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Equine Infectious Diseases
Common infectious diseases found in horses
71
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 2
02/08/2018

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Term
Equine Encephalomyelitis
Definition
AKA encephalitis
Caused by virus
3 strains: Eastern, Western, Venezuelan (no longer seen)
Zoonotic Risk rare but possible
Term
Equine Encephalomyelitis Clinical Signs
Definition
Depression, ataxia, circling, anorexia, paralysis
CS can remain even if horse recovers
Term
Equine Encephalomyelitis Transmission
Definition
Mosquito vector
Zoonotic Risk
Term
Equine Encephalomyelitis Diagnosis
Definition
Clinical signs, virus isolation, antibody titers
Term
Equine Encephalomyelitis Prevention
Definition
Vaccination, eliminate vectors
Term
Equine Encephalomyelitis Treatment
Definition
Supportive care, antiinflammatories, anticonvulsant
Term
Influenza Clinical Signs
Definition
Virus
Cough, serous nasal discharge fever (107), enlarged lymph node, depression, anorexia
Term
Influenza Transmission
Definition
Direct contact with nasal secretion, sputum, etc
Term
Influenza Diagnosis
Definition
CS, Ab titers, virus isolation
Term
Influenza Prevention
Definition
Vaccination
Initial series then every 2 months of initial contact
Term
Influenza Treatment
Definition
Supportive nursing care
Increase ventilation
Term
Rhinopneumonitis
Definition
Caused by Herpes virus EHV-1, EHV-4
EHV-1 major cause of abortions, neurologic diseases
Term
Rhinopneumonitis Clinical Signs
Definition
Respiratory infection, cough, serous nasal discharge, ocular discharge, fever, conjunctivitis, depression
Term
Rhinopneumonitis Transmition
Definition
Suspect latent carriers exist
Direct or indirect contact with nasal secretions, placenta, fetus
Term
Rhinopneumonitis Diagnosis
Definition
Clinical signs, Ab titer, virus isolation
Term
Rhinopneumonitis Treatment
Definition
Supportive
Term
Rhinopneumonitis Prevention
Definition
Vaccination
Initial series then every 2-3 months if competing
Pregnant mares months 3, 5, 7, 9
Term
West Nile Virus
Definition
First seen USA 1999
Now endemic to USA
Virus similar to St Louis encephalitis
Transmitted by mosquito
Birds amplify virus
Incubation 4-14 days till CS
Zoonotic through mosquitoes
Term
West Nile Clinical Signs
Definition
30% muscle twitching, 20% narcosis, chewing, hyper-responsive, ataxia, weakness, down
No fever
Hypermetria in healing stage
30% mortality once CS show
70% mortality if recumbent
Term
West Nile Diagnosis
Definition
Ab titers
Term
West Nile Treatment
Definition
Supportive, banamine, IV DMSO, IV fluids, interferon, plasma
Sedatives, slings, helmets to minimize damage when down
Term
West Nile Prevention
Definition
Vaccination, control mosquito population
Term
Vesicular Stomatitis
Definition
Viral disease effecting all mammals
Resportable Disease
Term
Vesicular Stomatitis Clinical Signs
Definition
Vesicles in mucus membranes, surfaces, teats, excessive salivation, lameness
Generally recover in 2-3 weeks
Term
Vesicular Stomatitis Treatment
Definition
Supportive, anti-inflammatories, AB
Term
Vesicular Stomatitis Prevention
Definition
Eliminated from US, appears to return approx every 7-10 years
Outbreaks from Mexico
Term
Streptococcus Equi
Definition
AKA Strangles/Distemper
Morbidity approaches 100%
Mortality 5%
Term
Streptococcus Equi Clinical Signs
Definition
Fever, mucopurluent nasal discharge, swollen lymph nodes (risk of abscessing), choking
Term
Bastard Strangles
Definition
Abscesses spread to areas of body other than pharynx area, especially abdomen
Acute deaths upon rupture
Term
Purpura Hemorrhagica
Definition
Immune mediated disease, swelling of limbs
Term
Streptococcus Equi Transmission
Definition
Direct or indirect contact with purulent material, fomites
Term
Streptococcus Equi Diagnosis
Definition
CS, bacterial culture
Term
Streptococcus Equi Treatment
Definition
Rest, anti-inflammatory, hot packs, soft feed, antibiotics
Term
Streptococcus Equi Prevention
Definition
Vaccination
Term
Streptococcus Zooepidemicus
Definition
Another strain of strep
CS similar to equi but much milder
