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Equine Thorax
Quiz 1
105
Anatomy
Professional
08/28/2010

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Cards

Term
How many pairs of ribs does the horse have?
Definition
18
Term
What characteristic does the caudal slope of the ribs give the chest?
Definition
Laterally compressed
Term
What are the relative sizes of the ribs & IC spaces in the horse?
Definition
Slender/Wider
Term
Describe rib 1
Definition
Short, relatively immobile
Term
Which way does the sternum tilt?
Definition
Craniodorsally
Term
How does the craniodorsal tilt of the sternum affect the area & volume of the thoracic cage?
Definition
Diminishes both
Term
At what level is the caudal angle of the scapula in the standing animal?
Definition
Level of the 7th rib
Term
Where is the point of the elbow in the standing animal?
Definition
Lower 5th rib/5th ICS
Term
What m. covers the first 5 ribs as well as part of the scapula & humerus?
Definition
Triceps brachii m.
Term
What is the shape & slope of the diaphragm?
Definition
Dome-shaped, Cranioventral slope
Term
What is the most Cr part of the diaphragm?
Definition
Vertex
Term
Where is the vertex of the diaphragm located?
Definition
Lower 6th ICS/7th rib
Term
The diaphragm attaches to the cartilages of ribs _____, _____, & _____.
Definition
8,9,10
Term
Where does the R crus of the diaphragm attach?
Definition
First 4 or 5 L vert via V Longitudinal lig.
Term
Where does the left crus of the diaphragm attach?
Definition
First 2 L vert
Term
Where does the sternal part of the diaphragm attach?
Definition
Xiphoid Cartilage
Term
What is the line on which parietal pleura reflects from thoracic wall to the Cr surface of the diaphragm?
Definition
Costodiaphragmatic Line of Pleural Reflection
Term
Where does the needle enter Cr to the costodiaphragmatic line of pleural reflection?
Definition
Pleural Cavity
Term
Where does the needle enter Cd to the costodiaphragmatic line of pleural reflection?
Definition
Peritoneal Cavity
Term
Where should the thorax be punctured for fluid withdrawal? (Thoracocentesis)
Definition
Lower/Middle 7th ICS, 5cm D to olecranon, or just D to superficial thoracic v.
Term
Where does the costodiaphragmatic line of pleural reflection begin, cranially?
Definition
8th costal cartilage
Term
Where does the costodiaphragmatic line of pleural reflection end, caudally?
Definition
Proximal end of 18th (last) rib
Term
What is the most Cr part of the pleural cavity?
Definition
Cupula Pleurae
Term
On which side does the cupula pleurae extend beyond the 1st rib in the horse? [In the dog?]
Definition
R [Both sides]
Term
How many sacs make up the cupula pleurae? (____)
Definition
2 (D & V)
Term
What is the narrow space bordered immediately by the diaphragm & thoracic wall?
Definition
Costodiaphragmatic recess
Term
Describe the costodiaphragmatic recess
Definition
Narrow & extensive, w/in the thoracic cage
Term
How many zones are in the mediastinum?
Definition
3
Term
Describe the mediastinum.
Definition
Thin & Delicate, poorly supported by sub-pleural CT
Term
Which part of the mediastinum is fenestrated?
Definition
Cd
Term
What are the 3 zones of the mediastinum?
Definition
Cr, Middle, Cd
Term
Describe the lungs of the horse.
Definition
Non-lobated, Poorly lobulated
Term
What separates the Cr portion of each lung from the rest of the lung?
Definition
Cardiac Notch
Term
What are the arbitrary lobes of the L lung?
Definition
Apex (Cr) & Base (Cd)
Term
What are the arbitrary lobes of the R lung?
Definition
Cr, Accessory, Cd
Term
Which lung is larger?
Definition
R
Term
From where to where does the cardiac notch of the L lung extend?
Definition
3rd - 6th ICS
Term
From where to where does the cardiac notch of the R lung extend?
Definition
3rd - 4th ICS
Term
Which cardiac notch is shorter?
Definition
R
Term
What is the caudoventral border of the lung field?
Definition
Basal border of lung
Term
From where to where does the basal border of the lung extend?
Definition
5th costochondral junction to D end of 17th (penultimate) rib or ICS
Term
What is the nature of the caudoventral border of the lung field in horses?
Definition
Gently curved
Term
What is the Cr border of the lung field?
Definition
Cd edge of triceps brachii (Tricipital line)
Term
What is the D border of the lung field?
Definition
L edge of epaxial mm. (Line btw tuber coxae & Cd angle of scapula)
Term
Size-wise, on a comparative basis, how large is the lung field in the horse?
Definition
Large
Term
How many ribs are included in the lung field of the ox?
Definition
13
Term
In what part of the mediastinum does the heart lie?
Definition
V part of Middle Mediastinum
Term
Is the heart in the thoracic cavity or the pleural cavity?
Definition
Neither, it is in the mediastinum
Term
What is the direction of the long axis of the heart?
Definition
Nearly vertical
Term
What is the position of the heart in relation to the diaphragm?
Definition
Directly Cr to V part of diaphragm
Term
What holds the heart in place?
Definition
Great blood vessels & Sternopericardiac lig.
