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Equine Thoracic Limb Contd
Quiz 3
169
Anatomy
Professional
10/19/2010

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Term
Classify the Carpus jt.
Definition
Synovial, Compound, Hinge/Ginglymus
Term
Which is simpler: Carpus or Tarsus?
Definition
Carpus
Term
Does the horse or dog have a simple carpus?
Definition
Horse
Term
What are the bones of the carpus?
Definition
distal end of radio-unlar segment (radius); proximal row of carpal bones (radial-intermediate, ulnar carpals, ACB); distal row of carpal bones (1,2,3,4); proximal ends of metacarpal bones
Term
What are the movements of the carpus?
Definition
Flexion & Extension; some Abduction & Adduction
Term
What are the movements of the carpus?
Definition
Flexion & Extension
Term
What are the main jts of the carpus? What is formed btw the carpal bones of each row?
Definition
Antebrachiocarpal/Radiocarpal, Middle Carpal, Carpometacarpal; Intercarpal jts
Term
List the main jts of the carpus in order of descending mobility.
Definition
Antebrachiocarpal/Radiocarpal > Middle Carpal > Carpometacarpal
Term
Which carpal jts are connected/communicate? What is this a consideration for?
Definition
Middle carpal & Carpometacarpal jts; injecting & collecting fluid
Term
Describe the fibrous layer of the joint capsule of the carpus.
Definition
Common capsule (from radius proximally to metacarpal bones distally); attaches to composite bones as it passes over them; thickened on D & palmar surfaces
Term
The palmar part of the joint capsule of the carpus may be _____.
Definition
Cartilaginous
Term
The palmar part of the joint capsule of the carpus is smooth & forms _____ (along w/ _____) for the DDF tendons.
Definition
Carpal Canal (ACB)
Term
The palmar part of the joint capsule of the carpus extends at _____ or _____ end into the _____, attached to the DDF tendon.
Definition
Middle or Distal; Accessory lig.
Term
The accessory lig. of the carpus is a _____ lig.
Definition
Check lig.
Term
The axis of rotation of the carpus is at the _____ aspect of the joint.
Definition
Cd
Term
What is the maximum angle of extension of the carpus?
Definition
180 (can be as low as 0)
Term
The angle of flexion of the carpus can be as low as _____.
Definition
90
Term
What is the purpose of the palmar carpal lig?
Definition
Stabilize & prevent overextension of the joint
Term
Name the synovial sacs of the carpus. What do they correspond to?
Definition
Antebrachiocarpal, Middle Carpal, Carpometacarpal sacs; Main joints
Term
Which is the largest synovial sac of the carpus?
Definition
Antebrachiocarpal
Term
What does the antebrachiocarpal sac include?
Definition
Jt formed by ACB & btw proximal intercarpal jts
Term
Which 2 synovial sacs of the carpus communicate?
Definition
Middle Carpal & Carpometacarpal Sac
Term
Where is the middle carpal sac?
Definition
btw 3rd & 4th carpals
Term
Comment on the size of the Carpometacarpal sac.
Definition
Very small
Term
Name the ligg. of the carpus.
Definition
M & L Collateral; Prox, Middle, Dist ACB ligg; + a # of short ligg. uniting adjacent CBs
Term
What is the function of the M & L Collateral ligg. of the carpus?
Definition
Unite bones of carpus on each side; Limit mvmt to ext. & flex.
Term
The carpus jt. is more easily accessed when the jt. is ______.
Definition
Flexed
Term
Describe the collateral ligg. of the carpus.
Definition
Long, Extend btw radius & metacarpal bb.
Term
What is the function of the ACB ligg?
Definition
Stabilize ACB
Term
The ACB ligg. are located _____.
Definition
Laterally
Term
The proximal, middle & distal ligg. of the ACB join the bone to the _____. (What are their other names?)
Definition
Ulnar Carpal (accessorioulnar "AU" lig.); 4th carpal (Accessorioquartal "AQ" lig.); Lateral Splint (IV) Bone (Accessoriometacarpal "AM" lig.)
Term
What is the purpose of the short ligg. uniting adjacent carpal bones?
Definition
Prevent displacement
Term
The carpus is a composite jt w/ several bones, therefore ______.
