Martin Luther:

He voiced _____ in The _____ in the year ______.

It was the first widely circulated printed publication that used the _____. 

It greatly expedited the _____. Luther continued his _____ because of a close relationship with _____. If not for _____, the _____, having put a bounty on Luther’s head, would have successfully killed Luther.

Arguments for reform

The 95 Theses

Printing press

Dissemination of Luther’s ideals and arguments

Arguments for reform

Frederick III

Frederick III

The Pope

John Calvin:

Calvin took the _____ and his _____ one step further by questioning whether _____. Developed the concept of _____ and strongly advocated against _____ and _____.

Framework of Luther

Ideals

Any individual could decide his or her fate

Predestination

Festivals

Drinking

Erasmus:

_____ centered on reforming _____. Erasmus was the most _____. He argued for _____ about not only religion, but in all fields (including _____). The “_____" would encourage _____ and would replace _____. Erasmus wrote _____ (_____) and _____ (_____). The first called for _____ and the second was a _____ of a religion that prioritized ______. Through these publications, Erasmus set the _____.

Christian Humanism

Religious practices

Noted Christian Humanist

Personal education

Science

 Big picture of life

 Charitable living

Ignorance

 Handbook of the Militant Christian

1503

The Praise of Folly

1509

Unselfishness

Satire

Power and wealth

Precedence for the future reformers

The Praise of Folly:

_____ wrote The Praise of Folly (_____). It was a _____ of a religion that prioritized _____. Through these publications, _____ set the _____. 

Erasmus

1509

Satire

Power and wealth

Erasmus

Precedence for the future reformers. 

Christian Humanism:

Christian Humanism centered on _____. _____ was the most _____ Christian Humanist.

Reforming religious practices

Erasmus

Noted

Protestant Reformation (ideals):

Argued for _____,  _____, _____, _____, and _____. This led to an increase in _____, caused the creation and convening of the _____, heightened tensions within countries (_____), and partially responsible for the _____. 

Personal education about not only religion, but in all fields (including science)

The “big picture” of life (encourage charitable living, replace ignorance)

Individual could communicate directly with God and did not need an intermediary (priest, etc.) to do so

Monetary donations to the church do not guarantee an individual’s salvation

Too many festivals and celebrations for saints and bishops which diluted the true purpose and nature of Godly living

Missionaries

Council of Trent

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Thirty Years’ War

Council of Trent:

Solidified the_____. Waited _____years and not one _____ was made.

Great Schism

18

Appeasement

Thirty Years’ War:

Cause: There was a huge _____ loss to Rome due to the _____.

Financial

Anglican Church

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre:

There was a huge _____ loss to Rome due to the _____. It was the killing of _____ by the _____ as told by _____. _____  was an evil queen in _____ who fooled _____ into “coming to a _____” that was a really a slaughter.

Financial

Anglican Church

Protestants

Catholics

The Pope

Catherine de Medici

France

Protestants

Wedding

Catherine de Medici:

Evil queen of _____ who fooled _____ into “coming to a _____” that was a really a slaughter. Also known as the start of the _____.

France

Protestants

Wedding

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre  

Archbishop of Mainz:

Sent _____’s _____ to sit down and talk to _____ and is responsible for the bounty on _____’s head.

Martin Luther

Letter of request

The Pope

Luther

Frederick III:

_____ continued his arguments for reforms because of a close relationship with Frederick III. If not for Frederick III, _____, having put a bounty on _____’s head, would have successfully killed _____.

Luther

The Pope

Luther

Luther

Henry VIII:

Originally, Henry VIII argued _____ the reforms proposed by _____ and _____. Received the title “_____” from _____ for his efforts (which is the greatest achievement a civilian who was not part of the papacy can have). Created the _____ after he was refused a _____. Appointed _____ and _____ as the _____ of _____. The split with Rome was solidified with the _____ of _____, which made Henry the head of the _____. There was a huge _____ loss to Rome due to the _____.

