Term
| Why were Americans more likely to favor the Triple Entente in WWI than the Triple Alliance? |
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Definition
| economic links with Britain, ideological similarities (democracy, capitalism) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bryan thought Americans shouldn't be allowed to travel on belligerent ships and contraband shouldn't be allowed on passenger ships; but Wilson insisted that the Germans stop their illegal submarine warfare |
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Term
| what were four arguments of antiWWI people? |
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Definition
| .1. kills young people .2. fosters repression .3. immoral .4. lets big business people make money at the expense of others |
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Term
| what were the two final events that brought America into WWI? |
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Definition
| 1. Germany resumed unrestrained sub warfare, hoping they could wipe out Britain before America mobilized .2. Zimmerman Telegram |
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Term
| National Defense Act and Navy Act (both 1916) |
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Definition
| senators preparing for war before the fact -- largest naval expansion in US history |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| all males 21-30 had to register for draft (later changed to 18-45) critics: excessive militarism; supporters: patriotism |
|
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Term
| commission on training camp activities |
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Definition
| tried to keep the soldiers healthy and moral during WWI |
|
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Term
| what was the turning point of WWI? |
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Definition
| 2nd Battle of the Marne -- followed by Allied offensive that forced Germans into armistice in 1918 |
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Term
| how did the relationship between business and government change in WWI? |
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Definition
| before, govt relied on industrial committees for advice on supplies etc. but they turned out to be corrupt, so established the War Industries Board which supervised/worked together more closely. business also did well without tariffs, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| regulated prices, decided where to buy, allocating supplies, etc. but had to compromise with big business-- COORDINATED NAT'L ECONOMY |
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Term
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Definition
| led by Herbert Hoover; promoted victory gardens, etc. and regulated prices |
|
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Term
| what were the three new govt agencies intro'd in WWI? |
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Definition
| War Industries Board, Food Administration, RRD Admin. & Fuel Administration |
|
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Term
| why was WWI good for farmers? |
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Definition
| high demand and high prices -- allowed them to become mechanized |
|
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Term
| what caused WWI inflation? |
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Definition
| greater demand than supply; liberal credit policies; prices set on raw material rather than finished product |
|
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Term
| what were two sources of govt income in WWI? |
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Definition
| higher taxes on the rich and corporations (Revenue (1916) and War Revenue (1817)) and war bonds |
|
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Term
| what happened to the AFL during WWI? |
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Definition
| merged with National War Labor Board which coordinated management and unions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| race riots caused by blacks entering cities for new opportunities from war |
|
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Term
| what were the two MAIN economic changes due to WWI? |
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Definition
| increased govt involvement and temporary boom in industry |
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Term
| Committee on Public Information |
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Definition
| headed by George Creel; in charge of spouting pro-war propaganda |
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Term
|
Definition
| banned "false statements" against draft/military and banned anti-war mails |
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Term
|
Definition
| kept people from stopping sale of war bonds and ppl can't crit govt, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| "calling fire in a crowded theater" argument -- free speech suspended when there was a "clear and present danger" (upheld Espionage Act) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sedition Act upheld (but Holmes and Brandeis dissented) |
