Term
| How do you take a horse's pulse? |
|
Definition
| compress facial artery against ventromedial border of mandible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chain-loop, rope-loop, kendal/humane twitch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Applies pressure to nerves of horse's lips
-pain = distraction
-endorphins released |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Equine Infectious Anemia, Swamp Fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biting or sucking arthropods carrying the retrovirus |
|
|
Term
| What microorganism causes EIA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coggins- neg. result required to cross state lines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anemia, icterus, depression, abortions, fever, leg and ventral edema; sometimes asymptomatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no vaccine, no cure - just supportive Tx
-survivors are lifelong carriers! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ELISA test used to detect Equine Infectious Anemia retrovirus in serum. |
|
|
Term
| other names for Equine Encephalomyelitis |
|
Definition
| EEE, WEE, VEE, Sleeping Sickness, Blind Staggers |
|
|
Term
| Blind Staggers refers to what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sleeping Sickness refers to what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What microorganism causes Equine Encephalomyelitis? |
|
Definition
| Arbovirus, 3 strains (East/West/Venezuelan) |
|
|
Term
| How is Equine Encephalomyelitis contracted? |
|
Definition
| blood-sucking arthropod (mainly mosquitos) bites infected bird, then bites horse OR human |
|
|
Term
| What do EEE, WEE, and VEE refer to? |
|
Definition
| different strains of Equine Encephalomyelitis |
|
|
Term
| What is special about VEE? |
|
Definition
| It can be spread from horse to horse and horse to human via mosquito. It is rare now though. |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Equine Encephalomyelitis? |
|
Definition
| Terrible headache, blind staggers, compulsive walking and circling, teeth grinding, drowsiness |
|
|
Term
| Vaccine/TX - Equine Encephalomyelitis |
|
Definition
Vaccinate foals at 4/6/12mo, adults 2 vaccines 2-3 weeks apart 2 weeks before mosquito season
No cure - supportive Tx |
|
|
Term
| Potomac Horse Fever refers to what disease? |
|
Definition
| EME, Equine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Equine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ehrlichia risticii spread by blood-sucking arthropods |
|
|
Term
| What microorganism causes EME? |
|
Definition
| rickettsia - Ehrlichia risticii |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severe diarrhea, Founder's, leg edema, leukopenia, anemia, abortions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3rd phalanx rotates down toward sole because toxins in the blood affect blood supply to laminae. |
|
|
Term
| Test for Equine Encephalomyelitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vaccinate spring and mid-summer
No cure - supportive Tx |
|
|
Term
| other names for Equine Rhinopneumonitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EHV refers to what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What microorganism causes Equine Rhinopneumonitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes 30-40% of all respiratory disease in horses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhalation, contact with secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cough, profuse clear/watery nasal/ocular discharge, enlarged lymph nodes, abortions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nasal/throat cultures, placenta/fetus, vaginal discharge culture, NOT serum titers (unreliable
Tx: isolate, disinfect, supportive care |
|
|
Term
| What microorganism causes Strangles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other names for Strangles? |
|
Definition
| Equine distemper, shipping fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thick yellow snot, moist soft cough, lymphadenopathy/abscess, dyspnea |
|
|
Term
| How is Strangles contracted? |
|
Definition
| Inhalation/ingestion of infected droplets |
|
|
Term
| What disease often requires lancing of the sub-mandibular lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Bastard Strangles? |
|
Definition
| systemic infection of Strep equi in foals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
culture nasal/lymph discharge
Tx: strict iso/sanitation, long-term antibiotics; vaccine not helpful in outbreak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What microorganism causes Horse Flu? |
|
Definition
| Influenza virus types 1 and 2 |
|
|
Term
| Most susceptible to Horse Flu? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prime concern for animal in viral respiratory infection? |
|
Definition
| secondary bacterial infection - use antibiotics and NSAIDs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Very high fever (106), violent persistent cough, may have blind staggers, clear snot, abortion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
serum titers, placenta/fetus
Tx: Iso/disinfect, vaccinate healthy, not sick |
|
|
Term
