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Equine
Exam 1 Lectures
54
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
08/20/2015

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Cards

Term
How is the horse's lack of muscles distal to the stifle clinically relevant?
Definition
-high potential for injury
-nerves have sensory function
Term
What are the clinical methods of musculoskeletal evaluation?
Definition
-history, visual examination, palpation, hoof tester evaluation, lameness evaluation, diagnostic imaging
Term
Here is a fun one: Name the bones of the equine distal limb.
Definition
-P3(coffin bone), P2(short pastern), P2(ong pastern), navicular(distal sesamoid), proximal sesamoids
Term
Name the joints in the equine distal limb.
Definition
-distal inter-phalangeal, proximal inter-phalangeal, metacarpo/metarso phalangeal
Term
Name the neurovascular structures of the equine distal limb that are clinically relevant.
Definition
-palmar digital vv, palmar digital aa, palmar digital nn
Term
I am not going to pretend that I will memorize these so just read over the list of soft tissue structures in the equine distal limb.
Definition
-sole/sub-solar tissues digital lamina, digital cushion, impar ligament, navicular bursa, DDF tendon, digital sheath, annular ligament, distal sesamoidean ligaments, SDF tendon, CDE tendon, collateral ligaments
Term
What are the components of the neurovascular bundle of the equine digit?
Definition
-palmar digital v, palmar difital a, palmar digital n (medial and lateral)
Term
Why is the neurovascular bundle of the equine digit clinically relevant?
Definition
-subject to trauma
-regional limb perfusion
-diagnostic perineural anesthesia
Term
Definition: Frog
Definition
-rubbery wedge-shaped structure positioned b/n the bars
Term
Definition: Bars
Definition
-two bars on each hoof; on either side of the frog
Term
Definition: Sole
Definition
-covers the bottom of the foot
Term
Definition: White line
Definition
-interconnected lamina that you can see form the bottom of the foot
Term
Definition: Walls
Definition
-outer surface of the foot
Term
Name a few examples of clinical lameness issues that can be caused by hoof imbalance. Which everyday practice can lead to these issues if it goes incorrectly?
Definition
-collateral cartilage ossification
-sub-solar bruising/abscessation
-sheard heels (back of heel is broken)
-caudal heel pain
-osteoarthritis
-tendonitis/desmitis
-pedal osteitis
-often a direct result of improper shoeing
Term
In which way should the heel contact the ground first?
Definition
-flat or slightly heel first
Term
What do we intentionally observe in the lateral plane of an equine digit radiograph to determine hoof balance?
Definition
-hoof-pastern axis (straight)
-toe length
-sole depth
-dorsal hoof wall angle
-palmar angle
-break-over point
Term
What is the minimum thickness the sole needs for proper vasculature?
Definition
6-7 mm
Term
What do we intentionally observe in a frontal plane of an equine digit radiograph to evaluate hoof balance?
Definition
-coffin bone balance, joint space evaluation, sole depth
Term
Describe the procedure involved in a hoof tester examination.
Definition
-applies pressure to a specific point on the sole and/or hoof wall
-also applied across the frog/heel area to exert pressure to the podotrochlear apparatus
-pressure is repeated at sites of pain response
Term
What are a few common injuries/diseases associated with the sole?
Definition
-sole bruise, sub-solar abscessation, penetrating injuries, thrush, white line disease
Term
Where in the equine digit are sensitive and insensitive lamina?
Definition
-sensitive lamina extends from dorsal surface of P3
-insensitive lamina extends from hoof wall
Term
What is the function of the digital lamina?
Definition
-suspends P3 inside the hoof capsule
Term
Definition: Laminitis
Definition
-inflammation of the digital lamina that breaks its hold on P3
Term
What are the clinical results of laminitis?
Definition
-rotation of P3 or sinking of P3
Term
What are a few conditions that can induce laminits?
Definition
-endotoxemia, increased weight bearing, colic, dystocia, unilateral leg injury, etc
Term
What are the components of the podotrochlear apparatus? (6)
Definition
-navicular bone
-navicular bursa
-impar ligament
-navicular collateral (suspensory) ligaments
-DDF tendon
-distal inter-phalangeal joint
Term
Which diagnostic imaging method is best for visualization of the podotrochlear apparatus? Which is most often used?