Against

Luther

Calvin

Defender of the Faith

Pope Leo X

Church of England

Divorce

Cromwell

Cramner

Archbishops

Canterbury

Act of Supremacy

1534

Anglican Church

Financial

Anglican Church

Thomas More:

Thomas More was another _____ who argued for reforms to both _____ and _____ as a whole: Wrote _____ (_____) and presented what he considered to be the _____. Some of its features were that everyone was _____, maintained _____, and was _____. More serves as _____ before resigning his position after _____ broke away from the _____. Shortly thereafter, he was _____ in _____ for failing to accept the _____.

Humanist

Religious practice

Society

Utoipa

1516

Perfect society

Communal

Job rotation

Classless

Lord Chancellor of England

Henry VIII

Roman Catholic Church

Executed

1535

Church of England

Utopia:

Written by _____ in _____, it presented what he considered to be the _____. Some of its features were that everyone was _____, maintained _____, and was _____. 

Thomas More

1516

Perfect society

Communal

Job rotation

Classless

Black Death:

Also know as _____, it was spread by _____ and _____ and carried throughout Europe by _____. Began in _____ in _____. Spread to England within _____ years. Called Black Death due to _____. Was also spread due to _____ and _____. Since it hit both poor and rich, people couldn't really blame it on _____ clearing the inferior out. _____ didn't stop the spread. It was caused due to lack of _____. It had a fast _____ and_____. Killed nearly _____% of the _____ population (estimated at _____ million). _____ stated that many of his friends: “Ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors in paradise”. 

The Bubonic Plague

Rats

Fleas

Traders

Italy

1347

Two

Blotches

Feces

Polluted water

God

Burning bodies

Sanitation

Incubation period

High mortality rate

50

Western European

75

Boccaccio

Black Death (Social Impacts):

There was persecution of the different. This included _____ (especially the _____, _____, _____ (thought ______ caused the Black Death at first), and _____. There was a loss of _____ at the height of agricultural expansion. This led to a desire for higher wages among _____ and increased tension between _____ and _____. There were also declines in _____ and _____. There were smaller _____, a new decline in _____ peasantry, and _____ wages despite working for _____ hours.

Religions

Jews

Sexual orientations

Handicapped

Leprosy

Race

Laborers

Peasantry

Serfs

Local lords

Serfdom

Forced labor

Household sizes

Landless

Higher

Fewer

Great Rising of 1381:

Also known as the _____, it was a response to _____ tax and the _____, which were both not confined to just peasants or serfs. The Great Rising was led by _____ and _____ but included members from important government positions, such as _____ and _____. Involved communities where tax was not _____ including _____. In the Rising, there was a March on the ______ and the killing of _____. Despite the fact the revolt ultimately _____, it would begin the demise of _____ while starting an era of greater _____ and _____.

Peasants’ Revolt of 1381

Poll

Hundred Years’ War

Wat Tighler

Jon Ball

Reeve

Beadle

Levied

Kent

Tower of London

Lords

Failed

Feudalism

Equality

Liberty

Wat Tighler:

Led the _____ along with _____.

Great Rising

John Ball

John Ball:

Led the _____ along with _____.

Great Rising

Wat Tighler

Age of Exploration:

Influenced by the _____.

Motivations: _____ countries sought ways to catch up to _____ European powers. Explorations provided extension of _____, influx of new _____, control of _____, and an increase of _____. This kind of increase led to some's _____ as a _____.

Leaders of Exploration: The _____, the _____, and the _____ led Age of Exploration.

Renaissance

Emerging

Traditional

Territory

Commodities

Valuable trading routes

National wealth

Ascension

Superpower

  Portuguese

Spanish

Dutch 

Carrack:

New _____ ship, compared to the smaller _____, that was build during the _____.

Large

Caravel

Age of Exploration

Caravel:

New _____ ship, compared to the larger _____, that was build during the _____.

Small

Carrack

Age of Exploration

Vasco de Gama:

A _____ explorer, one of the most successful in the _____ and the _____ of the first ships to sail directly from _____ to _____. 

Portuguese

Age of Exploration

Commander

Europe

India

Francisco Pizarro:

Discovered _____ and the _____ civilization.

Peru

Inca

Hernan Cortez:

Discovered ____ and the _____ civilization.