| EVA refers to what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Togavirus (equine specific) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stallion's urine/semen during coitus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very high fever (106), severe pitting edema of legs, swelling around eyes, eye/nose discharge, diarrhea, abortions |
|
|
Term
| Who is susceptible to EVA? |
|
Definition
| Mares get the symptoms, stallions are usually just carriers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nasal/urine/semen swabs
Tx: supportive care |
|
|
Term
| vaccination schedule for EIA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vaccination schedule for Sleeping Sickness |
|
Definition
-foals at 4/6/12mo
-adults 2 vaccs 2-3 weeks apart 2 weeks before mosquito season |
|
|
Term
| vaccination schedule for Potomac |
|
Definition
| vaccinate spring and midsummer |
|
|
Term
| vaccination schedule for EHV |
|
Definition
-foal: 3-4mo, then every 3mo
-pregnant mare: killed virus at 5/7/9mo gestation |
|
|
Term
| vaccination schedule for Strangles? |
|
Definition
| vaccination is not useful during outbreak because serotypes change so quickly |
|
|
Term
| vaccination schedule for Horse Flu? |
|
Definition
-foals: at 2mo, then every 1-2mo til maturity
-adults: yearly |
|
|
Term
| vaccination schedule for EVA? |
|
Definition
| mare/stallions 3 weeks prior to breeding |
|
|
Term
| What microorganism causes tetanus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is tetanus contracted? |
|
Definition
| In the environment, in horse poop ---> puncture wound (anaerobic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paralysis from front to rear, hyperesthesia, prolapse of nictitating membranes, eventual death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No test
Tx: tetanus antitoxin, penicillin |
|
|
Term
| How does the Tx for tetanus work? |
|
Definition
| antitoxin contains Abs against the toxin; penicillin kills the bacteria so no more toxin can be produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates immune system to produce antibodies to tetanus (active immunity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains antibodies to tetanus, imparts temporary immunity to recipient (passive immunity) |
|
|
Term
| Vaccination schedule for tetanus? |
|
Definition
unvacc/unknown: 2 doses toxoid 1-2mo apart
mare: toxoid pre-breeding, 1-2mo before foaling
foals (f/vacc mares) at 2/4/6 mo |
|
|
Term
| What is Joint Ill / Navel Ill? |
|
Definition
| disease of neonate by infectious agent entering umbilicus and spreading through body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| just infection of the umbilicus (navel ill) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation and pain of several joints (joint ill) |
|
|
Term
| microorganisms associated with joint ill / navel ill |
|
Definition
| Strep spp, E. coli, Actinobacillus equuli, Staph. aureus |
|
|
Term
| Test/Tx for joint ill / navel ill? |
|
Definition
Joint/throat/nasal/rectal swabs
Tx: supportive care, extremely intensive and unrewarding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. prep for delivery
2. expulsion of fetus
3. expulsion of placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stage 1 of parturition
-cervical dilation/relaxation
-animal restless, seeks isolation
-tailhead up
-positioning of fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stage 2 of parturition
-abdom. straining / uterine contractions
-presentation, position, posture of fetus = important |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior or posterior end of calf at dam's vulva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calf's spine in relation to dam's sacrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legs/neck in relation to body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior presentation, dorsal-sacral position, hind limbs tucked |
|
|
Term
| How is pregnancy maintained? |
|
Definition
| progesterone from corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| Where in the body is progesterone produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of fermenter is a ruminant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of fermenter is an equine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
R: legume, non-legume
C: grains, protein supplements, by-products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compound that aids support of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy (carbs/fats), proteins, vitamins, minerals, water |
|
|
Term
| "all in, all out" refers to... |
|
Definition
| Breed, farrow, etc. all pigs as one group, so that buildings can be disinfected in between groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sows and cows
-heat every 21d all year round |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time when a female is receptive to a male |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sheep/goats start 21d cycle in the fall to give birth in spring
-horses start 21d cycle in fall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pigs birth -> harvest takes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
farrow -> finish
feeders (75-220#)
growers (>100#)
finishers (175-200#) |
|
|
Term
| describe porcine copulation |
|
Definition
-male ejaculates for 10min, huge amount of semen
-corkscrew penis