Definition
-MRI
-radiography
Term
What three radiographic images are most commonly taken to evaluate the podotrochlear apparatus?
Definition
-lateromedial
-65 dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique
-45 palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique
Term
How will an impar ligament avulsion present on a radiograph?
Definition
-displacement of the navicular bone
Term
Definition: Navicular Syndrome
Definition
-degenerative process to the structures of the podotrochlear apparatus
Term
Definition: Pedal osteitis
Definition
-inflammation of the coffin bone
Term
What are a few clinical concerns regarding P3/coffin bone
Definition
-pedal osteitis, collateral cartilage ossification, chronic remodeling changes associated with other disease processes (laminitis, poor shoeing), fractures
Term
How many types of P3 fractures are there? Define them.
Definition
-7
-I: wing fracture that doesn't articulate with joint
-II: articular wing fracture
-III: sagittal fracture
-IV: extensor process fracture
-V: convoluted fracture
-VI: solar margin fractures
-VII: solar margin fracture in the wing area
Term
Is the distal inter-phalangeal joint a high, mid, or low motion joint?
Definition
-high
Term
What are some clinical concerns regarding the distal inter-phalangeal joint?
Definition
-osteoarthritis (low ring bone), articular fractures, collateral ligament injury, subchondral bone cyst, flexural deformities
Term
What are the two stages of DIP Flexural Deformity?
Definition
-Stage I: the angle of the dorsal coffin bone is less than 90 degrees
-Stage II: the angle of the dorsal coffin bone is 90 degrees or greater
Term
How do you clinically correct a stage II DIP flexural deformity?
Definition
-cut the DDF tendon
Term
What are the fracture types associated with P2/short pastern bone? (4)
Definition
-osteochondral, palmar/plantar eminence (uniaxial or biaxial). axial, comminuted (bag of ice)
Term
In which arena of equine medicine are P2 fractures common?
Definition
-Western performance horses
Term
Is the proximal inter-phalangeal joint high, mid, or low motion?
Definition
-low
Term
What are a few clinical concerns regarding the proximal inter-phalangeal joint (pastern)?
Definition
-osteoarthritis (high ring bone), collateal ligament injury, subchondral cystic lesions (from osteochondrosis)
Term
Definition: Pastern arthrodesis
Definition
-surgical fusion of the joint by removing all articular cartilage and applying internal fixation to immobilize the articulation allowing bone to replace the joint
Term
For what conditions is pastern arthrodesis used to treat?
Definition
-OA or articular fracture
Term
What are the types of fractures commonly associated with P1/long pastern bone?
Definition
-osteochondral chips, axial, comminuted
Term
What types of fractures are common with the long pastern bone/P1?
Definition
-osteochondral chips, axial, comminuted
Term
Is the metacarpo/metatarso phalangeal joint a high, mid, or low motion joint?
Definition
-high
Term
What are the common fracture types regarding the metacarpo/metarso phalangeal joint?
Definition
-osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis lesions, fractures, colalteral ligament
Term
If swelling is in front of suspensory ligament it is in joint, if behind then it is sin the tendoon sheath.
Definition
Term
What is/are the function(s) of the suspensory apparatus?
Definition
-supports the fetlock joint
-provides a substantial amount of stored energy for locomotion
Term
True or False: The proximal sesamoid bones are a common site of injury in most horses, excluding performance horses.
Definition
FALSE, occurs in performance horses
Term
From where do all of the distal sesamoidean ligaments originate?
Definition
-the distal aspect of the PSBs
Term
What are the 3 distal sesamoidean ligaments? Where do they insert?
Definition
1) Straight SL: inserts on palmar/plantar aspect of P2
2) Oblique SL: inserts on mid palmar/plantar aspect of P1
3) Cruciate SL: insert on the proximal palmar/plantar aspect of P1 in a crisscross fashion
Term
What type(s) of injuries are the distal sesamoidean ligaments predisposed to?
Definition
-hyperextension injury of the pastern/fetlock region
Term
What are the common types of suspensory apparatus disruption?
Definition
-biaxial sesamoid fracture, biaxial suspensory branch, DSL rupture, fetlock luxation, neurovascular damage
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