|
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Term
| what anti-Bolshevik measures were taken by Wilson? |
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Definition
| sent military forces to "guard Allied supplies and protect Czechs" in Siberia; refused to recognize the Bolsheviks, helped their allies, and economically blockaded them |
|
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Term
| what were some factors that contributed to American anti-Bolshevism? |
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Definition
| angry about Russia's separate peace with Germany; unemployment and post-war recession |
|
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Term
| what were two events that immediately sparked the Red Scare? |
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Definition
| some minor strikes and mail bombs; a steel strike led by an IWW member (allowed leaders to label strike as part of a foreign conspiricy) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| govt agents broke into meeting halls and homes and arrested alleged Reds |
|
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Term
| how did the anti-Red activities cool down? |
|
Definition
| civil libertarians always saw them as unconstitutional; conservatives finally began to agree when A. Mitchell Palmer called for a peacetime sedition act |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Industrial Workers of the World -- radical workers group persecuted under Espionage and Sedition Acts |
|
|
Term
| what were some early preparations made to ready America for WWI? |
|
Definition
| Council of National Defense (deal with economic war related problems), increased Navy and Army |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| headed the War Industries Board |
|
|
Term
| how did the govt discourage strikes in WWI? |
|
Definition
| any male who wasn't working had to go fight |
|
|
Term
| National War Labors Board |
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Definition
| chaired by Taft, made to satisfy workers and prevent strikes. raised wages and gave 8-hour day, but didn't recognized right to form unions |
|
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Term
| what were two troubles of labor in wartime? |
|
Definition
| inflation almost eclipsed war gains; didn't have right to organize |
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Term
|
Definition
| refused to negotiate and brought in black strike breakers -- strike collapsed |
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Term
|
Definition
| pacifist, antiwar, headed by Alice Paul, a Quaker |
|
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Term
| National American Woman Suffrage Association |
|
Definition
| supported WWI -- thought getting democracy abroad would get them the vote at home |
|
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Term
| Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act (1921) |
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Definition
| reaffirmed states emphasis of traditional womanhood after WWI -- state sponsored maternal instruction |
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Term
| why was America's mobilization in WWI sloppy and relaxed? |
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Definition
| far away from the fighting; not a lot of central control |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| created in WWI to feed America and the Allies -- led by Hoover -- raised money/food by voluntary actions (used propaganda) |
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Term
| what were some ways the government actually interfered (on a non-voluntary basis) in WWI? |
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Definition
| seized railroads after traffic problems; seized enemy merchant ships |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| French general under whom the Allied forces were united |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| led the forces at the American front |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Pershing's offensive to cut German supply railroads -- biggest battle in American history |
|
|
Term
| what did the US contribute to WWI? |
|
Definition
| food, munitions, credits, oil, manpower -- but NOT victories! |
|
|
Term
| what eventually demoralized the Germans? |
|
Definition
| the prospect of an unlimited American army (rather than any victories the Americans actually had) |
|
|
Term
| what were the only two battles the Americans participated in? |
|
Definition
| Meuse-Argonne; St. Mihiel |
|
|
Term
| What mistakes did Wilson make after WWI? |
|
Definition
| appealed for the Democrats to win Congressional elections and the Republicans won; refused to take any Republicans with him to Paris |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| major 4 leaders at the Treaty of Paris -- America, Italy, Britain, France |
|
|
Term
| why were the organizers of the Treaty of Paris in a hurry? |
|
Definition
| Europe was slipping into anarchy/Communism |
|
|
Term
| why were the organizers of the Treaty of Paris in a hurry? |
|
Definition
| Europe was slipping into anarchy/Communism |
|
|
Term
