Term
| How do we treat a mare for the first 7 months of pregnancy? |
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Definition
-completely normally!
-benefit from moderate riding or exercise |
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Term
| How do we alter vaccinations regarding pregnant mares? |
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Definition
-boosters should be given one month prior to foaling to increase the Ab level in the mare's colostrum
-EHV at 5, 7, and 9 months gestation |
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Term
| What is the average length of pregnancy in the mare? |
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Definition
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Term
| Owners may become concerned if their mare is past due and begin to request induction... concerns with this? |
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Definition
| -you have to be willing to sacrifice the foals if you are inducing |
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Term
| Is prolonged gestation generally associated with problems or extra large foals in mares? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the more obvious signs of impending birth? |
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Definition
-filling of the udder: 2-4w prefoaling
-distension of the teats: 4-6 days prefoaling
-waxing of teats: 1-4d prefoaling
-obvious dripping of milk |
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Term
| What are some of the more subtle signs of impending birth? |
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Definition
-softening and flattening of the mm in the croup
-relaxation of the vulva |
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Term
| When do mares typically foal? |
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Definition
-seem to foal at night in privacy and some control over the delivery timing
-quick and uneventful |
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Term
| Describe the types of places mares like to foal? |
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Definition
-clean, safe, quiet place to foal
-open grassy area is sometimes cleaner that a stall
-stall > 14 ft X 14 ft
-straw |
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Term
| What is the first stage of labor? |
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Definition
-Stage 1: begins with the onset of contractions and generally lasts 1-2 hours
-contractions move the foal through the cervix and into position in the birth canal
-fetal membranes (allantois) may become visible at the mare's vulva
-when the sac breaks, signaled by a rush of fluid, stage one ends |
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Term
| What is the second stage of labor? |
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Definition
| -expulsion of the foal lasting < 30 mins |
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Term
| Describe the normal presentation of the foal? |
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Definition
| -diving position: one front foot first, hooves down, head forwad aka dorsal-sacral position |
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Term
| Is it normal for the mare to move around for delivery? |
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Definition
| -mare may stand up, lie down, and roll several times |
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Term
| What is the third stage of labor? |
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Definition
-begins after delivery and is the phase during which the afterbirth ("placenta") is expelled
-most are passed within 1-3 hours |
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Term
| At which point does the passing of the placenta become an issue? |
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Definition
| -if it takes longer than 3-4 hours |
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Term
| Did the dystocia occur after a term pregnancy? |
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Definition
| -possible risk for leaving a part of the fetal mem behind |
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Term
| What do we do for a late gestation abortion? |
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Definition
| -submit foal and membranes for exam |
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Term
| What are the possible maternal causes of dystocia in the mare? |
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Definition
-uterine torsion
-abdominal hernia |
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Term
| What are the possible fetal causes of dystocia in the mare? |
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Definition
-abnormal presentation or posiiton
-postural abnormalities #1 cause of dystocia
-abnormal size (much less common) |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of dystocia in the mare? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it look like when the chorion presents at the vulva? What should it look like? |
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Definition
-red, velvety membrane shows first (red beg)
-amnion should be white and translucent |
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Term
| Why is a red bag an issue? |
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Definition
-foal's blood supply to its dam has been interrupted and the neonate is at risk for asphyxia
-IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY |
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Term
| What do we use for lubrication during dystocia? What else do we administer concurrently? |
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Definition
-warm water or actual lube
-Cuscopan: relax the uterus |
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Term
| What is assisted vaginal delivery? |
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Definition
-no sedation
-loooots of lube and pulling
-pull only during a contraction |
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Term
| Describe a controlled vaginal delivery. |
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Definition
-requires general anesthesia while the mare is upside down
-you go in and go fishing |
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Term
| What are your options if a CVD fails? |
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Definition
-C-section
-fetotomy
-euthanasia |
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Term
| What are our 4 major considerations for all procedures during a dystocia? |
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Definition
-trauma to repro tract
-vaginal, cervical trauma
-uterine rupture or tears
-future fertility of the mare |
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Term
| Normal foals should be standing within what time frame? What about nursing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What problems can arise if the foal does not nurse? |
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Definition
-septicemia
-effects from neonatal hypoxia syndrome
-colostrum not ingested in a timely manner |
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Term
| What do we check within 18-24 hours of birth with blood tests from the foal? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what time frame should foals pass the meconium? |
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Definition
| -within 12 hours of birth |
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Term
| In which breeds of horses are retained fetal membranes more common? |
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Definition
| -draft mares and Fresian mares |
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Term
| In which clinical situation is the chance of retained fetal membranes increased? |
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Definition
| -dystocia, prolonged gestations, hydrops pregnancies, and C-sections |
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Term
| What is a retained fetal membrane? |
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Definition
| -failure of fetal membranes to pass within 3 hors post-foaling |
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Term
| What is the thought as to the cause of a RFM? |
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Definition
| -tip of the non-gravid horn (thinneer, less edematous) responsible for persistent attachment |
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Term
| What is the first thing you do with a RFM? |
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Definition
| -tie the membranes up in a bag so the mare does not kick at them or step on them |
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Term
| What do we administer medically in the case of a RFM? |
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Definition
-Oxytocin: begin with LOW doses immediated post-partum
-systemic broad spectrum antibiotics: IV K penicillin and Gentamicin |
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Term
| What are the possible complications with manual removal of RFM? |
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Definition
-significant hemorrhage
-intussusception of uterine horn
-delay of uterine involution after microvilli are broken off and left behind in endometrium of uterus
-permanent endometrial damage |
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Term
| What is the Burn's technique? |
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Definition
| -povidine iodine or saline solution infused into the chorioallantoic space in large volumes to induce uterine stretching and subsequent contraction in the hope for separation for microvilli from endometrial attachment |
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Term
| What is our safest option with RFM? |
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Definition
| -retrograde infusion of umbilical artery with collagenase to break down microvilli or infusion of water to induce swelling and edema of microvilli |
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