-female does all the squeezing |
|
|
Term
| When do gilts go into estrus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gilts are highly stimulated if boar is near because of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another term for "boar taint"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it scents the urine and semen, smells like the worst tomcat urine ever |
|
|
Term
| Another term for "sheath"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Piglets are born ___ and needing ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Procedures done on baby pigs? |
|
Definition
-needle teeth cut (because they hurt the teat)
-tails docked (they are targets for aggression)
-males castrated (boar meat = gross) |
|
|
Term
| Pigs are cost-efficient because they have the highest ___ and ___ of all meat animals. |
|
Definition
| feed efficiency & rate of growth |
|
|
Term
| Pig farms that follow certain standards of animal care are called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When intelligent animals are crowded together in a confined space they lose __ _ __ and become __ __. |
|
Definition
| sense of self, highly agitated |
|
|
Term
| Agitated pigs attack each other's __ and __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to reduce pig stress? |
|
Definition
-bowling balls as toys
-fresh air |
|
|
Term
| A welfare rule requires that the pig farm owner must __ every day. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Never go into a pen with a __ & __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most swine operations in the US are __ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High levels of pit gases can cause... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| manure pit gases include: |
|
Definition
-methane (CH3)
-CO2
-Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
-Ammonia (NH3)
-Nitrous Oxide (NO) |
|
|
Term
| NO is found in manure pits but is also a __ gas, which can kill. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of fans in a pig operation |
|
Definition
| pit fans, wall fans, ceiling fans |
|
|
Term
| If the __ fans go too fast, cold air is sucked in through the __ fans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the __ or __ fans go too fast, pit gases are sucked into the pig area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which states are the highest swine producers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gilt's weight at puberty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A gilt is culled if she does not conceive after _ tries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a female pig is in estrus, her ears will pop up and she will stand in a receptive stance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a horse is 24hr within foaling, her teats will leak a waxy milk. |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean if a pregnant pig shows milk? |
|
Definition
| she will farrow within 24hrs |
|
|
Term
| 3 most popular breeds of swine in the US |
|
Definition
| Hampshire, Duroc, Yorkshire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-erect ears, white face/feet/tail tip
- smaller litters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-floppy ears, red/auburn, mean
-best mothers, lots of milk
-lots of good meat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-erect ears, black w/white belt around front legs/body
-very popular
-even personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-floppy ears, white
-not great mothers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-floppy ears, really dumb - bad mothers
-gain weight easily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -floppy ears, crossed most often with Hampshire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-double muscled pietrain
-black with white spots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-blue butt
-erect ears
-lots of meat |
|
|
Term
| Digestive tract of chickens |
|
Definition
| beak/mouth -> crop -> proventriculus -> gizzard -> ceca -> cloaca -> vent |
|
|
Term
| Domestic chicken begin to lay eggs at __. |
|
Definition
| 5mo (vs in the wild at 7mo) |
|
|
Term
| Eggs for human consumption are called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Egg sized is determined by... |
|
Definition
| the number of oz a dozen eggs weighs |
|
|
Term
| Egg grade is determined by... |
|
Definition
| internal structures within the egg, as seen by candling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eggs that are cracked or somehow unfit for human consumption are used in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the chicken's GIT with lots of mucus and water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the chicken's GIT that churns and mixes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the chicken's GIT that is the "workhorse," crushing seeds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| last 3 steps of a chicken's GIT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 things pass out the vent: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Feces, urine, and eggs all pass out the chicken's __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lay egg -> hatch chick takes how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chickens can lay without being __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chicken used in fast food, stews and soups is from __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 general categories of chicken (what are they kept for?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Male layer chick castrated and raised for meat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capons are caged or floor-fed for __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capons reach __# and are __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| processing of layer females |