| what was Wilson's immediate goal at the Treaty of Paris? |
|
Definition
| keeping the winners from dividing up the territories of the losers |
|
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Term
| why did the reluctance of the US senate to accept the League of Nations hurt the US' bargaining position? |
|
Definition
| because Wilson would have to beg the other leaders for changes/stipulations that the senators demanded |
|
|
Term
| what did France demand in concessions? |
|
Definition
| Rhineland and the Saar Valley -- eventually agreed that the region would be under the LoN for 15 years and then vote where they would go. |
|
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Term
| what happened with Italy in Paris? |
|
Definition
| Italy wanted Fiume -- Wilson appealed over the leaders' heads to the Fiume citizens. Italy left angrily and the Fiume people turned against Wilson. |
|
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Term
| argument between Japan and Wilson at Paris |
|
Definition
| Japan wanted Shantung Peninsula and islands they captured from the Germans in the Pacific; Wilson protested and Japan threatened to walk out; Japan held Shantung and promised to return it to China at a later date. |
|
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Term
| why didn't "hyphenated-Americans" like the Treaty of Versailles? |
|
Definition
| thought it wasn't nice enough to their home countries; Irish-Americans in particular thought it gave too much influence to the British |
|
|
Term
| what was senator Lodge's main aim regarding the LoN? |
|
Definition
| "Republicanize" / "Americanize" it and claim credit for the changes |
|
|
Term
| what most worried critics of the Treaty of Versailles? |
|
Definition
| Article X -- didn't want to be MORALLY obligated in war -- wanted to keep the congressional power to declare war |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 14 disagreements Lodge had with the Treaty of Versailles (to counter the 14 Points) |
|
|
Term
| what was Wilson's idea for settling the Treaty of Versailles conflict in America? |
|
Definition
| wanted to postpone and make it an issue in the upcoming election |
|
|
Term
| what was the Republican platform in 1920 and who was running? |
|
Definition
| ambiguous platform, supposed to appeal to both people who were pro and anti LoN. suggested that there would be a LoN, just a new one on American terms. Warren G Harding |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ship on which alleged "Soviet radicals" were deported to the USSR |
|
|
Term
| criminal syndicalism laws |
|
Definition
| reactions to WWI and the Red Scare -- made it unlawful to even talk about violence to secure social change |
|
|
Term
| why did businesspeople like the Red Scare? |
|
Definition
| it let them gain power of the unions by saying they were socialist |
|
|
Term
| Emergency Quota Act (1921) |
|
Definition
| immigration for a specific country was restricted to 3% of what the number of people from that country in America had been in 1910 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| replaced the Emergency Quota Act and decreased rates from 3% to 2% |
|
|
Term
| who was exempt from the quota system? |
|
Definition
| Canadians and Latin Americans |
|
|
Term
| what nationality was NOT allowed in at all under the Immigration Act? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why was the 18th Amendment unsuccessful? |
|
Definition
| Americans were used to weak control over their private lives; a majority of people were opposed to the law; people had never regarded drinking as a crime |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| prohibition, in addition to the 18th amendment |
|
|
Term
| who was the prosecuting attourney in the Scopes monkey trial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by Bruce Barton, and advertiser, that said Jesus was the greatest ad man of all time |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| United negro Improvement Association -- promoted black business and blacks moving to Africa. founded by Marcus Garvey |
|
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Term
| what was a sign in the 1920s that the market would eventually crash? |
|
Definition
| several hundred banks failed annually |
|
|
Term
| what were the two major areas of speculation in the 1920s? |
|
Definition
| real estate (especially in Florida) and the stock market |
|
|
Term
| define: buying stocks on the margin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why didn't Washington do much to curb speculation? |
|
Definition
| as long as people were making money, the govt would be able to direct surplus funds to reducing the national debt, which was huge after the war |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| est. 1921 -- in charge of helping the President carefully calculate the budget for submission to Congress |
|
|
Term
| why did Secretary of Treasury Mellon think taxes should be reduced on the rich? |
|
Definition
| forced the rich not to invest in business, so less money was made in the long run. |
|
|
Term
| what are criticisms of Mellon? |
|
Definition
| didn't reduce the debt enough; should have raised taxes to reduce speculation (less money to spend) |
|
|
Term
| Adkins v Children's Hospital |