Definition
Concussion-absorbing
Term
What component jt's of the carpus exhibit the main mvmts?
Definition
Antebrachiocarpal & Middle Carpal
Term
What is the carpometacarpal jt bound down by? What does this mean?
Definition
Ligg; Little mvmt
Term
At _____, the 2 proximal jt cavities of the carpus open relatively widely.
Definition
Flexion
Term
The carpus is liable to damage when animal falls on ______.
Definition
Flexed Carpus
Term
Injections at ____ & ____ synovial sacs is easily performed when carpus is held in flexion.
Definition
Radiocarpal/Antebrachiocarpal & Middle Carpal
Term
When the carpus is flexed, the jt cavities open & _____ can be palpated.
Definition
Grooves overlying them
Term
What is a landmark in the carpus, on the sides of which injections can be made?
Definition
Tendon of insertion of Extensor Carpi Radialis
Term
How important are the joints of the distal TL in the horse?
Definition
Very important
Term
What is the most frequently damaged jt in the TL? 2nd?
Definition
Fetlock jt; Coffin jt
Term
What is another name for the Fetlock jt in the TL? PL?
Definition
Metacarpophalangeal jt; Metatarsophalangeal jt
Term
What is the most stressed joint of equine limbs?
Definition
Fetlock
Term
Classify the fetlock joint.
Definition
Synovial, Compound, Hinge/Ginglymus
Term
The tendency of the jt's of the distal TL to ______ is prevented by ligg.
Definition
Overextend or Collapse
Term
The jt's of the distal PL are similar to those of the TL except the _____.
Definition
Angles
Term
What are the bones of the fetlock?
Definition
Distal end of metacarpal (cannon) bone; Proximal end of 1st phalanx; Proximal sesamoid bones
Term
How many bones comprise the fetlock?
Definition
4
Term
What bones are considered very important components of the joint?
Definition
Proximal Sesamoid bones
Term
Ligg. attaching to it act as _____ to help support the fetlock.
Definition
Slings
Term
What is another name for metacarpal bone III?
Definition
Cannon Bone
Term
What does the distal end of metacarpal bone III articulate with?
Definition
Proximal Sesamoid Bones
Term
What should be done in case of fracture of the proximal sesamoid bone(s)? Why?
Definition
"Cry first" before attending to horse; Difficult to manage, Intensive care req'd
Term
How often do the proximal sesamoid bones fracture?
Definition
Frequently
Term
In addition to PSB, the _____ & ____ bones also suffer frequent fracture.
Definition
Cannon & Carpal bones
Term
Where do the PSB lie?
Definition
Distal end of the cannon bone
Term
Describe the relation of the PSB to the proximal (1st) phalanx.
Definition
No direct articulation
Term
Describe the joint capsule of the fetlock.
Definition
Large; Thick on palmar side; Projects proximally btw cannon bone & interosseous m. on the palmar surface
Term
Can the joint capsule of the fetlock be injected? Where?
Definition
Yes; Medially or Laterally
Term
What is the name for pathological distension of the fetlock joint capsule?
Definition
"Articular Windgalls," "Wind puffs," or "Galls"
Term
Where is swelling of the fetlock joint capsule more obvious?
Definition
Palmarly
Term
How many ligg. are associated w/ the fetlock?
Definition
Several
Term
What are the ligaments of the fetlock?
Definition
Sesamoidean ligg; Intersesamoidean lig.; Collateral Sesamoidean lig.; Distal Sesamoidean ligg; Collateral ligg (M & L)
Term
Name the distal sesamoidean ligg. of the fetlock.
Definition
Superficial (Straight) Sesamoidean lig., Middle (Oblique) Sesamoidean ligg., Deep (Cruciate) Sesamoidean ligg., Short Sesamoidean ligg.
Term
What was the interosseous m. formerly known as?
Definition
Suspensory lig.
Term
What is the interosseous m. also known as?
Definition
Superior sesamoidean lig.
Term
Name the sesamoidean ligg. of the fetlock.
Definition
Interosseous m./Superior Sesamoidean lig.; Intersesamoidean lig.; Collateral Sesamoidean ligg; Distal Sesamoidean ligg.
