Term
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Definition
Made in bone marrow in adult
can occur in spleen, nodes, liver |
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Term
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Definition
varies with species
smallest in goats (~3 microns)
largest in dogs (~7 microns) |
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Term
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Definition
Life span varies- RE cells remove (means constantly lost from circulation bc macrophages eat daily)
110 days in dogs, 70 days in cats |
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Term
| Where is hemoglobin found and what is it |
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Definition
| in RBCs; respiratory pigment-causes red color, carries oxygen |
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Term
| How often are RBCs made, all the time or when numbers are lost etc |
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Definition
Normally production = loss thus PCV says constant
-if loss > production then its anemia |
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Term
| What does the term anemia mean |
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Definition
a sign in many diseases
appearance provides info on cause/etiology |
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Term
| Where are RBCs broken down and what do they release |
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Definition
| Occurs in RE system; hemoglobin (a protein & respiratory pigment that causes red color and carried o2 to tissues after picks up in lungs...RBC are only red when carry o2) |
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Term
| What is hemoglobin broken down into? |
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Definition
globin- reused (gets broken down into a.a which are reused as proteins) & iron- reused (transported in blood to tissues for storage OR to red blood marrow to make new hemoglobin)
unconjugated bilirubin (waste product)- to liver (where conjugates/makes water soluble so can leave blood & then excretes as bile into SI)
then some in urine (after absorbed into blood & in kidney), some in feces (gives feces the color as bacteria convert)
-if RBC breakdown increases, causes icterus (ANYTHING that ups bilirubin can cause icterus) |
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Term
| To evaluate RBCs, you'd use |
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Definition
| PCV is the most accurate test |
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Term
| The RBC and hemoglobin count are useful for |
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Definition
useful to calculate indices
MCV & MCHC |
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Term
| Name two tests beside the PCV that can be used to eval RBCs |
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Definition
Erythrocyte morphology (can only be done with microscope!)
Reticulocyte count (only useful for anemia)
responsive vs. non-responsive (if bone marrow responding to anemic situation should be increasing RBC if responding...if not then bad b/c not making RBC) |
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Term
| Give the range of normal PCVs and does every animal show this |
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Definition
Dogs- 37-55%, mean 45%
Cats- 30-45%, mean 37%
*individuals have their own numbers so need to know that value, stays pretty constant & drop may not be obvious unless looking at a lot |
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Term
| Where does erythropoietin come from |
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Definition
| From juxtaglomerular apparatus of nephron of kidney |
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Term
| what is the mechanism that induces RBCs to be made and name a condition that could mess up this process |
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Definition
Erythropoietin feedback mechanism; Released when oxygen levels drop from kidney; Stimulates bone marrow to release rbcs and increase production; increases o2 carrying capacity of blood and stops the production;
If occurs then called responsive anemia
aka regenerative anemia (GOOD, should go back to normal but takes while to see)
*kidney disease mess up erythropoietin release |
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Term
| Describe RBC production and how long before see more RBCs in the blood |
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Definition
rubriblast(large round cell which contains a large round nucleus) turns into prorubicyte thru mitosis, then to rubricyte, matures to a metarubricyte, to polychromatophil (reticulocyte), then to mature RBC
*takes 7 days before release of mature RBCs |
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Term
| where does mitosis stop in erythrocyte production |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Non-nucleated
Spherical
Stain red
Central pallor
in the dog
Most numerous
Use as a ruler
Made in marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| Stacking of rbcs (b/c settling) |
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Term
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Definition
| horses; increases in some diseases (so report if see!) |
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Term
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Definition
Clumping of rbcs
Confused with rouleaux
See in dogs more
Seen in IMHA (immune mediated hemolytic anemia- leukocytes making antibodies against RBC)
May need to dilute in saline or plasma to see if still attracted to each other
*only significant when see anemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Variation in size of rbcs (in 1 spp not b/w any); GOOD condition |
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Term
| You see anisocytosis when |
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Definition
Normal in cow
*Increase in responsive anemias due to younger rbc’s which bigger (thus why see variation in size |
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Term
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Definition
| Variation in rbc color from blue to red (instead of all eosinophilic); immature are bigger & bluer; GOOD b/c suggests responding |
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Term
| You see polychromasia when |
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Definition
| See in responsive anemia (outside of anemia not sure what this means)and usually at same time as anisocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| :low color"; Large pale area in center of rbc; Due to decrease in hemoglobin and iron from blood loss (when blood being lost can't re-use hemoglobin) |
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Term
| Camelids have what shape RBCs normally |
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Definition
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Term
| Deer RBCs look like what? |
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Definition
Sickle when come in contact w/ oxygen in air not in blood
aka depranocytes
-if did this in blood, would get stuck in capallaries |
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Term
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Definition
Schizocytes
RBC fragments
Sign of IV trauma (hemangiosarcoma)