Dx similar to equi
Treatment similar to equi
Term
Tetanus
Definition
Clostridium tetani
Anaerobic bacteria, spore forming
Mortality 80%
Term
Tatanus Pathogenesis
Definition
Bacteria in soil introduced through pucture wound
Wound seals, anaerobic bacteria remains local but produces toxin
Toxin spreads throughout nervous system
Term
Tatenus Clinical Signs
Definition
Stiffness, often see initially masseter muscles, neck, hindlimbs
Paralysis eventual outcome
Term
Tetanus Treatment
Definition
Pen G, flush wound (aerate) antitoxin
Term
Tetanus Prevention
Definition
Vaccination, antitoxin
Term
Botulism
Definition
Clostridium botulinum
Anaerobic bacteria that also produces toxin-neurotoxin
Term
3 Clinical Forms of Botulism Seen in Horses
Definition
Shaker foal syndrome
Forage poisoning
Wound botulism
Term
Shaker Foal Syndrome
Definition
Foal eats bacteria from soil (spores)
Bacteria develop and produce toxin in intestines
Term
Forage Poisoning
Definition
Ingest pre-formed toxin from plant material
Term
Wound Botulism
Definition
Bacteria enters puncture wound
Term
Botulism Clinical Signs
Definition
Dysphagia, recumbancy, muscle tremors, ataxia, aspiration pneumonia, loss of tongue and tail tone (opposite of tetanus)
Term
Botulism Diagnosis
Definition
Isolate toxin
Term
Botulism Treatment
Definition
Supportive
Term
Rhodococcus Equi
Definition
Bacteria that causes lung abscesses
Pneumonia primarily in foals 2-6 months old
Normally located in soil
Morbidity 90%
Term
Rhodococcus Equi Transmission
Definition
Inhalation of dust containing microorganisms
Term
Rhodococcus Equi Clinical Signs
Definition
Coughing, fever, depression
Often BAR
Term
Rhodococcus Equi Diagnosis
Definition
Trans-tracheal wash, CS, Rads
Term
Rhodococcus Equi Treatment
Definition
Long-term antibiotics
Term
Rhodococcus Equi Prevention
Definition
Good hygiene, tends to be a "build up" problem on breeding farms
No vaccine available
Term
Salmonella Typhimurium
Definition
Most common cause of infectious diarrhea in adult horses
Bacteria
Zoonotic
Term
Salmonella Typhimurium Transmission
Definition
Bacteria spreads through feces, fecal contamination
Horses are probably carriers intermitten shedders - stress association
Term
Salmonella Typhimurium Clinical Signs
Definition
Severe watery diarrhea, fever, dehydration, depression, "colic signs"
Term
Salmonella Typhimurium Diagnosis
Definition
Multiple cultures (3-5 needed) take on a daily bases, several grams of feces, transport in lab specific media
Term
Salmonella Typhimurium Treatment
Definition
Antibiotics, IV fluid banamine, GI protectants
Term
Salmonella Typhimurium Prevention
Definition
Commonly associated with hospitals
Term
Potomac Valley Horse Fever
Definition
AKA erlichial colitis or monocytic erlichosis
Erlichia risticii suspect arthropod vector for transmission
Potomac Valley in Maryland
Term
Potomac Valley Horse Fever Clinical Signs
Definition
Profuse watery diarrhea (60%), injected mm, colic, laminitis, fever, depression
Mortality 5-30%, lots die secondary to laminitis
Term
Potomac Valley Horse Fever Diagnosis
Definition
Antibody Titers (paired)
Term
Potomac Valley Horse Fever Treatment
Definition
Antibiotics, nursing care, supportive treatment
Term
Potomac Valley Horse Fever Prevention
Definition
Vaccination
Try to eliminate vectors (difficult since vector unkown)
Term
Contagious Equine Metritis
Definition
AKA CEM
Highly contagious venereal disease caused by Taylorella equigenitalis
Term
Contagious Equine Metritis Transmission
Definition
Venereal, or fomites (vaginal speculums, etc)
Term
Contagious Equine Metritis Clinical Signs
Definition
Mucopurulent vaginal discharge, early return to estrus after breeding
Stallions and chronic carrier mares often show no CS
Term
Contagious Equine Metritis Diagnosis
Definition
Culture MO from uterine/urthreal swab (stallions require 3x for designation of clear)
Term
Contagious Equine Metritis Treatment
Definition
Clean penis, urethra with chlorohexidine solution
Apply local nitrofusacin ointment
Term
Contagious Equine Metritis Prevention
Definition
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