Strept throat

Clinical signs

swelling and abcess formation in submandibular lymphnodes

fever

poor appetite

depression

lymphnodes can swell to the point of rupture

then they can drain and contaminate the environment.

cause

Streptococcus equi

affects mostly the young horses 1-5 years of age

Clinical signs

Culture of exudates

smears of exudated to loof for chains of strep.

pencillin type antibotics

mild infection may not need treatment

ISOLATION! (for up to 6 weeks)

Hot packing lymphnodes

Isolate sick animals

Vaccinate : intranasal vaccination

Bastard strangles

special form of strangles in that the infection spreads to other lymphnodes in the horse's body. previously believed to be cause by using antibiotics to treat strangle, this is not the case.

• pouches are bilateral large symmetric dilation of the Eustachain tubes
• Carotid artery and a nerve branch lie just below the pouches
• Purpose is to decrease blood temperature flowing to the brain durning exercise
• bacteria
• often associated with strangles

• Mucopurulent material found within pouches to lymphnode abcess
• nasal discharge

• Endoscopic exam of the opening of the Eustachain tubes
• radiographic exam looking for the fluid line (usually filled with air)
• culture and sensitivity of discharge

• Penicillin type antibiotics
• lavage pouches percutaneously with 500mL of fluid 3 times daily.
• Fluid can be saline with or without antibiotics or  antiseptic compounds.

• fungal infection of pouch
• Usually unilateral
• When agent is identified, it is often Aspergillus sp.
• Growth usually occurs on the roof of the medial aspect of the pouch
• Probably on opportunistic organism

• Problem results when fungus eats into neuro tissue underneath
• May be asymptomatic if it doesn't penetrate very
• Epistaxis (most common sign) a.k.a nose bleeds
• Although unilateral, often causes bilateral epistaxis
• many horse die from fatal due to repeated bouts over a period od days to weeks
• this is due to erosion into the internal carotid artery
• Dysphagia is the second most common sign
• others: Horner's syndrome, facial paralysis

Similar to Gutteral Pouch Emypema

• Endoscopic exam
• Radiographic exam
• culture and sensitivity of discharge

Treatment

• Antifungals (amphotericin B, Itraconaole, Enilconazole)
• surgical removal of myotic mass (not recommended)
• complete liagtion of interal carotid starting from the neck up past lesion has been done successfully

Prevetion : unknown

• Idiopathic
• Degeneration or damage to the ipsilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve
• Most commonly the left side 

• Usually present with respiratory intolerance and increase inspiratory noise
• 4 different resting grades (1-4) and 3 exercise grades (A-B)
• Classic "roaring" sound from horse - most common in males

• Endoscopic exam of larynx during inspiration and expiration.

Surgery

• laryngeal prosthesis (Laryngoplasty, tie back procedure)
• Vocal cordectomy
• Arytenoidectomy
• Re-innervation techniques

• 60% of the horses treated with prosthetic laryngoplasty will return to their previous performance
• 10% will develop a chronic cough due to over correction
• Less than 1% die from aspiration pneumonia, the rest develop some ty[e of complication.

• None known due to lack of known causative factor(s)

Many different bacteria

• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Rhodococcus equi
• Many others

• nasal discharge
• cough
• repiratory difficulty
• loss of condition, unthrifty
• fever
• Asymptomatic
• death

• Radiographs
• clinical signs
• WBC
• tracheobronichail aspirate culture

• Antibiotics based on culture and  sensitivity
• good ventilation

• Good ventilation
• Reduce stress
• Keep environment clean

• Myxovirus
• transmitted through aerosolization during coughing
• 2-3 day incubation period

• Fever (104 F)
• Cough
• Depression
• secondary pneumonia

• Sympomatic
• Rest
• Antibiotics if secondary bacteria infection develops

• Vaccination (A1 +A2)
• Reduce stress and overcrowding

• Herpes virus
• EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4

• Develop within 4-5 days
• Mild cough
• nasal discharge

• Abortion!

