Term
| Fertilizaiton of the equine ova occurs in the ______ of the uterine tube. |
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Definition
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Term
| The uterotubula junction is thought to be the main site for what in the mare? |
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Definition
| -capacitaiton and selection of sperm |
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Term
| True or False: Hormonally, the initaly 14 days of pregnancy are the same as in a non-pregnant mare. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the mare, when does the embryo enter the uterus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What day is ideal to recover embryos via uteirne lavage for transfer in the mare? What stage is this? |
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Definition
-day 7
-late morula or blastocyst |
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Term
| In the mare, when is an embryo first visible on ultrasound? What happens hormonally? |
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Definition
-day 11-12
-estrogen produced |
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Term
| In the mare, when does the embryo faxate at the uterine horn base? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the embryo look like on ultrasound around day 19-20? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the mare, when can you first see the heartbeat on ultrasound? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do endometrial cups develop in the mare? What do they secrete and why? |
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Definition
-day 38
-secrete eCG to support pregnancy |
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Term
| When do endometrial cups slough off in the mare? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the specific functions of the eCG produced by the endometrial cups in the mare? |
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Definition
-maintains primary CL via P4 pdn
-assist in formation of supplemental CLs |
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Term
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Definition
| -if embryo fails to continue to develop or it it is induced |
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Term
| If the pregnancy loss occurs <36-40 days, what happens to the mare? |
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Definition
-return to estrus <30 days
-only primary CL is present |
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Term
| IF pregnancy loss occus >36-40 days in mare hwat happens to her? |
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Definition
| -eCG is present thus may be up to 3+ months before she returns to estrus b/c multiple CLs present |
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Term
| From where does P4 come from up to day 50-70 in the mare during pregnancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does P4 come rom after day 50-70 in the mare? |
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Definition
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Term
| What levels of P4 are needed to maintain pregnancy in the mare? |
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Definition
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Term
| Size of what dictates the size of the fetus in horses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is fetal malposition less common in mares than in cows? |
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Definition
| -generaly prevented by hind limb trapping in a uterine horn by month 8 |
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Term
| What are the three situations in which twinning can result from in the mare? |
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Definition
-ONe egg/ovulation: aka monozygotic twins; identical genomes and result of splitting of a fertilized ovum
-Two eggs/ovulaitons: dizygotic twins having different genomes
-Two eggs/one ovulation: also dizygotic but rare |
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Term
| Regarding equine twins, greater than ___& are dizygotic. Result from what? |
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Definition
-95%
-synchronous ovulations occuring wihtin 24 hrs of each other OR ASYNCHRONOUS OVULATIONS OCCURING GREATER THAN 24 HRS APART |
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Term
| Which horse breeds are predisposed to twinning? |
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Definition
| -Thoroughbred and Draft mares |
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Term
| What are the possible outcomes of twinning in mares? Which is most likely to occur? |
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Definition
| -birth of a single foal >> loss of both >>>>>>>> carry both to term (both dead >>> one live > both live) |
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Term
| Mares with twin pregnancies may require ___ at birth. |
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Definition
| -assisted vaginal delivery |
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Term
| Describe the surviving foals that result from twinning in mares. |
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Definition
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Term
| What complication has a higher incidence in twinning mares? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the best case scenario with twinning in mares? |
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Definition
| -unilateral fixation that results in one twin reduced by the other twin |
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Term
| What is the worst case scenario with twinning in mares? |
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Definition
| -bilateral fixation where both embryos grow beyod day 40 gestation |
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Term
| If you think a mare might twin, what do you do? |
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Definition
| -nothing, let her be bred anyway |
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Term
| If you think a mare might have twins, when do you check her? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the methods of embryonic/fetal reduction? |
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Definition
-manual crushing/pinching
-US assisted crushing
-transvaginal US guided aspiration
-cervical dislocation
-US guided intracardiac puncture
-termination of pregnancy |
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Term
| At what day does endometrial cup formation occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the time of endometrial cup formation affect when you terminate a twin pregnancy? |
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Definition
-Before Day 35/ no endometrial cup formation: prostaglandins will lyse the singular CL present currently supporting pregnancy
-After Day 35/cups are formed: multiple doses of prostaglandins |
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Term
| What do you assess to check the fetus? |
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Definition
-fetal heart rate
-fetal activity
-fetal breathing movements |
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Term
| How do we check uteroplacental thickness? |
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Definition
-transrectal US: at level of the cervical star
-transabdominal US: avoid fetal compression and placental folds |
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Term
| What are the CTUP rules of thumb for day 270, 271-300, 301-330, 331-term? |
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Definition
-up to day 270: 7mm
-Day 271-300: 8mm
-Day 301-330: 10mm
-Day 331-term: 12 mm |
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