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European History
AP course; Chapter 15
117
History
10th Grade
12/13/2010

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Term
Vasco da Gama (1498)
Definition
Conquistador, sailed to India.
Term
Diaz (1488)
Definition
Sailed past Cape of Good Hope
Term
Magellan (1519-1522)
Definition
Crew circumnavigated the globe
Term
Columbus (1492)
Definition
sailed to Americas
Term
Conquistadores
Definition
Spanish privateers
Term
Aztec Empire
Definition
conquered by Cortez
Term
Mayan Empire
Definition
Already extinct
Term
Incan Empire
Definition
Conquered by Pizzaro
Term
Pizzaro (1502)
Definition
Conquered Incas
Term
Pizzaro (1502)
Definition
Conquered Incas
Term
Pizzaro (1502)
Definition
Conquered Incas
Term
Law of the Indies
Definition
Bartolommeo de las Casas
Term
Commercial Revolution
Definition
medium of trade began shifting, outgrowth of partnerships, regulated companies & joint-stock companies developed new commodities (slaves, cash crops, coffee, potatoes). Evolutionary more than revolutionary.
Term
Price Revolution
Definition
caused by influx of gold and silver from new world. Inflation & start of capitalism
Term
Domestic System/Putting out
Definition
Merchants give undeveloped products to peasants and take back finished product.
Term
Presidio-Pueblo-Mission
Definition
Spanish settlements, fortress-housing-church
Term
Albuquerque
Definition
second Portuguese governor of India
Term
Capital
Definition
stuff worth money
Term
Mercantilism
Definition
means of production of goods or services
Term
Commercialization of Industry
Definition
Factories
Term
Bullionism
Definition
economy based on gold, Spanish bullions
Term
The East India Companies (1600)
Definition
English joint stock venture, became permanent 1657
Term
Treaty of Tordesillas (June 7, 1494)
Definition
divided Americas between Portuguese and Spanish
Term
Fixed rents vs. payment in kind
Definition
set rate vs. floating rate
Term
Yeomanry
Definition
Cavalry
Term
Bourgeoisie
Definition
middle class
Term
Robot
Definition
Put a limit on how much peasants could work
Term
Junkers
Definition
landed aristocracy in Prussia and East Germany
Term
Charles V
Definition
Lord of the world, Hapsburg, divided territory between son (Philip II), Brother (Ferdinand I)
Term
Battle of Mohac (August 29, 1526)
Definition
Ottomans defeated Hungry. Ottomans & Hapsburgs got stuff. Advance in Protestantism.
Term
Philip II
Definition
Inherited holding 1553-1555. Attempted to consolidate Europe. Economy based on Bullionism. Wanted catholic Europe. Cracked down with Inquisition. Spanish armada was defeated under him. Sack of Antwerp, tried to take more power than traditional in the Netherlands and was rewarded with a revolt (Sent Duke of Alba in). He had good relations with England until Elizabeth began issuing Letters of Marque, and sent the failed Armada against them in 1588
Term
El Escorial
Definition
Castle in Madrid. Inside monastery. Philip II
Term
Battle of Lepanto (1571)
Definition
Holy League defeated Ottomans. Height of Spanish power in Mediterranean.
Term
Duke of Alva
Definition
Was sent to put down the Netherlands, Council of Blood.
Term
Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
Definition
(Spanish blood) League of Arras, nearly subdued Netherlands but idiotic Philip II withdrew the troops.
Term
Margaret of Parma
Definition
Mother of Alex Farnese. Illegitimate daughter of Charles.
Term
“Joyeuse Entrée”
Definition
Gave and preserved Dutch liberties
Term
Council of Blood
Definition
Alva’s extension of the Inquisition in the Netherlands. Executed count Hoorn and Count Egmont both catholic but William of Orange escaped. Also executed another 1500 religious dissedents.
Term
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (August 24, 1572)
Definition
Henry de Guise began to massacre Huguenots. Killed 30,000 Huguenots.
Term
Catharine de Medici
Definition
holds power over Charles IX. Has Admiral Coligny shot.
Term
Elizabeth I
Definition
Queen of England 1558-1603. Defeated Spanish Armada. Politque. Wanted to avoid warfare. Threatened by Scotland George Lord Darnley saved the day. Protects Mary Queen of Scots.
Term
Low Countries
Definition
Netherlands. 17 providences. Revolted a lot.
Term
Limpieza de Sange
Definition
Phillip II really wanted this in th whole f Europe. Generlly rerfers toevryone being catholic
Term
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
Definition
(1559) ends the Hapsburgs-Valois wars in Italy with Spain as the victor
Term
Calvinist Sack of Antwerp (1556)
Definition
Calvinists burn and pillage St. Mary’s Cathedral in Antwerp, which angers the Knights of the Golden Fleece. Begins the revolt.
Term
Pacification of Ghent (November 8, 1576)
Definition
unification of all 17 provinces after the Spanish Sack of Antwerp. Fell apart in 1579
Term
Union of Utrecht
Definition
formed in 1581, comprised the top seven provinces of the Netherlands
Term
League of Arras
Definition
formed in 1581, comprised the bottom ten provinces of the Netherlands. Lead by Alexander Farnese, a Spanish general, against the north.