Term
What ligament is a homologue of the interosseous m. of the dog?
Definition
Superior Sesamoidean lig.
Term
The interosseous m. is ____ in the dog, ____ in the foal, & ____ in the adult horse.
Definition
Fleshy; Little muscle; Entirely tendinous
Term
What is the origin of the interosseous m?
Definition
Proximal part of palmar surface of cannon bone
Term
Where does the interosseous muscle divide into 2?
Definition
Distal 1/4 of cannon bone
Term
Each division of the interosseous m. inserts on ________.
Definition
Abaxial surface of PSB
Term
What detaches from the insertion of the interosseous m. on the PSB?
Definition
Extensor Slip
Term
What is the Extensor Slip of the interosseous muscle?
Definition
Oblique, D br to the common digital extensor tendon over D surface of proximal phalanx
Term
What is the function of extensor slips of the interosseous m?
Definition
Support fetlock; Prevent overextension & flexion
Term
In the PL, where does the interosseous m. send extensor slips?
Definition
Long Digital Extensor
Term
What are the functions of the sesamoidean ligg?
Definition
Support fetlock; Prevent over-extension (D flexion) of jt when foot on ground; D br limits flexion of jt & prevents deep flexor tendon from flexing jt as a result of tension on it when limb on ground & jt extended
Term
Can flexor tendons of the distal limb contract? What does this prevent?
Definition
No; Overextension
Term
Describe the intersesamoidean lig.
Definition
Fibrocartilage; Extends btw 2 PSB
Term
What do the M & L collateral ligg. of the fetlock attach?
Definition
Sides of PSB to metacarpal condyles & proximal tubercles of 1st phalanx
Term
What are the distal sesamoidean ligg. thought to be?
Definition
Continuations of the interosseous m.
Term
Where does the superficial (straight) sesamoidean lig. extend?
Definition
From the sesamoid bones & intersesamoidean lig. to Fibrocartilage Lip on palmar aspect of prox. end of middle phalanx (P2)
Term
Describe the superficial (straight) sesamoidean lig.
Definition
Straight fibers; Long
Term
The superficial (straight) sesamoidean lig. bypasses _____, & crosses the ______ on its _____ surface. It also stabilizes _____ joint.
Definition
Prox. phalanx; Pastern, Flexor; Pastern
Term
Where do the middle (oblique) sesamoidean ligg. extend?
Definition
Bases of sesamoid bones to palmar surface of prox. phalanx
Term
Which of the distal sesamoidean ligg. attach to the prox. phalanx?
Definition
Middle (Oblique), Deep (Cruciate), & Short
Term
Describe the Deep (Cruciate) sesamoidean ligg. Where do they extend?
Definition
2 bands of fibers, crossing e/o, from bases of sesamoids to opp. eminence on prox. end of P1
Term
Describe the short sesamoidean ligg. Where do they extend?
Definition
2 ligg. running from axial sides of bases of sesamoid bone to abaxial side of eminence of P1
Term
The short sesamoidean ligg. are at the level of ________.
Definition
Cruciate/Deep sesamoidean ligg.
Term
What is the function of the distal sesamoidean ligg?
Definition
Assist interosseous m. in support of fetlock jt
Term
What is the function of the oblique (middle) sesamoidean lig? Along w/ what?
Definition
Prevents over-extension (buckling fwd) of pastern jt when foot hits ground; SDF tendon
Term
What are the collateral ligg. of the fetlock divided into?
Definition
2 layers (superficial & deep)
Term
Regarding the collateral ligg. of the fetlock, the deep layer is ____ & ____, & covered by ___.
Definition
Shorter, Stronger; Superficial layer
Term
The collateral lig. of the fetlock is _____ to that of the PSB.
Definition
Superficial
Term
Where can the joint capsule of the fetlock be injected?
Definition
Btw cannon bone & interosseous tendon
Term
Fracture of sesamoid bone, esp _______, cry.
Definition
Distal 1/2
Term
What occurs w/ section of interosseous m?
Definition
Fetlock sinks
Term
What occurs w/ section of interosseous m?
Definition
Fetlock sinks
Term
What occurs w/ section of SDF tendon?