|
Definition
| debeak, dewattle, dub, toe trim |
|
|
Term
| __% of all layer are caged in density of 6-24 birds per cage, or _x_ per bird. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _% layers are floor maintained |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are chickens debeaked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| McDonald's expanded chicken density to _x_ about 5-6 years ago. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers naturally molt after about __ of laying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During a molt, a layer can't __. |
|
Definition
| lay eggs, because all energy goes into creating new feathers. Won't lay for 4-6 wks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At ~11mo, producer lowers feed/light/heat, layers complete molt in 4wks and then have higher egg production and grade for about 6-8mo |
|
|
Term
| Europe and Canada do not allow the practice of __ in chickens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The AVMA is currently discussing the practice of __ in chickens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True free range eggs have __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cage-free does not necessarily mean __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phenomenon in which chickens freak out and kill each other inadvertently due to small space. |
|
Definition
| noise panic (from slammed door, e.g.) |
|
|
Term
| Broilers are harvested at __ and weigh about __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After hatching and sexing, broilers are ____ because __. |
|
Definition
| separated and sent to male or female units, because males eat more and grow faster. |
|
|
Term
| Eutocia- think of the fetus in a __ stance. |
|
Definition
| diving - head first, front limbs out in front |
|
|
Term
| We want the fetus' hooves to face __ for eutocia. |
|
Definition
| palmar surface down toward ground |
|
|
Term
| posterior presentation and palmar surfaces up occurs in __ to __% of litter animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you only see the fetus' tail coming out, you have a __ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dams must be in __ __ __ before you begin assisting with birth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone that opens up the pubic symphesis? Where is it produced? |
|
Definition
| relaxin, from the anterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| word for a female animal that has never before given birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ __ bond slowly or not at all. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dam must be in _____ before assisting with birth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone opens the pubic symphysis? Where is it from? |
|
Definition
| Relaxin from anterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| What is the word for an animal who has never before given birth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What usually happens to the umbilical cord when a cow gives birth? |
|
Definition
| It's squished by dam's pelvis and snaps like a bungee cord, preventing blood loss and invasion by bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| __ of a foal's blood is in the umbilical cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Don't touch the foal's umbilicus until it __ __. |
|
Definition
| stops pulsating (with blood flow) |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat the umbilicus? |
|
Definition
| Clamp 4-6" from baby, tie string distally to clamp |
|
|
Term
| Do NOT assist with dystocia without knowing these 3 things: |
|
Definition
-normal reproductive anatomy
-normal parturition behavior
-normal post partum behavior |
|
|
Term
| Never assist with dystocia without these 3 conditions: |
|
Definition
-proper equipment
-prep of dam
-sanitation procedures |
|
|
Term
| Name for the special feature of neonates' hooves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is special about a neonate's hooves? |
|
Definition
-soft cartilage to protect uterus
-dries/hardens after birth |
|
|
Term
| When assisting with dystocia, always keep your hand between __ and __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to attach an OB chain? |
|
Definition
| Loop over hand, place above fetlock, tighten, half-hitch below fetlock |
|
|
Term
| Other names for calf jack? |
|
Definition
| breech plate, "come-along" |
|
|
Term
| A breech plate has incredible __ and care must be taken not to injure the neonate's limbs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hay
-silage (fermenting whole corn stalks, e.g.)
