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Equine, special, and digital radiography
VET Imaging
80
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 3
11/25/2013

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Cards

Term
What major items are needed for an equine radiograph?
Definition
Cassette (10x 12)
Fast screen
Cassette holder
Aprons
Restrainer
Portable x-ray machine
Term
3 different x-ray machine types for equine?
Definition
Small portable (20 MA/ 80 KVP)
Mobile unit (100/300 MA/ 120 KVP) in clinic
Mounted on rails (1000 MA)
Term
A lower MA means _____ exposure time.
Definition
longer
Term
4 important safety steps to remember in equine rad:
Definition
Protect personnel first
Take safest view
Avoid views from behind rear legs
Never hold X-ray tube
Term
Why is it so important to label each position in Eq Rad?
Definition
All legs look the same from cannon bone distally on x-ray.
Term
Where should the label be placed for a lateral view?
Definition
Either anterior or dorsal side
Term
Where should label be placed for a DPa or CrCd view?
Definition
Lateral side
Term
3 important techniques for equine rad:
Definition
Clean debris
Pack sole w/ play dough if doing hoof x-ray
Views of joint should be wt bearing
Term
Why is special contrast media used?
Definition
Highlight a lesion
Increase contrast of organ
Gives more info than flat (survey) film
Term
Two types of contrast medias and what they look like on film:
Definition
Positive = White
Negative = Black
Term
Two agents used for positive contrast:
Definition
Organic iodine
Barium
Term
Organic iodine is used for ____, ____, & ____. Iodine is also excreted by the _____ and can be given __.
Definition
Excretory urography, Angiography, & Cystography.
Glomeruli
IV
Term
Barium is used to examine the ____ tract and can be given which two ways?
Definition
GI tract
Swallow and Enema
Term
Negative contrast agents are:
Definition
Room air
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Nitrous oxide
Term
Which two negative contrast agents are safer because there is a less chance of air emboli?
Definition
Nitrous oxide and Carbon dioxide
Term
Negative contrast is used for ___, ___, & ___.
Definition
Pneumocystography (air in bladder)
Double contrast studies
Pneumography (air/gas in abdomen)
Term
When changing the exposure technique w/ contrast media, What should be increased? How much?
Definition
MAS 30%
Term
Patient should be fasted __ - __ hours for an abdominal study and an enema should be done __ hours prior to x-ray.
Definition
12-24
4
Term
What are the 10 different types of contrast studies?
Definition
- Excretory Urography
- Cystography
- Urethrogram
- Esophagography
- Upper GI
- Double contrast gastrogram
- Barium enema
- Pneumoperitonealogram
- Myelogram
- Non-selective Angiography
Term
What contrast study is used to check kidney function and size? And has three phases.
Definition
Excretory Urography
3 phases=
Nephrogram: 0-5 min (vasculature)
Pyelogram: 5-20 min (renal pelvis)
Drainage phase: 20-40 min (ureters)
Term
Used to examine bladder wall for abnormalities/tears:
Definition
Cystography
Term
Used to examine the internal structure of the urethra:
Definition
Urethrogram
Term
What are the two types of urethrogram and what do they do?
Definition
-Retrograde: use swans-gan catheter (against natural flow)
-Antergrade: push on bladder w/ wooden spoon (natural flow)
Term
Used to examine esophageal function:
Definition
Esophagography
Term
Used to evaluate the stomach and small intestines:
Definition
Upper GI Studies
Term
What are two contraindications of an Upper GI study?
Definition
- Don't use barium if suspected rupture
- Don't use iodine for dehydrated patients
Term
___ ___ ___ is the same as an Upper GI study but patient must have empty ___. Place the ___ in using a stomach tube then add ___/___. Only do films at __ time.
Definition
Double Contrast Gastrogram
Stomach
Barium
Air/carbon dioxide
0
Term
Barium enema: patient in ____ recumbency, inflate catheter balloon in rectum to seal it for no leakage. Allow barium to flow out rectum/tube when done.
Definition
Lateral
Term
The injection of Carbon Dioxide/Nitrous Oxide into the peritoneal cavity to improve the contrast of organs.
Definition
Pneumoperitonealogram
Term
The intro of iodine contrast agent into the subarachnoid space around the spinal cord.
Definition
Myelogram
Term
___ ___ ___ is having to inject a bolus of iodine contrast agent into a vessel. The film must be taken at the time of ___. This process is effective at identifying _____ and aneurysms.
Definition
Non-selective Angiography
Injection
Occlusions
Term
Aneurysm is a
Definition
Weakened vessel wall
Term
Occlusion is a
Definition
Blockage
Term
___ ___ imaging systems replace traditional film with a reusable detector.
Definition
Digital Radiography
Term
Uses a photostumulable storage phosphor imaging plate (PSP/IP) typically in a cassette that changes x-ray photons into a latent electronic image.
Definition
Computed Radiography
Term
The detector & reader are a permanent part of the table; cassette not needed. Automatically sends to display monitor to be looked at.
Definition
Digital Radiography
Term
Advantages of CR & DR:
Definition
Faster processing
Less rad
Images can be edited (brightness, contrast, magnification)
No need for darkroom, chemicals, processor ..
Term
Disadvantages of CR & DR:
Definition
Expensive
Ongoing maintenance; maybe support fees
Term
Picture archival computing systems (PACS) is used to:
Definition
Move images around several computer work stations; single hospital or between them. Stores images permanently.
Term
Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) establishes a
Definition
Universal, standardized public format and protocol for communicating biomedical imaging files.
Term
What are 5 types of alternative imaging techniques?
Definition
CT / CAT scan
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Fluoroscopy
Endoscopy
Ultrasound
Term
CT / CAT scan stands for:
and uses x-rays to take ___ of the body and rebuilds them back into __ & __ images using a ____ algorithm.
Definition
Computed tomography; Slices, 2D and 3D, mathematical.
Term
Uses the magnetic properties of H+ to produce images of the body. Magnetizes soft tissues.
Definition
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Term
The application of radio frequency waves to the magnetized tissue causes release of energy picked up & displayed as a slice image on the computer monitor.
Definition
MRI
Term
Uses x-rays passed through patient and picked up on a ___ screen. Allows real-time visualization, Contrast media can also be monitored. Large amt of rad.
Definition