Definition
Fetlock sinks slightly, not grounded
Term
What occurs w/ section of both digital flexors & interosseous mm?
Definition
Complete grounding (collapse) of fetlock
Term
What is another name for the pastern jt?
Definition
Proximal Interphalangeal jt
Term
Classify the pastern jt.
Definition
Simple, Synovial, Hinge
Term
What bones are included in the pastern jt?
Definition
Proximal & Middle Phalanges
Term
What is the prox part of palmar/plantar surface of middle phalanx extended by?
Definition
Complementary Fibrocartilage
Term
What is the function of the complementary fibrocartilage of the pastern jt?
Definition
Enlarges jt cavity & helps support jt; Provides attachment for tendons
Term
Describe the joint capsule of the pastern jt.
Definition
Extends considerably proximally on both D & palmar/plantar surfaces
Term
What are the ligg. of the pastern jt?
Definition
M & L Collateral, M & L Palmar/Plantar
Term
Describe the M & L Collateral ligg. of the pastern.
Definition
Straight; Vertically oriented
Term
What is another name for the M Palmar/Plantar lig. of the pastern?
Definition
Axial
Term
What is another name for the L Palmar/Plantar lig. of the pastern?
Definition
Abaxial
Term
Where are the M & L Palmar/Plantar ligg. of the pastern?
Definition
From distal end of P1 to Complementary fibrocartilage of P2
Term
What are the mvmt's of the pastern?
Definition
Mostly Flexion & Extension
Term
Describe the mobility of the pastern jt.
Definition
Immovable
Term
Rank the mobility of the joints of the distal limb from most to least mvmt.
Definition
Fetlock>Coffin>Pastern
Term
What is another name for the coffin jt?
Definition
Distal Interphalangeal jt
Term
What are the bones/cartilages of the coffin jt?
Definition
Distal end of P2 & Proximal end of P3, Distal Sesamoid/Navicular Bone, M & L Cartilages of P3
Term
Describe the cartilages of P3.
Definition
Hyaline in young; Fibrocartilaginous in adults
Term
What is the shape of the navicular bone?
Definition
Boat shaped
Term
Where is the joint capsule of the coffin?
Definition
Extends proximally on D & Palmar/Plantar surfaces, forming pouches in mid P2 region & another below navicular bone
Term
Where is the coffin joint capsule vulnerable?
Definition
Pouches @ mid P2 region & below navicular bone
Term
What are the ligg. of the coffin jt?
Definition
Chondrocompedal, Chondrocoronal, Chondroungular, M & L Collateral, M & L Collaterals (Suspensory ligg) of Navicular bone, Distal Sesamoidean (Navicular) impar
Term
Describe the M & L Collateral ligg. of the coffin jt.
Definition
Straight; Vertically oriented
Term
What is another name for the collateral ligg. of the navicular bone?
Definition
Suspensory ligg.
Term
Describe the distal sesamoidean (navicular) impar lig.
Definition
Short
Term
Where is the distal sesamoidean (navicular) impar lig?
Definition
From distal border of navicular bone to palmar/plantar surface of P3
Term
Where is the navicular bursa?
Definition
Btw Navicular bone & DDF Tendon
Term
What does the Stay Apparatus enable?
Definition
Horse to stand w/ minimum muscular effort
Term
What limbs are involved in the stay apparatus?
Definition
Both fore- and hindlimbs
Term
Which limbs bear more body wt? What is the ratio of TL:PL?
Definition
TL; 55:45
Term
What is another name for the accessory lig. of the DDF?
Definition
Inferior Check lig.
Term
What is another name for the accessory lig. of the SDF?
Definition
Superior Check lig.
Term
Body wt is transmitted to the TL via ______.
Definition
Serratus ventralis m.
Term
Where does the serratus ventralis attach?
Definition
Facies serratus of scapula
Term
A vertical line, in mid facies serratus, drops ___ to the shoulder jt, through ______, but _____ to the distal jts
Definition
Cd; Elbow jt; Cr
Term
TL reqs support to avoid collapse on ____________ & __________.
Definition
Flexion of shoulder jt & Elbow jt; Overextension of Distal jts.
