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| Why did representatives of the states fought by Napoleon meet at Vienna in 1814? |
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Definition
| To arrange a final peace settlement. |
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| How were the rulers in Europe trying to reestablish order after the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars? |
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Definition
| They were trying to regain the old order of kings, aristocrats, and bureaucratic elites in control of rule. |
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| Why did the old order not last in Europe? |
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Definition
| New ideologies such as liberalism and nationalism had gained too much popularity |
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| Which four countries united to defeat France during the Napoleonic Wars? |
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Definition
| Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. |
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| What two revolutions are most responsible for the change into Modern Europe? |
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Definition
| The French Revolution and the Industral Revolution |
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| Who was Prince Klemens von Metternich and what did he accomplish? |
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Definition
| He was an Austran Prime Minister and Leader of the Congress of Vienna. He aided the Congress of Vienna in creating a European Order that avoid general conflict for almost a century. |
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Term
| Metternich was an example of what ideology? |
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In Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France |
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| He emphasized that only gradual change prevents destruction of tradition. |
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| A distribution of power among several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests of another. |
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| Who/What was Burschenschaften(s)? |
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| Student societies in Germany dedicated to the cause of a free, united German nation |
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| An ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change, especially abrupt change. |
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Definition
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| What is the Principle of Intervention? |
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Definition
| The idea, after the Congress of Vienna, that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries experiencing revolution to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones. |
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Term
| That is the principle of legitimacy? |
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Definition
| The idea that after the Napoleonic wars, peace could best be reestablished in Europe by restoring legitimate monarchs who would preserve tradtional institutions; guided Metternich at the Congress of Vienna. |
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| An ideaology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible. Economic liberalism is the idea that the government should not interfere in the workings of the economy. Political liberalism is the idea that there should be restrains on the exercise of power so that people can enjoy basic civil rights in a constitutional state with a representative assembly. |
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| Ministerial responsibilty |
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| A tenet of nineteenth-century liberalism that held that ministers of the monarch should be responsible to the legislate assembly rather than to the monarch. |
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| A sense of national conciousness based on awareness of being part of a community-a "nation"-that has common institutions, traditions, languages, and customs and that becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty. |
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| A doctrine that equates God with the universe and all that is in it. |
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| Intellectual movement of the late eighteenth/early nineteenth century that emphasized the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion and imagination in the search for knowledge and truth. |
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| An idealogy that calls for collective or government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods. |
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| A faction in France who favored a return to a monarchical system dominated by a privileged aristocracy and allied with the Catholic Church. |
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Term
| Who were Utopian socialists? |
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Definition
| Intellectuals and theorists in the early nineteenth century who favored equality in the social and economic conditions and wished to replace private property and competition with collective ownership and cooperation; deemed impractical and "utopian" by later socialists. |
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| Essay Question: What role did conservatism play in European polictics during the first half of the nineteenth century? |
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| Essay Question: Who were Utopian Socialists? What sort of changes did they advocate? |
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| Essay Question: Which ideologies might be characterized as ideologies of change? How successful were reformers at implementing these ideas? |
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| Essay Question: What role did the forces of nationalism and liberalism play in the Revolutions of 1848? Why weren't these uprisings successful? |
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| Essay Question: What were the principle characteristics of Romanticism? What are the best artistic expressions of these ideas? |
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Term
| Revolutions in Latin America |
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Definition
-Spanish King lost power during Napoleonic Wars -As a result: Authority in Colonial empire weakened -Originally ruled by juntas. -By 1810, wanted indepenence -including Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, Chile, and Brazil
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| Initiated a revolt against Spain in Mexico that was unsuccessful in 1810. However, in 1821 Mexico and Central America received independence. |
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| Gained by Pedro, son of the Portuguese king when he ended Portuguese control. |
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Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
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-Utilized uncontrolled rhythms to create dramatic struggle and uplifted resolutions. -This is evident in the chorale finale of his Ninth Symphony which he composed when he was totally deaf. |
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| A lyrical drama written by Percy Bysshe Shelley detaling a revolt of human beings against the laws and customs that oppress them. |
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-Charles X created the July Ordinances -censored press -dissolved legislative assembly -reduced electorate for new elections - Caused immediate rebellion: July Revolution -Lead by liberals who elected Louis-Philippe - Charles X fled to Britain
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| A tenth of one's harvest or income; paid by medieval peasants to the village church. |
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| The Latin American Revolution for independence was most inspired by... |
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Definition
| Napoleon's toppling of the Bourbon regime in Spain. |
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Term
| The Peterloo Massacre in Manchester, England was brought about by... |
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Definition
| Protests against high tariffs on foreign grains |
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Term
| Louis XVIII's moderating reign was opposed by liberals who favored revolutionary reforms and... |
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Definition
| ultraroyalists who wanted more power for the aristocracy and the church. |
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Term
| The Russian society, the Northern Union... |
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Definition
| Favored the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. |
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Term
| In David Ricardo's Principles of Political Economy... |
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Definition
| He argued that the number of workers determines the level of wages. |
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Term
| John Stuart Mill's liberalism included the argument that... |
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Definition
| Women should be freed of their subjection to men. |
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Term
| Why did conservatives fear nationalism? |
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Definition
| They thought it may upset the balance of power. |
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Term
| Utopian Liberalism was based on what idea? |
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Definition
| That cooperative living could create a better environment for individuals. |
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Term
King Louis-Phillippe was called France's bourgeois monarch for all of the following except: a.in public he dressed in the clothes of an industrialist.
b.his strongest supporters were upper middle class businessmen.
c. he increased the number of voters. d.he favored the extension of political power to the working class.
e.he introduced policies that favored the bourgeoisie.
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Definition
| d.he favored the extension of political power to the working class. |
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Term
| Mazzini's Young Italy movement was dedicated to... |
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Definition
Creating a united and independent Italian republic.
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Term
| In the United States, John Marshall... |
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Definition
| Increased the authority of the Supreme Court and the national government. |
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Term
| The English Romantics, as different as they were, all agreed that... |
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Definition
| Poetry is the most direct expression of a man's soul. |
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| True or False? Metternich hoped to use the Congress of Vienna to re-establish legitimate order on the European continent. |
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Definition
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| True or False? The Whig Party had little desire for reform and dominated British politics until 1830. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Quadruple Alliance became the Quintuple alliance with the addition of which country? |
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Definition
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Term
| Liberalism and Nationalism in central Europe was most characterized by what? |
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Definition
| Reforms by Frederick WIlliam III in Prussia |
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Term
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Definition
A product of the risorgimento movement, it was an organization started by Giuseppe Mazzini with the goal of creating a united Italian Republic.
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