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Etemadi - Back 2
Continuation - deep muscle and vertebrae
30
Anatomy
Professional
09/08/2008

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Cards

Term
What muscles make up the spinotransverse group of superficial layer?
Definition
splenius capitis

splenius cervicis
Term
What muscles make up the sacrospinalis group of the intermediate layer?
Definition
Iliocostalis (lateral) contains lumbar, thoracic, and cervical sections

Longissimus (medial) contains thoracic, cervical, and capitis sections

Spinalis (most medial) contains thoracic part only
Term
What muscles make up the transversospinalis group of deep layer?
Definition
Semispinalis capitis, cervicis, and thoracis

multifudus

rotators
Term
What's the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of splenius capitis?
Definition
Action - rotation and extension of the head and neck

Origin - spinous processes

insertion - superior nuchal line, mastoid

innervation - dorsal rami
Term
What's the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of splenius cervicis
Definition
action - rotation and extension of head and neck

origin - spinous processes

insertion - trans of upper cervicals

innervation - dorsal rami
Term
What's the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of semispinalis capitis?
Definition
action - rotate and extend the head, neck, and truck

origin - upper thoracic trans.

insertion - occipital bone

innervation - C1 - T10
Term
What's the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of iliocostalis?
Definition
action - flexion, extension, and rotation of collar and head

origin - ilium, ribs, and spines

insertion - ribs and cervical trans.

innervation - dorsal rami
Term
What's the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of longissimus?
Definition
ation - flexion, extension, and rotation of collar and head

origin - sacrum, ilium, ribs, spine

insertion - mastoid, ribs, trans.

innervation - dorsal rami
Term
What's the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of spinalis thoracis?
Definition
action - flexion, extension, and rotation of collar and head

origin - sacrum, ilium, ribs, spine

insertion - spinous processes

innervation - dorsal rami
Term
What causes a compression fracture?
Definition
Compression fracture: produced by collapse of the vertebral bodies resulting from trauma
Term
What is spondylolisthesis?
Definition
Spondylolisthesis: a forward displacement of vertebra on the one below, usually of the fifth lumbar over the body of the sacrum

*Due to a developmental defect in the pedicle of the migrating vertebra
Term
What's the structure of the vertebral arch?
Definition
Pedicles (laterally) & laminae (posteriorly) are paired

Pedicles connect body & arch

Have 7 processes - 1 spinous, 2 transverse & 4 articular

Has inferior & superior notches
Term
What are the different processes of a vertebrae?
Definition
Spinous process: Projects posteriorly from arch

Transverse process: project on each side from pedicle & lamina
*Articulate with tubercles of ribs (1-10) in thoracic region
*All ribs (except for 11 & 12 or 10 & 11) articulate with neural vertebrae

Inferior & Superior Articular Processes
*Articulate with each other- inferior of 1 to superior of next

Costal (Facets) Processes: Anterior to pedicle; articulate with heads of ribs (inferior & superior)

Mammillary Processes: Tubercles on superior articular processes of lumbar vertebrae
Term
What are the different foramina?
Definition
Vertebral Foramina: formed by vertebral bodies & vertebral arches
*Form the vertebral canal & transmit the spinal cord with its meningeal coverings, nerve roots, & associated vessels

Intervertebral Foramina
*Between inferior & superior surfaces of pedicles; transmit spinal nerves & vessels leaving vertebral canal

Transverse Foramina
*In each transverse process of cervical vertebra; transmit vertebral artery, vein & autonomic nerves
Term
What's spondilitis?
Definition
Spondilitis: inflammation of spinal cord
Term
Explain the intervertebral disk
Definition
Between 2 vertebrae; important for absorbing shocks & for movement

Nucleus Pulposus
*Of embryonic notochord in center of intervertebral disk
*Made of reticular & collagenous fibers embedded in mucoid
*May herniate through annulus fibrosus, absorbs shocks, equalizes pressure & exchanges fluids between disk & capillaries

Anulus Fibrosus
*Made of concentric layers of fibrous tissue & fibrocartilage
*Binds column together; retains nucleus; permits movement; absorbs shock
Term
Explain whiplash
Definition
Whiplash injury of the neck: causes the head to hyperextend & the lower part of the neck to hyperflex rapidly

Occurs at junction of C4 & C5 (thus C1-C4 acts as the "lash" & C5-C7 acts as the "whip")
Term
What is cord compression?
Definition
Cord Compression: 2 vertebrae collapse on one another, get a fracture, or rupture causing damage to spinal nerve
Term
What is the atlas
Definition
Atlas - 1st cervical vertebra

Supports skull

NO spinous process and NO body, but consists of anterior & posterior arches & paired transverse processes

Articulates with occipital condyles of the skull to form the atlanto-occipital joints & inferiorly with the axis to form the atlantoaxial joints
Term
What is the axis?
Definition
Axis/Second Cervical Vertebra

Has smallest transverse process

Characterized by dens (odontoid process) which projects superiorly from the body of the axis & articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas
Term
What is the vertebra prominens?
Definition
Seventh Cervical Vertebra

Called the vertebra prominens because it has a long spinous process

Provides attachment site for ligamentum nuchae, supraspinous ligaments, & numerous back muscles
Term
What is unique about the fifth lumbar vertebra?
Definition
Has the largest body; has mammillary & accessory processes off transverse process
Term
Explain the sacrum
Definition
5 fused sacral vertebrae

Forms the posterior part of pelvis & provides the strength & stability to the pelvis

Characterized by the following structures
*Ala: formed by fused transverse & costal processes
*Median sacral crest: formed by fused spinous processes
*Sacral Hiatus: formed by laminae of 5th sacral vertebra not meeting
*Sacral cornu: formed by pedicles of 5th sacral vertebra; landmark for giving caudal anesthesia
Term
What attaches to the coccyx?
Definition
Provides attachment for the coccygeus & levator ani muscles
Term
Explain the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Definition
Skull to sacrum on anterior surface

Prevents hyperextension

Supports the annulus fibrosus anteriorly
Term
Explain the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Definition
Runs anterior to spinal cord within the vertebral canal

Prevents hyperflexion

Supports posterior aspect of vertebral bodies & annulus fibrosus
Term
Explain the ligamentum flavum
Definition
Ligamentum Flavum

*Connects laminae of 2 adjacent vertebrae

*Maintains the upright posture

*May be pierced during spinal tap
Term
What is the ligamentum nuchae?
Definition
Ligamentum Nuchae (Back of Neck)

*Triangle shaped median fibrous septum between the muscles on the 2 sides of the posterior aspect of the neck
Term
What happens in a slipped disk?
Definition
Herniated or slipped disk

Protrusion of nucleus pulposus into the intervertebral foramen or into the vertebral canal
Term
What is Lumbar Spondylosis?
Definition
Degenerative joint disease affecting the lumbar vertebrae & intervertebral disks, causing pain & stiffness
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