Seen in DIC (dessimated intravascular coagulation, mass system of clotting which kills animal, terminal event like with heartworms) & in vascular neoplasms, Fe deficiency (would see bleed, hemorrhages)
*make sure not an artifact but NOT see this normally |
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Term
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Definition
Spur cells
Uneven rbc projections
Seen in liver disease, hemangiosarcoma
Also see in hyperlipidosis (fat in blood)
May be artifacts |
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Term
| What abnormal RBCs may be artifacts |
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Definition
| acanthocytes and echinocytes |
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Term
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Definition
"Burr cells"
Spiculated cells
Even projections from rbc surface
May be artifact
Seen in renal disease, lympho, others |
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Term
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Definition
Seen in IMHA (outside of this, don't know what this means)
Hard to tell in species other than dogs (b/c cell actually becomes spherical and loses central pallor in dog)
Smaller rbcs
Denser staining
*significant condition clinically |
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Term
| Canine distemper inclusions are seen in and how do they look |
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Definition
May see in rbcs, wbcs, squamous cells
Size varies cell to cell
usually see signs with this
make sure not participate on slide
occurs with some diseases or viruses
unusual to see |
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Term
| What is a Howell Jolly body |
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Definition
Nuclear remnant (that stayed in cell after metarubricyte kicked it out) In younger cells
seen as Blue dot
anywhere in cell
Don’t confuse with parasites
associated with regenerative anemia but no other clinical significance and should go away |
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Term
| How many Howell Jolly bodies can there be per cell |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Associated with Denatured HbG
Refractile bleb w/ DQ
Bleb on rbc edge
*Blue w/ NMB (can't be dx'd any other way)
*associated with anemias "Heinz body immune mediated hemolytic anemia)
can be caused by wild onion poisoning or NMB in toilet cleaner |
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Term
| Heinz bodies are normal in |
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Definition
Common in cats
Abnormal in others
*clinically significant if seen |
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Term
| How does Basophilic stipling look |
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Definition
Lots of blue dots in rbcs stained w/ DQ
Associated w/ lead poisoning
especially if see nucleated rbc’s |
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Term
| what RBC have a pale center |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (its a dynamic number so dangerous to only look at one value) dehydrated = increased PCV, get dehydrated from losing more than taking in; polycythemia leads to increased PCV; transfusion can increase by small % (mainly b/c only a bandaid and bone marrow needs to respond or useless) |
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Term
| Is an elevation in PCV worrisome or not |
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Definition
| No not without clinical signs but an increase is |
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Term
| What stage of RBC production could you look at to see if the bone marrow is responding to anemia |
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Definition
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Term
| If you see a dog with a low PCV and spherocytes on the slide, what does this mean? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Immature non nucleated RBCs |
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Term
| When do you see reticulocytes? |
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Definition
1% WNL in dogs
Increase in responsive anemias
*since normally seen, if see not mean regenerative anemia automatically |
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Term
| What 2 types of reticulocytes do cats have and which do you look at |
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Definition
| punctate (dots here and there) or aggregate, only count aggregate ones |
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Term
| how do reticulocytes stain and can you see them without stain |
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Definition
3 ways: drop NMB on top to stain and look at, mix equal amounts of NMB and RBCs, use NMB with RBC (1 drop each) & counterstain with Diff Quik (best bc RBC look more normal)
*must stain to see |
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Term
| What do reticulocytes mean in ruminants or horses |
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Definition
| in ruminants means regenerative anemia; horses don't release these in blood (have look at PCV or marrow) |
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Term
| Do not confused reticulocytes with |
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Definition
| basophilic stipling (stains only with Diff Quik) |
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Term
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Definition
Metarubricytes= main one of these
dark nucleus, usually look like expelling nucleus
Seen in responsive anemias (in absence of these probably just coincidence)
Cytoplasm varies from blue to red (cytoplasm is bluer in lymph so dont confuse)
May see in normal animals (dogs a lot)
Reticulocyte increase usually occurs before this |
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Term
| Automatic counters will count nRBCs as |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to correct the WBC count so that nRBC are not counted as them, you must do? |
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Definition
add nrbcs to diff (#/100 wbcs)
(100 wbcs/100 + # nrbcs) X count
Assume 30,000 count & 36 nrbcs
i.e. 100/100 + 36= 100/136 x 30,000= 22,058 corrected count |
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Term
| The corrected WBC is always higher or lower than observed WBC count |
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Definition
| corrected always lower than observed |
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Term
| With blood parasites, are they bacteria, protozoa or what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
require intermediate host (insect); vary from blue dots to larger organisms with visible nuclei; Produce responsive anemias
Direct visualization is diagnostic (machine cant tell there!); intra and extra cellular |
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Term
| what are the 2 most common insects to carry blood parasites |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasitized cells are phagocytized by what |
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Definition
| macrophages in RE (liver, spleen, lymph nodes) |
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Term
| Describe Mycoplasma haemofelis |
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Definition
Small blue dot on edge of rbc
Often see > 1/ cell (obv. there or not!)