Term
What is the homologue of the sternopericardiac lig. in the dog?
Definition
Phrenicopericardiac lig.
Term
Describe the sternopericardiac lig. of the horse.
Definition
Well-developed
Term
What are the great blood vessels?
Definition
Aorta, Cr VC, Cd VC, Brachiocephalic trunk
Term
How much of the height of the thoracic cavity does the heart occupy?
Definition
2/3
Term
Is the heart displaced to the R or L?
Definition
Slightly L
Term
Where is the heart located, topographically?
Definition
Btw 2nd & 6th ICS
Term
How can the Cr & Cd borders of the heart be distinguished?
Definition
Cr: Convex; Cd: slightly Concave (pressed against diaphragm)
Term
What is the part of the annulus fibrosus that surrounds the aorta that contains 2 irregularly shaped cardiac cartilages?
Definition
Fibrous skeleton
Term
What are the 2 irregularly shaped cardiac cartilages in the horse that never ossify?
Definition
Cartilago cordis
Term
Which coronary a. is dominant?
Definition
R
Term
Where does the L subclavian a. derive from?
Definition
Brachiocephalic trunk
Term
What does the R coronary a. supply?
Definition
Interventricular septum & part of LV
Term
What is the major v. of the heart?
Definition
Great Coronary v.
Term
How does the great coronary v. open into the RA?
Definition
Orifice of the coronary sinus
Term
How do the minor coronary vv. open into the chambers of the heart?
Definition
Directly
Term
What v. drains most of the thoracic wall & part of the L area?
Definition
R azygous v.
Term
What is the point of maximum auscultation, not normally felt on palpation in the horse?
Definition
Apex Beat
Term
Where is percussion of the heart done in the horse?
Definition
Where the heart makes direct contact w/ the thoracic wall
Term
What is the dullness perceived on percussion?
Definition
Cardiac dullness
Term
What is done to obtain heart sounds?
Definition
Auscultation
Term
What is the first heart sound?
Definition
Ventricular systole
Term
What is the second heart sound?
Definition
Ventricular diastole
Term
What area is used for auscultation of the heart?
Definition
Cardiac notch area
Term
What is the location of the pulmonary valve?
Definition
L 3rd ICS
Term
What is the location of the aortic valve?
Definition
L 4th ICS
Term
What is the location of the L AV valve?
Definition
L 5th ICS
Term
What is the location of the R AV valve?
Definition
R 4th ICS
Term
What may be seen in aged horses, w/o affecting valvular efficiency?
Definition
Nodular outgrowth & Fenestrations
Term
What is the position of the esophagus compared to the trachea?
Definition
Left, D then Median
Term
Describe the muscular coat of the esophagus.
Definition
Striated up to the heart, Smooth thereafter
Term
What is the position of the trachea?
Definition
Median
Term
Where does the trachea bifurcate?
Definition
Over the base of the heart
Term
Is the R or L bronchus larger?
Definition
R
Term
Describe the thymus.
Definition
Extensive in young, restricted to V part of Cr mediastinum in older animals
Term
Which n. is thought to be associated w/ laryngeal hemiplegia?
Definition
L recurrent laryngeal n.
Term
Describe the lnn. of the horse.
Definition
Many ,sm., grape-like clusters
Term
Where are the intercostal lnn?
Definition
D aspect of some ICSs
Term
Where are the Cr mediastinal lnn.?
Definition
Along length of the esophagus, trachea @ thoracic inlet region
Term
Where are the middle mediastinal lnn?
Definition
base of heart
Term
Where are the pulmonary lnn?
Definition
embedded in the lung
Term
Where do the pulmonary lnn drain?
Definition
Into the tracheobronchial nodes
Term
Where are tracheobronchial lnn?
Definition
Along trachea & primary bronchi
Term
Where are the Cd mediastinal lnn?
Definition
Associated w/ esophagus & aorta
Term
Describe the Cd mediastinal lnn.
Definition
Poorly developed or absent
Term
Where should pericardiocentesis be done in the standing animal?
Definition
4th ICS, level of costochondral junction
Term
What happens when the L tracheobronchial ln is enlarged?
Definition
Pressure on the L recurrent laryngeal n., pressed against pulsating aorta --> n. degeneration & paralysis of most intrinsic mm. of larynx, incl. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis, excl. cricothyroideus --> Roaring
Term
What is the function of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m?
Definition
The only dilator of the larynx
Term
What conceals the Cd 1/2 of the ext. jugular v?
Definition
Thick cutaneous colli m.
Term
What thin m. lies M to the jugular v. in the Cr 1/2 of the neck?
Definition
Omohyoideus
Term
What can happen from an accidental inj. into the common carotid a.?
Definition
Fatal (Brain damage, collapse)
Term
What a. should be avoided when injecting into the jugular v?
Definition
Common carotid a.
Term
What nn. should be avoided when injecting into the jugular v?
Definition
Recurrent laryngeal n & vagosympathetic trunk
Term
What happens if the vagosympathetic trunk is damaged?
Definition
Horner's Syndrome (lack of sympathetic innervation of the head)
Term
What results from damage to the recurrent laryngeal n?
Definition
Laryngeal hemiplegia
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