-pasture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-grains
-protein supplements (SBOM)
-by-products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plant that has root nodules which store and releases nitrogen, e.g. soy beans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-protein nitrogen (e.g. urea) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bugs use N to make their own protein
-urea is a by-product
-urea can be fed to cows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total digestible nutrients |
|
|
Term
| TDN describes the __ in feed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high-energy feed such as corn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VFAs are absorbed through the __, enter __, and flow to __, where they are converted to __. |
|
Definition
-absorbed through rumen lining
-enter portal vein
-flow to liver
-convert to glucose |
|
|
Term
| Some VFAs are diverted from the liver via the __ and flow to the __ where they are converted into __. |
|
Definition
-hepatic vein
-udder
-lactose |
|
|
Term
| Ammonia is absorbed through the __, flows via the __ to the __, where it is changed into __. |
|
Definition
-absorbed through rumen lining
-flows via portal vein
-to liver
-changed to urea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-crush soybeans
-remove oil
-mash up the rest, cook it
-add to feed as protein supplement |
|
|
Term
| Bugs convert plant carbs into __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bugs convert plant proteins into __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bugs convert plant fat into __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urea can be mixed with __ to make it palatable to cattle with a urea deficiency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What element is severely lacking in Midwest soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bovine / equine selenium and vitamin E |
|
|
Term
| What is forage poisoning? |
|
Definition
| selenium toxicity in areas with high levels of selenium in the soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minimum protein level in ration for all livestock ranges from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Without selenium, __ cannot be utilized by livestock. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two elements must be supplemented to Midwest livestock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Livestock drink ~__gal/__# body weight each day. |
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Definition
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Term
| Livestock eat ~__% body weight in feed each day. |
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Definition
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| Metabolism of fat will yield __x as much energy as the metabolism of carbs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Corn - TDN and protein content? |
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Definition
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| Oats - TDN and protein content? |
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Definition
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| SBOM - TDN and protein content? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| maintain certain body temperature |
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Definition
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Definition
| The temperature that an animal should be in 24/7. |
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Term
| What causes "goosebumps"? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do livestock cool off? |
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Definition
-panting (except horses)
-sweating (only horses) |
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Term
| The only livestock that can sweat? |
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Definition
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Term
| Livestock which cannot pant? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 modes of temperature loss |
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Definition
-evaporation
-convection
-conduction
-radiation |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Instrument used to measure level of Igs in colostrum? |
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Definition
| colostrometer / refractometer |
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Term
| Colostrum is high in... (6 things) |
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Definition
-calcium
-glucose
-Ig
-fats
-proteins
-growth promoters |
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Term
| Most important immunoglobulin in livestock? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does the dam start producing Ig in the udder? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure sends milk straight to the abomasum in the neonate? |
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Definition
| milk/esophageal/reticular groove |
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Term
| Special feature of neonate GIT? |
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Definition
| enterocytes allow large Ig molecules to pass into the bloodstream |
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Term
| Antibodies congregate to areas with... |
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Definition
| highest pathogen concentration (mucosa, umbilicus) |
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Term
| Neonate must ingest adequate volumes of colostrum in the first ___ hrs post-partum. |
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Definition
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Term
| IgG in dam's milk decreases 50% by __ hrs post-partum. |
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Definition
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Term
| Neonate's enterocytes only last for __ hrs post-partum. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| failure of passive transfer |
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Term
| Cornerstone of all neonatal health programs? |
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Definition
| adequate passive antibody transfer |
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Term
| Ingested/absorbed Abs will protect neonate for how long? |
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Definition
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Term
| Passive immunity lasts how long? |
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Definition
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Term
| 99% of neonates are born __. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| able to produce its own antibodies |
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Term
| When does a neonate have active immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| neonate does not have adequate serum levels of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
-neonate does not ingest enough colostrum (born injured)
-dam does not produce enough colostrum (pp mastitis)
-dam leaks colostrum pre-partum (waxing)
-dam produces very dilute colostrum (dairy cows) |
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Term
| How to determine if a neonate has FTP? |
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Definition
| check blood/serum for Ab concentration |
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Term
| When to perform Cite/Card test? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how much thicker a liquid is than water (SG increases as particles increase) |
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Term
| Tool used to measure Ig level specifically in dairy cow colostrum? |
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Definition
| hydrometer with weight inside |
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Term