Removed by macrophages
Cause feline infectious anemia- in cat most often, see anemic cat and 1st thing do is FIV test
*this treatable but FIV not |
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Term
| Describe Mycoplasma haemocanis |
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Definition
Was Hemobartonella canis
Appears as M. haemofelis
Much rarer
Seen in splenectomized dogs |
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Term
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Definition
Seen in cattle
Anaplasmosis
Blue dot on edge of rbc (rounder)
Carried by ticks |
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Term
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Definition
Protozoa not bacteria
Species seen in dogs, cattle, horses (spp specific)
Carried by ticks (so seen in deep south not really VA but can)
Large organisms
Often in pairs
pear-shaped |
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Term
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Definition
Seen in swine, sheep, cattle
Various blue structures on edge of rbc
Not common in VA, bacteria! |
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Term
| A tech could see microfilaria in what circumstances? |
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Definition
| if animal not on monthly heart prevention |
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Term
| What does microfilaria on slide suggest? |
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Definition
| M and F heartworms in heart; this is larvae of dirofilaria immitus; mosquitos carry so see everywhere even if not endemic |
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Term
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Definition
Many species
Affect many animals
Rare in U.S. (can be here)
Carried by biting insects
Large extra-cellular parasite (not as lg as microfilariae)
Not RBC parasites, travel in blood |
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Term
| What do refractile artifacts suggest? |
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Definition
| they are trash; prominent when let blood dry slowly SO shake and dry; affects ability to see parasites, BAD |
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Term
| What are punched out RBCs? |
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Definition
| drying artifact (not target cells) |
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Term
| In what conditions do you get stain precipitate? |
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Definition
| NMB is notorious for this so filter before use and not use cheap stain; affects ability to see things |
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Term
| Why do you do an erythrocyte sedimentation rate? |
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Definition
This is how quick RBC settle
Rarely done
Increases in many disorders
Seen as rouleaux on a smear
quickest settle rate = horse b/c of rouleaux
-need rack with special tubes, put in at 0 and watch how settle |
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Term
| How do we determine cause of anemia? (or is have anemia and no idea as to etiology) |
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Definition
PCV, rbc count, HbG
calculate indices
RBC morphology
Reticulocyte count
looking for increase in dogs/cats
presence in ruminants
Bone marrow exam (when have non regenerative) |
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Term
| How do you do the reticulocyte count and is it done in lab? |
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Definition
Mix blood with NMB (1:1)
Let sit 10 minutes
Make smear
Count retics per 1,000 rbcs (means need field where see all RBCs, if 100/field then count 10 fields)
divide by 10 to get %
Calculate reticulocyte count (%)
if count 56 retics, then 5.6 %
*no |
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Term
| How do you perform a corrected retic count to account for fewer mature rbcs in anemic animal? |
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Definition
Multiply observed retic count times observed PCV/normal PCV
i.e. 5.6 % x 20/45 = 2.4%
corrected lower than observed
use PCV = 45 in dog, 35 in cat |
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Term
| If the vet doesn't want a % for results of corrected retic count, then what do you do? |
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Definition
Absolute retic count:Multiply corrected retic count by the erythrocyte count
If corrected retics = 2.4%
and if 3,500,000 rbcs/l, then…
0.024 x 3,500,000 = 84,000 retics/ul
increased if above normal |
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Term
| What are erythrocyte indices? |
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Definition
Only 2 signif:
Mean corpuscular volume- MCV
average size of rbc
if > normal- macrocytosis (macrocytic anemia)
if < normal- microcytosis (microcytic anemia)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration- MCHC
average HbG in rbc
Hypochromia or normochromia
*can only see low HbG |
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Term
| In terms of indices, what do we normally see for RBCs? |
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Definition
| Normocytic and normochromic (RbCs are normal sized and norm HbG) |
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Term
| What is microcytic hypochromic anemia and what does it suggest? |
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Definition
| rbcs are small; suggests blood loss anemia (Fe and glob can't be reused) |
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