|
Definition
| Supreme Court reversed it's decision in Muller v Oregon and said that women could NOT have special protection -- now that they had the vote they had to be equal in all other things, too. |
|
|
Term
| what happened to business under Harding? |
|
Definition
| allowed to do basically anything -- not only was the govt laissez-faire, it actually encouraged big business. |
|
|
Term
| why did Herbert Hoover, the Secretary of Commerce under Harding, support trusts? |
|
Definition
| he didn't like the inefficiency caused by competition |
|
|
Term
| Esch-Cummins Transportation Act (1920) |
|
Definition
| encouraged private consolidation of railroads; the Interstate Commerce Commission had to make them profitable. |
|
|
Term
| Merchant Marine Act (1920) |
|
Definition
| allowed the Shipping Board to sell a lot of WWI warships very cheaply |
|
|
Term
| what were two strikebreaking tactics among bosses? |
|
Definition
| agitating racial enmity and accusing strikers of being Communists |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| attorney general under Harding -- very corrupt -- also shut down railway strikers in one of the biggest injunctions in history. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| created by Congress in 1921 to operate hospitals and job training for disables veterans |
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Term
|
Definition
| founded by T.Roosevelt, Jr. and lobbied for veterans' benefits |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| one of the demands of WWI benefits -- wanted compensation for the wages they lost to go to war. given to them eventually by the Adjusted Compensation Act in 1924 which gave them an insurance policy |
|
|
Term
| how did America officially end the war with Germany, Austria, and Hungary? |
|
Definition
| joint resolution of Congress in 1921 (3 years after the fighting had stopped) |
|
|
Term
| what was one place where America couldn't keep out of international affairs? |
|
Definition
| the Middle East -- wanted oil b/c it had proved so important in WWI |
|
|
Term
| why were people in favor of disarmament after WWI? |
|
Definition
| idealism, and the fact that businessmen didn't want to pay for ships commissioned during the war |
|
|
Term
| Disarmament Conference (1921-1922) |
|
Definition
| all major naval powers but Russia was invited (Am still didn't officially recognize it) -- Secretary Hughes (under Harding) suggested that battleships and airplanes should be limited to a 5-5-3 ratio between Britain, America, and Japan. |
|
|
Term
| Five-Power Naval Treaty (1922) |
|
Definition
| Hughes' 5-5-3 ratio, but with concession to the Japanese (Brit&Am wouldn't fortify their Far Eastern territories) another conciliation was the Four-Power Treaty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replaced the Anglo-Japanese Alliance -- Britain, France, Japan, USA had to preserve status quo in the Pacific, and the Nine-Power Treaty (which kept the Open Door in China) |
|
|
Term
| what were weaknesses of the Four-Power Treaty? |
|
Definition
| no limits on small warships; no way to enforce the laws |
|
|
Term
| what were two demonstrations of American idealism in the Harding era? |
|
Definition
| peoples' satisfaction with the Disarmament Conference resolutions, despite their glaring flaws; and the call for the "outlawry of war" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kellogg-Briand Pact -- "outlawed" war; signed by 62 nations; secretary of state Kellogg won the Nobel Peace Prize for it. Useless because so many ways it could be circumvented -- ex by claiming it was a defensive war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kellogg-Briand Pact -- "outlawed" war; signed by 62 nations; secretary of state Kellogg won the Nobel Peace Prize for it. Useless because so many ways it could be circumvented -- ex by claiming it was a defensive war. |
|
|
Term
| Teapot Dome Scandal (1923) |
|
Definition
| secretary of the interior Albert Fall leased out navy oil reserves at Teapot Dome and Elk Hills to private developers Harry Sinclair and Edward Doheny -- Fall sentanced to 1 year for taking a bribe, but the givers got off free (although one was indicted for refusing to testify) |
|
|
Term
| what caused post WWI difficulties for farmers? |
|
Definition
| automized reapers and tractors made it possible to grow more, but the end of the war meant a loss of the overseas markets, so there was a HUGE surplus and massive inflation of the price |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| farmers were exempted from antitrust laws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tried to authorize the govt to buy surplus crops and sell them abroad, with a tax on farmers to make up for the loss, but it was vetoed twice by Coolidge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cal Coolidge (R); Democrats were very split but eventually chose John Davis, who was just as conservative as Coolidge. third candidate La Follette ran as a Progressive |
|
|
Term
| what was the Progressive platform in 1924? |
|
Definition