Term
Count Hoorn & Count Egmont
Definition
Catholic Dutch noblemen arrested and executed by Alba’s Council of Blood. This shocked the Golden Fleece, a knight’s order of which Phillip II was the Grand Master
Term
William of Orange, the Silent
Definition
a Calvinist Dutch nobleman, he wished for a compromise that never happened. He attempted to check radicals, hold provinces in the Pacification of Ghent, and reconcile Dutch independence with Phillip II as the leader. Assassinated in 1584.
Term
Stadtholder
Definition
a powerful governor in the Netherlands, their power diminished when Phillip II decided to centralize.
Term
Seabeggars
Definition
Dutch pirates with Letters of Marque issued by William of Orange. They were a problem because the killed innocents.
Term
Seadogges
Definition
English privateers with Letters of Marque. They made Phillip II mad at Elizabeth when they attack South America
Term
Spanish Sack of Antwerp (1576)
Definition
Spanish sack Antwerp...
Term
Ferdinand I
Definition
Inherited HRE, Bohemia, & Hungary from Charles V. Battled Ottomans.
Term
Ferdinand II
Definition
Inherited Ferdinand I’s stuff. 1st ½ 30 Years War.
Term
Ferdinand III
Definition
Inherited from Ferdinand II. 2nd ½ 30 Years War.
Term
Cardinal Granvella
Definition
Leading Minister of Spanish Hapsburgs. Important Politician.
Term
Walloons
Definition
French Belgians
Term
Don Jon of Austria
Definition
Illegitimate son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
Term
Mary, Queen of Scots
Definition
threat to Elizabeth’s throne, so Elizabeth sends George Lord Darnley to distract her. They get married, and are estranged, so she kills him and hides with Elizabeth for 17 years, but is executed in 1587 after endearing the Babbington conspiracy to kill Elizabeth. Her son, James I of England and VI of Scotland
Term
Francis Drake
Definition
Privateer, plundered the Spanish and brought Elizabeth 25 mil in treasure. She knighted him and angered Phillip
Term
Lord Burleigh
Definition
William Cecil, chief advisor to Elizabeth.
Term
Francis Drake
Definition
William Cecil, chief advisor to Elizabeth
Term
Scottish Kirk
Definition
Presbyterian Church (Kirk means Church).
Term
Lord Wallsingham
Definition
“spymaster” to Elizabeth I
Term
Spanish Armada (1588)
Definition
the Spanish send 107 ships at the English, and then fail
Term
The French Religious Wars (1562-1593)
Definition
Charles IX is French king, Catherine de Medici controls him. Charles listens to Coligny, so she has him shot, and this angers the Huguenots. Charles is convinced that the Huguenots are planning a revolt, so he orders them killed. 8/24/1572 30K are killed. Then, when Henri of Navarre is named heir, Guise decides to fight him with the Holy League. Henri III has him killed, and then flees to Navarre, but is assassinated.
Term
Treaty of Vervins (1598)
Definition
Between Phillip II and Henri IV, ended the French religious wars and withdrew Spanish troops
Term
Henri of Navarre (1593-1610)
Definition
Is to be married to Charles IX’s sister, but then the massacre happens, and he converts when forced. Henri III comes to the throne after Charles IX dies and names Navarre his heir. Killed in 1610.
Term
Charles IX (1560-1574)
Definition
French king, has Coligny as advisor, sanctions the St. Bart’s Day Massacre & then dies
Term
Henri III (1574-1589)
Definition
former king of Poland, gives Huguenots rights with the Edict of Beaulieu and names Navarre as his heir, and eventually is assassinated by a disgruntled Jesuit monk.
Term
Henri III (1574-1589)
Definition
former king of Poland, gives Huguenots rights with the Edict of Beaulieu and names Navarre as his heir, and eventually is assassinated by a disgruntled Jesuit monk.
Term
Admiral Coligny
Definition
Main adviser to Charles IX, Huguenot, Catherine has him killed.
Term
Henri of Guise
Definition
Leader of the Holy League, funded by Phillip II and the Pope, leads against Navarre
Term
The War of the 3 Henrys (1584-1589)
Definition
Henry III, Henry of Navarre, and Henry of Guise are all in conflict for the French throne.
Term
Edict of Nantes (1598)
Definition
Allows limited freedom of religion in France (first time with two religions in a country) and gives the Huguenots proper rights and 200 fortified towns.
Term
Louis XIII
Definition
Son of Henry IV, has Cardinal Richelieu to make all of his political decisions. Married to Anne of Austria, but he is gay, so they take fifteen years to produced Louis XIV. He fought with his mom a lot
Term
Cardinal Richelieu
Definition
Adviser to Louis XIII, essentially ran the country. Imposes peace on France and then works on encirclement.
