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Equine (& Other Large Animal Comparison) Head Anatomy
Equine Head Anatomy with some ruminant comparisons
40
Anatomy
Graduate
05/21/2011

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Cards

Term
The tendon of insertion of which muscle lies medial to the parotid salivary gland?
Definition
Sternocephalicus.
Term
What are the boundaries of Viborg's triangle?
Definition
Rostrally: caudal margin of mandible
Ventrally: Linguofacial vein
Caudodorsally: tendon of sternocephalicus
Term
Which nerve supplies the sternocephalicus? Clinical significance?
Definition
Accessory (CN XI). May be cut for cribbing.
Term
Where does the parotid salivary duct system run, and in relation to which structures?
Definition
Along ventral margin of masseter muscle, along with facial artery and vein.
Term
Where can arterial pulse be taken on the head of the horse?
Definition
1) Transverse facial artery (caudal to lateral commissure of eye)
2) Facial artery at cranial end of masseter (near mandible)
Term
Describe the buccinator muscle in the horse.
Definition
Superficial and rostral buccal part and caudal molar part.
Term
What vein runs ventral to the molar part of the buccinator m? Anything special about it?
Definition
Buccal v. Expanded part is buccal venous sinus.
Term
How can infection spread to the pituitary gland from the maxillary sinus?
Definition
Deep facial and buccal vv run to floor of cranial cavity near pituitary Transverse facial v. (from maxillary sinus) connects facial v to maxillary v...drain to cavernous cranial sinus.
Term
Which nerve runs between medial and lateral pterygoid mm?
Definition
Mandibular n. (dividing into LIM triplets)(along with pterygoid venous plexus)
Term
Where can chorda tympani be seen, and what does it innervate?
Definition
Can be seen under - and joining with - Lingual of V (@triplets btw medial and lateral pterygoid mm) ventral to maxillary artery. Provides taste (SVA) from rostral 2/3 of tongue and preganglionic parasympathetics to mandibular and sublingual salivary glands).
Term
What muscles can be seen near the stylohyoid bone?
Definition
Stylohyoideus, caudal belly proper of digastricus
Term
What are the 3 parts of the digastricus in the horse?
Definition
1) Caudal belly proper (small, with prominent intermediate tendon running under the stylohyoideus)
2) Occipital mandibularis (larger, fleshy)
3) Rostral belly (under mandible)
Term
At which point does the linguofacial a. become the facial?
Definition
After it gives off the sublingual a.
Term
What 2 nerves are in relation to the stylohyoid bone and the linguofacial artery?
Definition
Hypoglossal:larger
Lingual of IX (glossopharyngeal): smaller, closer to stylohyoid bone.
Term
What nerve runs into the thyroid foramen? Clin sig?
Definition
Internal branch of cranial laryngeal n. of X.
Significance: sensory to interior of the larynx. Can become paralyzed in conditions (such as strangles) involving medial pharyngeal lymph node inflammation.
Term
WHat muscles form the borders of the thyroid foramen?
Definition
Hyopharyngeus, thyrohyoideus, thyropharyngeus
Term
What nerves run to the lacrimal gland (caudomedial to the eye)?
Definition
Lacrimal branches of the opthalmic of V.
Term
What's the main nerve ventral to the eyeball?
Definition
Maxillary.
Term
What lymph node is related to the ventral aspect of the gutteral pouch?
Definition
Medial retropharyngeal LN.
Term
What divides the gutteral pouch into medial and lateral compartments?
Definition
Stylohyoid bone.
Term
Name the intrinsic muscles of the tongue:
Definition
1) Genioglossus (most medial, fan-shaped)
2) Hyoglossus
3) Styloglossus (most lateral)
Term
What nerves run on the medial side of the hyoglossus m?
Definition
Branches of the hypoglossal n (CN XII)
Term
What nerve is related to the styloglossus m.?
Definition
Lingual of V.
Term
Which concha is NOT part of the ethmoid complex?
Definition
Ventral nasal concha.
Term
What are the 2 rostral processes of the ventral nasal concha called? Where does the space between them go?
Definition
Alar process (more dorsal) and Basal fold (more ventral). The space between them goes to the nostril.
Term
Should a nasogastric tube go into the middle nasal meatus?
Definition
No...the tube will hit endoturbinate 2 (middle nasal concha - aka "testicle") at caudal end of MNM and bleeding will be massive!
Term
What is the correct path of a nasogastric tube?
Definition
Nostril -> ventral nasal meatus -> choanae -> nasopharynx -> swallowed into esophagus.
Term
What are the 3 muscles in relation to the nasopharynx?
Definition
Levator veli palatini (most medial), pterygopharyngeus (constrict pharynx), tensor veli palatini (most lateral, depresses soft palate)
Term
What are the 2 sinuses of the dorsal nasal concha?
Definition
Rostral dorsal conchal sinus (open into middle nasal meatus), caudodorsal conchal sinus (continuous with frontal sinus, and thence - through the frontomaxillary aperture - to the caudal maxillary sinus and thence to the MNM via nasalmaxillar aperture)
Term
Does the middle concha communicate with the maxillary sinus?
Definition
Yes, with the caudal maxillary sinus via the conchomaxillary aperture.
Term
There are 2 conchomaxillary apertures. What are they?
Definition
1) Connects middle concha with caudal maxillary sinus
2) The slit/space over the infraorbital canal connecting the caudal ventral conchal sinus (aka medial compartment of rostral maxillary sinus) with the lateral rostral maxillary sinus.
Term
What is the prominent process on the arytenoid cartilage and what is its purpose?
Definition
Muscular process, for attachment of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis and lateralis mm.
Term
What is palpated to grade the degree of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m. atrophy in the horse?
Definition
Muscular tubercles of arytenoid cartilage.
Term
What are the bumps on the mucosa covering the corniculate processes of the arytenoid cartilage?
Definition
Lymphoid follicles. Inflammation can interfere with breathing.
Term
Can the pulse be felt at the facial artery in the cow?
Definition
No, because insertion of sternomandibularis covers it.
Term
In which species is the nasopharyngeal septum found?
Definition
Ruminant. Highly vascular. May function in thermoregulation and absorption of methane.
Term
Enlargement of which lymph node results in difficulty breathing? How can you tell clinically?
Definition
Medial retropharyngeal lymph node. Animal may breath open-mouthed with neck outstretched.
Term
What is the tonsilar sinus, and in which species is it found?
Definition
A recess in the soft palate near the base of the tongue, in which the palatine tonsils are found. Ruminant only.
Term
Is the cuneiform process present in the ruminant larynx?
Definition
No.
Term
Which species have lateral ventricles of the larynx?
Definition
Horse (allows for breathing + drinking)
None in cow.
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