Fluoroscopy

Fluorescent screen

Term
A rigid/flexible tube with a light source, eyepiece, & an additional channel for passing surgical instruments. Visualize interior of hollow organs & collect samples.
Definition
Endoscopy
Term
Uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of structures in the body.
Definition
Ultrasound
Term
Echoes reflected off of structures in the body are converted into electrical signals then displayed on a computer screen.
Definition
Ultrasound
Term
When certain crystals emit ultrasound frequencies/vibrations when electrically excited, this is called?
Definition
The Piezoelectric effect
Term
Acoustic impedance is determined by how well a substance ___ ___.
Definition
Transmits sound
Term
Acoustic interface is the ___ between two tissues w/ different ___ transmitting properties; causes returning echo.
Definition
Boundary
Sound
Term
One cycle per second is called:
Definition
Hertz (Hz)
Term
A million cycles per second is called a:
Definition
Megahertz (MHz)
Term
Diagnostic ultrasound uses sound waves at __ - __ + megahertz.
Definition
2 - 15
Term
The transducer produces ultrasound in very short bursts/pulses then listens for returning echoes is called
Definition
Pulse-echo principle
Term
True or False: Sound energy will travel a limited distance into tissue before losing its energy.
Definition
True
Term
What are the three causes of attenuation (loss of power/energy).
Definition
Absorption (in tissues - becomes heat)
Reflection (echo)
Scatter (lost)
Term
The ___ the difference in density & composition between two adjoining tissues, the ___ the echo will be.
Definition
Greater
Stronger
Term
Appearance of fluid on an ultrasound
Definition
Black
Term
Appearance of soft tissue on ultrasound
Definition
Shades of grey
Term
Appearance of bone/stone on ultrasound
Definition
Bright white edge w/ shadow behind
Term
Appearance of gas on an ultrasound
Definition
White edge w/ shadow/ reverberation artifact
Term
Ability to produce echoes
Definition
Echogenicity
Term
Produces no echoes (no dots)
Definition
Anechoic
Term
Produces weak echoes (grey dots)
Definition
Hypoechoic
Term
Produces echoes similar to background echoes
Definition
Isoechoic
Term
Produces intense echoes (white dots)
Definition
Hyperechoic
Term
The degree of image detail and clarity
Definition
Resolution
Term
Name 3 transducer frequencies:
Definition
3.5
5 MHz
7.5
Term
Low transducer frequency has ___ penetration but ___ resolution.
Definition
Better
Poorer
Term
High transducer frequency has ___ penetration but ___ resolution.
Definition
Less
Better
Term
Ultrasound cannot penetrate through ___, ___, & ___.
Definition
Air, bone, & stone
Term
Why is gel needed between transducer & skin?
Definition
To eliminate air gap
Term
Another term for finding a clear path for sound wave around bones or lungs to get around structures of interest in ultrasound.
Definition
Acoustic window
Term
Acoustic shadowing is when
Definition
Ultrasound pulse hits air, bone, or stone. Effective at identifying bladder stones.
Term
Distal enhancement happens when
Definition
Waves are stronger traveling through fluid so they take their time going through the source/structure. Lighter area behind source. Effective at differentiating an abscess from a tumor.
Term
______ happens when imaging the ___. Sound beam hits curved ___ and bounces back into ___ creating a second set of of echoes received by transducer. Second set takes longer and computer paints __ images of same thing on either side of ____.
Definition
Mirror image
Liver
Diaphragm
Liver
Diaphragm
Term
Brightness mode; produces still life picture.
Definition
B-Mode
Term
Mode used with Echocardiography; ice pick view of heart, accurate measurements of heart.
Definition
M-Mode (motion)
Term
Most common mode; produces moving picture on screen.
Definition
Real-time
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