| Colostrum is usually (what color?) because of __. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-determine SG of colostrum
-only feed colostrum with proper SG |
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Term
| Colostrum protocol for dairy calves? |
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Definition
| 1-2 qts colostrum STAT with esophageal feeder, then every 6-8 hr for 1-3 d (may use bottle) |
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Term
| Name 2 components of innate immunity? |
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Definition
| -natural (species-specific diseases) -inflammatory response |
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Term
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Definition
-bottled IgG reconstituted with sterile water, given IV if after 12hr PP
-colostrum replacement with nutrition but not IgG |
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Term
| Name the 5 immunoglobulins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| eyes, reproductive, allergies/parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| less understood; anti-cancer? |
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Term
| If mare has little/no colostrum, or if mare dies, how to treat the foal? |
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Definition
-Use bovine colostrum with SG at least 1.060
-Or contact equine associations |
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Term
| What is colostrum banking? |
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Definition
| Saving 1qt of mare's proper-SG colostrum in case someone needs it. |
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Term
| How do you store banked colostrum? |
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Definition
-seal by the pint and freeze
-label with SG |
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Term
| How long does banked colostrum last? |
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Definition
| 1 year (equine), indefinitely (bovine) |
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Term
| How to thaw banked colostrum? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Colicky horse's spasming intestinal muscles eventually tire out and stop moving. Horse may appear to be free of pain, but the stomach contents begin to rot. |
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Term
| In horses, colic is separated into _ broad categories based on __. |
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Definition
| 3 categories based on the level of pain |
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Term
| 3 categories of equine colic? |
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Definition
| acute, subacute, chronic/recurrent |
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Term
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Definition
| gastric dilatation and volvulus |
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Term
| Chronic/recurrent equine colic is often caused by... |
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Definition
| migrating Strongylus vulgaris larvae |
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Term
| Subacute equine colic may be caused by... |
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Definition
-impaction or spasmodic colic
-excitement, unusual activity
-long/cold drinks
-retained meconium (1st stool) in foal |
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Term
| Acute equine colic may be caused by... |
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Definition
-gastric dilatation and volvulus
-enteritis
-anthrax
-flatulence |
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Term
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Definition
-restlessness
-pain (looking at flank, lying down for long periods, geldings protrude penis) |
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Term
| Pain in equine colic is usually __. |
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Definition
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Term
| Symptoms of severe cases of equine colic |
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Definition
-patchy sweating
-sobbing respirations
-rapid pulse of small amplitude
-clammy skin |
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Term
| Horses with colic may injure themselves by... |
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Definition
| making severe, rash movements |
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Term
| A gas-filled intestine or colon makes the sound of __ __. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Borborygmi may be present in __ colic. |
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Definition
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Term
| Few or absent gut sounds in a colicky horse indicates... |
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Definition
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Term
| How can one diagnose the etiology of equine colic? |
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Definition
rectal exam
-feel for mass (impaction), gaseous distension (flatulent), enlarged obstructed blood vessel (verminous aneurysm) |
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Term
| What diseases can be confused with colic in the equine? |
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Definition
-hepatitis
-laminitis
-urethral obstructions
-tetanus
-peritonitis |
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Term
| General principles for treatment of equine colic? |
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Definition
| -analgesia to prevent self-injury -lubricants like mineral oil -parasympathomimetics for impaction -antispasmodics perhaps -rapid IV infusion of balanced electrolytes in case of shock -corticosteroids perhaps -surgical intervention perhaps |
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Term
| 3 types of comb found in chickens (name and describe): |
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Definition
-single: points, blade, base
-rose: rounded points, spike, base
-pea: looks fat in the pic in our notes |
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Term
| In 2000, the American public consumed ____ eggs. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the glandular stomach in chickens? The muscular stomach? |
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Definition
glandular = proventriculus
muscular = gizzard |
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Term
| Laying to hatching in turkeys takes how many days? |
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Definition
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Term
| Caged birds have an increased incidence of __ __ due to lack of exercise. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does molting halt egg production? |
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Definition
-birds molt in response to gradually decreasing light
Light > eye > hypothalamus > FSH > egg production
So lack of light decreases FSH and egg production |
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Term
| In 2000, Americans consumed ____ broiler meat per capita. |
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Definition
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Term
| Americans consume about ___ per capita of turkey a year. |
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Definition
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Term
| About ___ ducks are processed yearly. |
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Definition
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Term
| Geese are harvested at about ___ and dress out to be ___. |
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Definition
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