Mexico

Aztec

Aztecs:

_____ explorer _____ discovered _____ and Aztec civilization. The Aztecs were relatively _____ compared to the _____. They were a _____ empire with _____ class elite, untold _____, and a _____ population. Easily conquered due to _____ (cut off head, the rest dies). This allowed _____ to become  the _____ country in the world and have an endless supply of _____ to mine _____.

Spanish

Hernan Cortes

Mexico

Primitive

Inca

Powerful

Small

Riches

Large

Limited leadership

Spain

Wealthiest

Slave labor

Gold

Inca:

_____ explorer _____ discovered _____ and the Inca civilization. The _____ were relatively _____ compared to the Inca. Less _____ than the _____ but provided riches as well as a new concept _____ would incorporate: _____. Possessed _____ of the world’s 34 major life zones. They constructed a _____ and built a network of _____ (storehouses). This allowed even the poorest Incan to enjoy a _____ diet ranging from tuna and salmon to deer alpaca with avocado, cocoa, squash, and cucumber in between.

Spanish

Francisco Pizarro

Peru

Aztecs

Primitive

Valuable

Aztecs

Spain

Vertical agriculture

20

Roadway

Qollqa

Diverse

Qollqa:

The _____ built a network of qollqa, which were basically _____. This allowed even the poorest _____ to enjoy a _____ diet ranging from tuna and salmon to deer alpaca with avocado, cocoa, squash, and cucumber in between.

Inca

Storehouses

Incan

Diverse

Barracoons:

Once at the _____, the _____ with be held in the barracoons, which were just huge _____. Barracoons held dozens of _____ in the _____ , which was without _____ and _____. _____ were held weeks before a _____ would pick them up. Many historians contend that the number of Africans who died reaching the coast and in the barracoons closely mirrors the number who died during the trip across the _____ (_____%).

Coast

Slaves

Chambers

Slaves

Chamber

Windows

Ventilation

Slaves

Slaver

Atlantic

25

Slave Trade:

All native peoples conquered by the _____ were enslaved and worked until _____. Within two _____ of Columbus’ arrival in the _____ Islands, much of the conquered population had died of _____. Caused need for cheap_____. The solution was found in _____, where _____ began exporting slaves. 

Spaniards

Death

Decades

Caribbean

Exhaustion

Source of labor

Africa

Portugal

Slavers:

Slave _____ that would pick  slaves off the _____ of _____ once they were captured and held in the ______. Slaves were often held for _____ before slavers would pick them up.

Ships

Coasts

Africa

Barracoons

Weeks

Henry the Navigator:

Responsible for _____ advancements made during the _____. Encouraged improvement of _____ via _____. Financed creation of new ships, the _____ (larger) and the _____ (smaller).

Naval

Age of Exploration

Cartography

Selective employment

Carrack

Caravel

Cartography:

The skill of _____ which _____ improved using _____ during the _____. 

Map making

Henry the Navigator

Selective employment

Age of Exploration

Renaissance:

Influenced the _____. 

Mumbai:

City in Africa in which the _____ first established their _____ over valuable _____. This allowed them to create a further _____ on _____ via use of _____.

Portuguese

Stranglehold

Spice ports

Monopoly
Trade

Misinformation

Hundred Years’ War:

Essentially _____ vs. _____. Was caused by controversy over succession to the _____ throne. It was a series of wars interrupted by _____ troubles. First use of _____ because of a lack of _____. Started in _____. Impacts included the decline in _____ due to use of _____, the use of _____, the future advantages of _____, the end of _____ warfare, the end of _____ and _____, and _____ emerged as an _____.

Longbows

Crossbows

French

Domestic

Mercenaries

Population

Normandy

Heavy cavalry

Archers

Mercenaries

Professional soldiers

Feudal

Chivalry

Knights

England

Island-nation

Slave coasts:

Most slaves were brought to the _____ Coast of _____ to wait in the barracoons for a _____ to pick them up in one of _____ coastal regions: The _____ Coast, the _____ Coast, the _____ Coast, and the _____ Coast).

West

Africa

Slaver

Four

Windword

Ivory

Gold

Salve