• no specific treatment
• supportive care

• vaccinate

• No etiologic agent
• Allergic respiratiory complex

Als known as

• "Heaves"

• ranging from exercise intolerance to expiratory dyspnea
• chronic purulent nasal discharge
• cough
• weight loss in horses with chronic problems

• Seasonal nature
• may start just after switching to different hay or grain
• May stary after respiratory infection (timing again)
• use of re-breathing bag helps to bring out subtle airways sounds
• Endoscopic exam of airways
• transtracheal aspiration

Treatment of COPD

• Prevent exposure to organic dust
• Improve ventilation 
• house outside if possible 
• Bed on mosit shaving or clay 
• pelleted feed or "haylage" should be substituded for hay 
• No drug treatment will be hlepful in the environment problems are not corrected
• granular anti-histamine

NEURO

Diseases

• cervial vertebral malfomation (CVM)
• Wobblers syndrome
• stenotic or dynamic compression of spinal cord
• Male and throughbreds have a higer predoispostion
• < 3 years of age often effected
• unknown whay it occurs
• may be genetic

• Weakness
• Ataxia
• common cause in animals 18 month - 3 years
• begins acutely, may stablize and the regress
• may fall
• pelvic limbs mostly affected

• x-rays
• postive contrast myelography
• CAT scan

• corticosteroids (danger of laminitis)
• Phenylbutazone
• DMSO
• Rest
• Surgey
• Fusion of 2 or more of the cervical vertebrare 
• spinal cord decompression  

Prognosis

for

Cervial Stenotic Myleopathy

• Unlikely to completely recover with conserative therapy
• Surgery imporves odds, but not all recover
• sverity and duation of clinical signs a huge factor

• sarcocytis neurona
• Protozoan parasite
• causes lesions on the spinal card and the brain
• oppossum are the primary host
• most common cause of spinal ataxia in the USA

• can mimic any neurological disease
• Ataxia
• stumbling
• falling
• seizure
• muscle atrophy

• CSF antibody reaction
• serum antibody titers

• Trimethroprim Sulfadiazine/prrimethamine for 120 days
• May never fully recover
• treat until antibodies negative or relapse is likely
• 70-75 % resond to treatment

 Causes for Equine Herpesvirus myelitis (Rhino)

• EHV-1
• vasculitis

• Fever
• Abortion in pregnant mares
• upper respiratory signs 10-14 days prior to neurological signs
• Ataxia
• Ascending paralysis
• Other neuroolgical signs
• much more common in older animals Vs. foals
• rapid onset
• may drop to the point where they can't lift their heads

Diagnosis for Rhino

• CSF tape viral isolation 
• Antibody titers 

• Supportive
• Isolation
• Vaccination

Prognosis for Rhino

• most that remain standing recover completely (80%)
• can take several days to 18 months
• deaths that due occur are most likely due to complication from recumbency

• bite from rabid skunk, bat, or raccoon

• Fever
• Hindlimb ataxia
• Hyperesthesia - overly sensitive
• Death in 3-10 days

Diagnosis

• IFA on brain tissue

Treatment

• Euthanasia

prevention

• Vaccination

• virus (Arbovirus, arthroped vector)
• Western, Eastern, venzuelan
• spread by mosquitoes
• Maintained in reservoir animals (birds and rodents)

• depression
• fever
• anorexia
• diarrhea
• VEE can affect humans
•  VEE replicats nicely in horses, make easier to spread
• Behavioral channges

irritable

heperexcitable

Hyperesthesia

• Blindness, progessive paralysis

• Clincial signs
• CSF antibody titers

• supportive care
• fluids
• reduce brain edema and swelling

Mannitol

Cortcosteroids

• maintain adequate nutrition

• Recovery is possible
• residual signs vary with severity
• Death ia a possible outcome (particulary with VEE and EEE)

Prevention

• Vaccinate
• Control Mosquitoes

• Fungus, Fusarium moniliform (produces toxin)
• Pink to brown kernels of corn
• water damaged, moldy corn
• Late fall, early spring
• cool, humid conditions

• Depression
• Head pressing/circling
• In-coordination
• Aimless wandering
• death within 24 hours
• mortalitiy 40-48%
• usually afebrile

• Clinical signs
• "Watery brain" on post (liquification due to toxins)

Treatment

• Supportive care
• Remove contaminated feed
• Control seizures, other neurological signs

• clostridium tetani (anaerobic)
• "lockjaw"

• Stiffness
• Ataxia
• Muscle twitched
• down horse

• clinical signs
• culture
• history of recent laceration/puncture wound and lack of vaccination

• Poor prognosis once clinical signs show up
• Local wound treatment
• Vaccine with tetanus toxoid
• Treat with tetanus antitoxin
• Decrease external stimulation