| govt ownership of railroads; relief for farmers; antimonopoly and prolabor; wanted amendment to limit S.Court's power to invalidate laws passed by Congress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coolidge's vp -- rescheduled German reparations payments and encouraged private American loans to Germany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Herbert Hoover for the Republicans: prosperity and prohibition; Alfred E. Smith for the Democrats: wet, Roman-Catholic, city dweller as a candidate for dry Protestant rural people and given a dry platform. Hoover was helped further b/c was very charismatic on the radio; was an American success story, etc. |
|
|
Term
| what were some progressive tendencies of Hoover? |
|
Definition
| supported labor unions and the new radio broadcast industry; even thought about a government-owned radio station (like the BBC) |
|
|
Term
| Agricultural Marketing Act |
|
Definition
| created the Federal Farm Board with assets to help farmers help themselves thru cooperatives; created the Grain and Cotton Stabilization Committees to buy up surplus, but there was too much. |
|
|
Term
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) |
|
Definition
| raised duties on food to almost 60% to help American farmers, which looked to foreigners like a low blow which caused international financial chaos and made America even more financially isolated -- Hitler would later play off of this |
|
|
Term
| what compromise did Hoover work out in the Depression? |
|
Definition
| didn't want to dole out b/c believed in "rugged individualism" but hated to see people in such trouble -- so sponsored railroads, banks, etc. to create jobs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation -- lent money to insurance companies, banks, etc. but not to individuals which would promote jobs |
|
|
Term
| Norris-LaGuardia Injunction Act |
|
Definition
| outlawed "yellow-dog" contracts; courts couldn't issue injunctions to stop strikes, etc. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| marched on the Capitol and demanded immediate payment of their bonuses, which were payable in 1945; didn't pass Congress, so were ordered to leave -- refused to do so; Hoover ordered the army to get rid of them; MacArthur did so with too much force and Hoover's popularity sank still further. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after the Japanese invaded Manchuria; said that America wouldn't recognize territory taken by force |
|
|
Term
| why didn't the LoN stop Japan after they invaded Manchuria? |
|
Definition
| didn't have the courage to act; couldn't count on American support |
|
|
Term
| why did economic imperialism in South America become unpopular during the Depression? |
|
Definition
| investment dollars went bad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hoover pulled troops out of Haiti and Nicaragua; didn't like the Roosevelt Corollary |
|
|
Term
| what were three causes of the Great Depression? |
|
Definition
| margin-buying; overproduction; buying on credit |
|
|
Term
| what was Hoover's platform in 1932? |
|
Definition
| supporting Republican antidepression policies; repealing prohibition |
|
|
Term
| what was the Democratic platform in 1932? |
|
Definition
| attacked Hoover's depression policies; balanced budget; social and economic reforms |
|
|
Term
| Hoover requested meetings with FDR to discuss the war debt; what was he trying to do? |
|
Definition
| get FDR involved in anti-inflation policies that would have messed with the New Deal |
|
|
Term
| Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933) |
|
Definition
| president had power to regulate banking transactions, foreign exchange, and to reopen solvent banks |
|
|
Term
| Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act |
|
Definition
| made the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation -- insured individual deposits up to $5,000 -- basically ended bank failures |
|
|
Term
| what was the goal of FDR's "managed currency"? |
|
Definition
| inflation -- made gold more expensive, put more dollars in circulation, increased production, help debtors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Civilian Conservation Control -- outdoor employment for 3 mil young men -- firefighting, swamp drainage, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Federal Emergency Relief Administration -- headed by Harry Hopkins -- gave $3 billion to states for dole / relief job payment |
|
|
Term
| Civil Works Administration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agricultural Adjustment Act -- helped farmers pay their mortgages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Home Owners' Loan Corporation -- helped homeowners pay their loans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Works Progress Administration -- created useful jobs; employed artists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| National Recovery Administration -- designed to help industry, labor, and the unemployed -- est. codes for highest working hours and lowest wages; workers given right to organize and choose own reps; restrictions on child labor; repealed in the Schechter decision -- congress couldn't give legislative powers to the pres |
|
|
Term
| what was the purpose of the 21st Amendment? |
|
Definition
| repealed prohibition in order to create new jobs and raise revenue (liquor had a tax on't) |
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