Term
In the PL, what does the body wt rest on?
Definition
Head of femur
Term
A vertical line drops from H of F, _____ to stifle jt, ______ to distal jts.
Definition
Cd; Cr
Term
w/o support, the PL collapses on ________ & _________.
Definition
Flexion of stifle & hock jts; Overextension of distal jts
Term
What does the stay apparatus ensure?
Definition
That the limb jts bear body wt in their normal & appropriate stance, for prolonged periods of time, w/ little muscular action or effort
Term
When does the stay apparatus operate/when is it necessary?
Definition
When the foot (PL or TL) is placed on the ground & bearing body wt
Term
When bearing wt, the pastern jt can not _____.
Definition
Flex
Term
Classify the Coffin jt
Definition
Compound, Synovial, Hinge
Term
What parts of the pastern jt are involved in the forelimb stay apparatus? What do they do?
Definition
Palmar ligg (Short & Tensed) & Superficial (Straight) Sesamoidean lig. prevent overextension
Term
What prevents overextension of the fetlock jt?
Definition
Formidable support provided by interosseous tendon, PSBs, & sesamoidean ligg; DF tendons & accessory lig play a role
Term
What prevents overextension of the carpal jt?
Definition
Flat nature of D parts of articular surfaces of radiocarpal & midcarpal jts & palmar carpal lig (holding composite bones together)
Term
What is the elbow jt ''fixed'' by?
Definition
Body wt @ jt, acting through radius distalward
Term
What are some important factors preventing collapse of the elbow jt?
Definition
Tonic activity of the triceps brachii m
Term
What causes collapse of the elbow jt/TL?
Definition
Radial n. paralysis
Term
Collateral ligg. of the elbow are _____.
Definition
Eccentric
Term
What is meant when we say the collateral ligg. of the elbow are eccentric?
Definition
Cd to axis of rotation of the jt; tensed in normal standing & must be stretched to permit flexion of jt
Term
Compared to the axis of rotation of the jt, where are the flexor mm of the elbow? What are they?
Definition
Cd; SDF, FCU & UL
Term
Describe the flexor mm of the elbow in normal standing. This jt is also _____.
Definition
Tensed; Close-packed
Term
What stabilize/prevent collapse of the shoulder jt?
Definition
Highly tendinous biceps brachii m, Tendinous lacertus fibrosus uniting both biceps brachii & ECR
Term
What prevents flexion of the shoulder?
Definition
Tensed biceps brachii m, as its distal attachment (radius) & that of ECR (metacarpal bone) are fixed by body wt
Term
Comment on the structures of the stay apparatus below the hock in the TL vs. PL.
Definition
Similar in both limbs
Term
What component of the stay apparatus may be weak or absent in the hindfoot?
Definition
Accessory ligg.
Term
What prevents flexion of the hip jt?
Definition
Gluteal mm
Term
What makes up for the weakness/absence of the accessory ligg. of the hindfoot?
Definition
Attachment of SDF tendon to pt of hock
Term
What is a critical component of the stay apparatus of the PL?
Definition
Stifle Lock/Patellar Lock
Term
What part of the stay apparatus is peculiar to the PL?
Definition
Reciprocal Apparatus
Term
The Reciprocal Apparatus is a ___________ to & support for the stifle-lock.
Definition
Monumental Addition
Term
What happens to the hock when the stifle is in ''lock?''
Definition
Automatically extended
Term
When stifle/hock are locked in extension, what helps support the pastern jt?
Definition
Tension in SDF tendon is high
Term
While limb bearing body wt is in _____, the other _____.
Definition
''Lock,'' Rests on the tip (toe) of its hoof
Term
What is/are the main component(s) of the Stay Apparatus of the TL? PL?
Definition
Lacertus Fibrosus; Patellar Lock Sys & Reciprocal Apparatus
Term
The Stay Apparatus of the TL is more ____ in nature, whereas that of the PL is more ____ in nature.
Definition
Muscular; Mechanical
Term
Name 2 main components of the TL CAM.
Definition
Dorsoscapular lig & Partially Flexed Shoulder
Term
Name 2 components of the CAM of the PL.
Definition
Partially flexed hip & stifle
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