gametes. Oocytes and Sperm.
Term
What hormones do ovaries and testes produce and what do they do?
Definition
Ovaries - Estrogen and progesterone. Maintains pregnancy. Prepares mammary glands for lactation. Development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics. Inhibin - Inhibition of FSH. Relaxin - Increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis. Dilates the cervix. Testes - Testosterone. Regulates the production of sperm. Stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics.
Term
Estrogen and Progesterone (maintains pregnancy, prepares mammary glands for lactation, development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics), Inhibin (inhibition of FSH), Relaxin (increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis, dilates the cervix), and testosterone (regulates the production of sperm, stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics) are hormones that are produced by what?
Definition
Ovaries and Testes
Term
What hormones do the ovaries produce?
Definition
Estrogen and progesterone (maintains pregnancy, prepares mammary glands for lactation, development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics), inhibin (inhibition of FSH), and Relaxin (increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis, dilates the cervix)
Term
Where's the pineal gland found?
Definition
Attached to the roof of the third ventricle.
Term
What does the pineal gland secrete?
Definition
Melatonin
Term
What's melatonin secreted by?
Definition
Pineal land
Term
Where does Melatonin come from?
Definition
The roof of the third ventricle.
Term
What does Melatonin hormone do?
Definition
Helps regulate the body's biological clock.
Term
Describe seasonality effective disorder and insomnia.
Definition
Depression during the winter months when there's less light, causing an overproduction of melatonin. Habitual sleeplessness.
Term
What's depression during the winter months when there's less light, causing an overproduction of melatonin? What's habitual sleeplessness?
Definition
Seasonality effective disorder. Insomnia.
Term
Describe seasonality effective disorder.
Definition
Depression during the winter months when there's less light, causing an overproduction of melatonin.
Term
Where's the thymus located?
Definition
Behind the sternum.
Term
What does the thymus produce, and what do those cells (as a whole) do?
Definition
Thymosin, Thymic humoral factor (THF), Thymic factor (TF), Thymopoietin. All promote maturation of the immune system T cells.
Term
What are Thymosin, Thymic humoral factor (THF), Thymic factor (TF), and Thymopoietin produced by? They all promote maturation of the immune systems T cells.
Definition
Thymus
Term
What does the Thymus produce?
Definition
Thymosin, Thymic humoral factor (THF), Thymic factor (TF), Thymopoietin.
Term
What are eicosanoids? What do they do?
Definition
Locally-acting hormones derived from the 20-carbon fatty acid arachodonic acid. Bind to receptors on target cells and stimulate or inhibit the synthesis of second messengers (cAMP). Certain eicosanoid hormones stimulate cell growth and division. Several newly discovered hormones called growth factors are involved in tissue development, growth, and repair.
Term
What are the hormones of the GI Tract and what's their function?
Definition
Gastrin - promotes secretion of gastric juice, increases the movement of the GI Tract. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) - Inhibits the secretion of gastric juice, stimulates the release of insulin. Secretin - stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile. Cholecystokinin - makes you feel full, stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice, regulates the release of bile.
Term
What are these the hormones of? Gastrin - promotes secretion of gastric juice, increases the movement of the GI tract. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) - inhibits the secretion of gastric juice, stimulates the release of of insulin. Secretin - stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile. Cholecystokinin - makes you feel full, stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice, regulates the release of bile.
Definition
GI Tract
Term
What are the hormones of the GI Tract?
Definition
Gastrin, Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), Secretin, Cholecystokinin
Term
What hormones do the kidneys produce and what do they do?
Definition
Erythropoietin - increase teh rate of RBC production. Calcitriol - aids in absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
Term
What hormone does the heart produce and what does it do?
Definition
Atrial nutriuetic peptide - decreases blood pressure
Term
What is the hormone Atrial nutriuetic peptide (decreases blood pressure) produced by?
Definition
The heart.
Term
What hormone does the heart produce?
Definition
Atrial nutriuetic peptide.
Term
Define Eustress, Distress, fight-or-flight responses, and resistance reaction.
Definition
Eustress - helpful, everyday stress, that prepares us to meet challenges. Distress - any type of harmful stress that may be damaging. Fight-or-flight responses - (1st stage of the stress response) stimulates the body's resources to prepare for immediate activity. Resistance reaction - 2nd stage in stress response and lasts longer than the fight-or-flight response.
Term
Describe the following disorders
Definition
Pituitary Gigantism - refers to growth hormone (GH) excess that occurs before fusion of the epiphyseal growth plates, only seen in growing children. Acromegaly - hormonal disorder that develops when your pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood. Goiter - abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland. Graves disease - caused by generalized overactivity of the entire thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). Cushing's syndrome - abnormally high levels of hormone cortisole, symptom may be high bp
Term
Pituitary gigantism
Definition
refers to growth hormone (GH) excess that occurs before fusion of the epiphyseal growth plates, only seen in growing children
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
hormonal disorder that develops when pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood
Term
Goiter
Definition
abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland
Supporting users have an ad free experience!