Term
| What muscles make up the spinotransverse group of superficial layer? |
|
Definition
splenius capitis
splenius cervicis |
|
|
Term
| What muscles make up the sacrospinalis group of the intermediate layer? |
|
Definition
Iliocostalis (lateral) contains lumbar, thoracic, and cervical sections
Longissimus (medial) contains thoracic, cervical, and capitis sections
Spinalis (most medial) contains thoracic part only |
|
|
Term
| What muscles make up the transversospinalis group of deep layer? |
|
Definition
Semispinalis capitis, cervicis, and thoracis
multifudus
rotators |
|
|
Term
| What's the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of splenius capitis? |
|
Definition
Action - rotation and extension of the head and neck
Origin - spinous processes
insertion - superior nuchal line, mastoid
innervation - dorsal rami |
|
|
Term
| What's the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of splenius cervicis |
|
Definition
action - rotation and extension of head and neck
origin - spinous processes
insertion - trans of upper cervicals
innervation - dorsal rami |
|
|
Term
| What's the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of semispinalis capitis? |
|
Definition
action - rotate and extend the head, neck, and truck
origin - upper thoracic trans.
insertion - occipital bone
innervation - C1 - T10 |
|
|
Term
| What's the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of iliocostalis? |
|
Definition
action - flexion, extension, and rotation of collar and head
origin - ilium, ribs, and spines
insertion - ribs and cervical trans.
innervation - dorsal rami |
|
|
Term
| What's the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of longissimus? |
|
Definition
ation - flexion, extension, and rotation of collar and head
origin - sacrum, ilium, ribs, spine
insertion - mastoid, ribs, trans.
innervation - dorsal rami |
|
|
Term
| What's the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of spinalis thoracis? |
|
Definition
action - flexion, extension, and rotation of collar and head
origin - sacrum, ilium, ribs, spine
insertion - spinous processes
innervation - dorsal rami |
|
|
Term
| What causes a compression fracture? |
|
Definition
| Compression fracture: produced by collapse of the vertebral bodies resulting from trauma |
|
|
Term
| What is spondylolisthesis? |
|
Definition
Spondylolisthesis: a forward displacement of vertebra on the one below, usually of the fifth lumbar over the body of the sacrum
*Due to a developmental defect in the pedicle of the migrating vertebra |
|
|
Term
| What's the structure of the vertebral arch? |
|
Definition
Pedicles (laterally) & laminae (posteriorly) are paired
Pedicles connect body & arch
Have 7 processes - 1 spinous, 2 transverse & 4 articular
Has inferior & superior notches |
|
|
Term
| What are the different processes of a vertebrae? |
|
Definition
Spinous process: Projects posteriorly from arch
Transverse process: project on each side from pedicle & lamina
*Articulate with tubercles of ribs (1-10) in thoracic region
*All ribs (except for 11 & 12 or 10 & 11) articulate with neural vertebrae
Inferior & Superior Articular Processes
*Articulate with each other- inferior of 1 to superior of next
Costal (Facets) Processes: Anterior to pedicle; articulate with heads of ribs (inferior & superior)
Mammillary Processes: Tubercles on superior articular processes of lumbar vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What are the different foramina? |
|
Definition
Vertebral Foramina: formed by vertebral bodies & vertebral arches
*Form the vertebral canal & transmit the spinal cord with its meningeal coverings, nerve roots, & associated vessels
Intervertebral Foramina
*Between inferior & superior surfaces of pedicles; transmit spinal nerves & vessels leaving vertebral canal
Transverse Foramina
*In each transverse process of cervical vertebra; transmit vertebral artery, vein & autonomic nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spondilitis: inflammation of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Explain the intervertebral disk |
|
Definition
Between 2 vertebrae; important for absorbing shocks & for movement
Nucleus Pulposus
*Of embryonic notochord in center of intervertebral disk
*Made of reticular & collagenous fibers embedded in mucoid
*May herniate through annulus fibrosus, absorbs shocks, equalizes pressure & exchanges fluids between disk & capillaries
Anulus Fibrosus
*Made of concentric layers of fibrous tissue & fibrocartilage
*Binds column together; retains nucleus; permits movement; absorbs shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Whiplash injury of the neck: causes the head to hyperextend & the lower part of the neck to hyperflex rapidly
Occurs at junction of C4 & C5 (thus C1-C4 acts as the "lash" & C5-C7 acts as the "whip") |
|
|
Term
| What is cord compression? |
|
Definition
| Cord Compression: 2 vertebrae collapse on one another, get a fracture, or rupture causing damage to spinal nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atlas - 1st cervical vertebra
Supports skull
NO spinous process and NO body, but consists of anterior & posterior arches & paired transverse processes
Articulates with occipital condyles of the skull to form the atlanto-occipital joints & inferiorly with the axis to form the atlantoaxial joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Axis/Second Cervical Vertebra
Has smallest transverse process
Characterized by dens (odontoid process) which projects superiorly from the body of the axis & articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas |
|
|
Term
| What is the vertebra prominens? |
|
Definition
Seventh Cervical Vertebra
Called the vertebra prominens because it has a long spinous process
Provides attachment site for ligamentum nuchae, supraspinous ligaments, & numerous back muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the fifth lumbar vertebra? |
|
Definition
| Has the largest body; has mammillary & accessory processes off transverse process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 fused sacral vertebrae
Forms the posterior part of pelvis & provides the strength & stability to the pelvis
Characterized by the following structures
*Ala: formed by fused transverse & costal processes
*Median sacral crest: formed by fused spinous processes
*Sacral Hiatus: formed by laminae of 5th sacral vertebra not meeting
*Sacral cornu: formed by pedicles of 5th sacral vertebra; landmark for giving caudal anesthesia |
|
|
Term
| What attaches to the coccyx? |
|
Definition
| Provides attachment for the coccygeus & levator ani muscles |
|
|
Term
| Explain the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament |
|
Definition
Skull to sacrum on anterior surface
Prevents hyperextension
Supports the annulus fibrosus anteriorly |
|
|
Term
| Explain the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament |
|
Definition
Runs anterior to spinal cord within the vertebral canal
Prevents hyperflexion
Supports posterior aspect of vertebral bodies & annulus fibrosus |
|
|
Term
| Explain the ligamentum flavum |
|
Definition
Ligamentum Flavum
*Connects laminae of 2 adjacent vertebrae
*Maintains the upright posture
*May be pierced during spinal tap |
|
|
Term
| What is the ligamentum nuchae? |
|
Definition
Ligamentum Nuchae (Back of Neck)
*Triangle shaped median fibrous septum between the muscles on the 2 sides of the posterior aspect of the neck |
|
|
Term
| What happens in a slipped disk? |
|
Definition
Herniated or slipped disk
Protrusion of nucleus pulposus into the intervertebral foramen or into the vertebral canal |
|
|
Term
| What is Lumbar Spondylosis? |
|
Definition
| Degenerative joint disease affecting the lumbar vertebrae & intervertebral disks, causing pain & stiffness |
|
|