Term
Anne of Austria
Definition
Phillip III’s daughter, married Louis XIII as part of the Treaty of Vervins
Term
Phillip IV
Definition
Ruler of Spain during the war, failed to achieve reform
Term
The Sixteen
Definition
rebels in French religious wars – the Calvinists
Term
Duke de Mayenne
Definition
Charles de Guise, head of Holy League
Term
Duke de Sully
Definition
Henry IV’s minister of finance. Was good.
Term
Barthelemy de Laffemas
Definition
Also minister for Henry IV.
Term
Peace of Alais (1629)
Definition
confirmed Edict of Nantes, ended religious warring, and established toleration for Huguenots
Term
Cardinal Mazarin
Definition
Served under Richelieu.
Term
Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659)
Definition
Ended conflict between France and Spain that started because of the 30 Years’ War
Term
Defenestration of Prague (1618)
Definition
Central start to 30 years war. Threw 7 ambassadors out window (defenestration means throwing something out of a window, de- down from & fenestra- opening.)
Term
The Spanish Road to Flanders
Definition
Spanish trading route through exclusively Catholic lands to get to Flanders
Term
Politique
Definition
politics matters more than religion
Term
The Valteline
Definition
Region of Italy that borders Switzerland. Control of its passes was particularly important in the 30 years war
Term
Protestant Union & Catholic League (1609)
Definition
illegal organizations, initial shock to begin 30 year’s war
Term
Elector Palatinate
Definition
Territory of the HRE
Term
The Twelve Years Truce
Definition
12 year cease-fire in the 80 years war
Term
Ferdinand of Styria
Definition
appears to be the same as Ferdinand II
Term
Phases of 30 Years’ War (1618-1648)
Definition
1. Bohemian
2. Danish
3. Swedish
4. French
Term
Causes of 30 Yrs War
Definition
Political:
Desire for absolute Hapsburg monarchy
Dynastic
Hapsburgs vs. Wittelsbachs (Maximilian of Bavaria)
Hapsburg-Bourbon feud
Ferdinand of Styria is King of Bohemia, Hungary, then HRE
Term
Bohemian Phase (1618-1620)
Definition
Battle of White Mountain: Frederick of the Palatinate is defeated
Ferdinand hires Albert Wallenstein so that he doesn’t have to rely on Maximillian
Spain begins to interfere with money
Won by the HRE
Term
Danish Phase (1620[5]-1630)
Definition
Battle of Lutter-am Barenberg (1526) - Christian IV of Denmark, new Protestant hero, is defeated
Edict of Restitution (1629) – all land seized past 1552 goes back to the Church
Term
Swedish Phase (1630-1632[4])
Definition
King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus, is new Protestant hero
Siege of Magdeburg (1631) – only 5K left of 30, then it was sacked
Battle of Lutzen (1632) – Adolphus is killed
1633 HRE Ferdinand has Albert killed
Battle of Nordlingen (1634) – Spanish come in and help Hapsburg cousins (Catholic victory)
Term
French Phase (1634-1648)
Definition
1635 – France enters directly
Battle of Rocroi (1643) – French victory, ends Spanish land domination
Battle of Downs – Ends Spanish naval domination
Properly ends in 1659 with Treaty of Pyrenees with Spain
Term
Frederick of the Palatinate
Definition
the Palatinate threatens to be Protestant, which endangers the Spanish Road to Flanders
Term
Battle of White Mountain
Definition
Battle in 30 years war. Ended Bohemian Period.
Term
Christian IV of Denmark
Definition
King of Denmark.
Term
Edict of Restitution (1629)
Definition
Belated attempt to restore peace of Augsburg. Too late.
Term
Battle of Lutter-am Barenberg(1626)
Definition
Heavy defeat for Protestants.
Term
Gustavus Adolphus
Definition
Founded Swedish Empire. Major Protestant leader
Term
Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)
Definition
First major protestant victory.
Term
Battle of Lutzen (1632)
Definition
Protestant victory but killed Gustavus Adolphus, leaving movement without direction
Term
Battle of Nordlingen (1634)
Definition
Next victory for Protestants
Term
Count Oxenstyrna
Definition
Took over after Gustavus Adolphus died. Helped fund war.
Term
Queen Christina of Sweden
Definition
Succeeded Gustavus Adolphus
Term
Count Tilly
Definition
Commanded Imperial forces.
Term
Sack of Magdeburg (1631)
Definition
The Sack of Magdeburg by the Imperial Army after it fell to the siege.
Term
Peace of Westphalia
Definition
Ends the 30 Year’s War in 1648

Recognize the Peace of Augsburg
Relative freedom of religion
Forbids unrestricted Letters of Marque
Switzerland and the Netherlands recognized
Ends possibility of centralized monarchy for the Hapsburgs
France gets a lot of territory – Alsace-Lorraine, Burgundy, etc.
Sweden gets N. German land
Brandenburg and Ravenna increase territory
N. Germany is Protestant, S id Catholic
Sweden paid back for war costs by Hapsburgs
Hapsburg encirclement of France wanes
Last war begun over religious issues
HRE shattered, end of counter reformation, etc.
Term
Staatensystem/Westphalian Balance
Definition
Balance of Powers
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