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Equine Hoof
hoof anatomy
23
Anatomy
Graduate
05/19/2011

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Term
What is the soft, unpigmented tissue covering the hoof in utero?
Definition
Perinychium
Term
When is the hoof developed during gestation?
Definition
Fully developed by 3 mos. gestation
Term
What is the coronet? What should it not be confused with?
Definition
Boundary between skin of pastern and hoof. NOT a physical structure; do not confuse with coronary band, which is located AT the coronet.
Term
What is the coronary band?
Definition
1.5 cm. bulging band of epithelium (transitional btw skin and hoof) and underlying corium. Can be palpated.
Term
Is the sole weight-bearing?
Definition
No. The hoof wall + frog are weight-bearing.
Term
What are sloping and club feet?
Definition
Sloping foot: excessively acute toe angle (much less than 50 degrees in the fore, and 55 in the hind).
Club foot: excessively obstuse toe angle (greater than 50 fore, 55 hind).
Term
What tissue forms the ungual cartilages?
Definition
Hyaline at birth, changes to fibrocartilaginous in adult.
Term
What is quittor?
Definition
Purulent infection of lateral (aka ungual) cartilages. Seen rarely in draft horses.
Term
What plexuses are associated with the hoof?
Definition
1) Coronary venous plexus (in coronary corium): assoc. with axial surface of lateral cartilage.
2) Palmar venous plexus (in solar dermis): assoc. with axial surface of lateral cartilage.
3) Dorsal venous plexus: in laminar corium.
Term
What are 2 regions (histologic) of epidermis in hoof?
Definition
1) Stratum corneum (keratinized, "dead", insensitive)
2) Stratum germinativum (contains both Stratum basale - proliferating cells - and Stratum spinosum - in the process of keratinizing). Sensitive.
Term
What are the sensitive tissues in the horse hoof?
Definition
Stratum germinativum (living part of epidermis) and corium (dermis).
Term
Hoof wall epidermis is produced from what 3 regions?
Definition
1) Periople
2) Coronary
3) Laminar
Term
What are the layers of the hoof wall epidermis?
Definition
1) Stratum externum (aka stratum tectorium): produced by periople germinal epidermis; waterproof layer.
2) Stratum medium: tubular and intertubular horn produced by coronary germinal epithelium. This is what actually forms the horn of the hoof wall.
3) Stratum internum: where laminar germinal epithelium interdigitates with laminar dermis. Does not make hoof wall; just connects the hoof wall horn with the underlying dermis.
Term
How fast does the hoof grow?
Definition
Wall is formed at rate of 6mm/month. Thus it takes 9-12 mos. for the toe to grow out.
Term
To which structure(s) does the subcutis of the coronary corium attach?
Definition
Extensor tendons and lateral cartilages.
Term
How many primary and secondary laminae are there? What are they formed by?
Definition
600 primary; 100 secondary for each primary lamina. These are formed by the laminar epidermis of the stratum internum.
Term
What is founder? What are some causes?
Definition
Laminitis. Can be caused by: grazing lush pasture, carb overload, postparturient metritis, endotoxemia, colic, enteritis.
Term
Compare and contrast horn of hoof wall vs. sole vs. frog.
Definition
Hoof wall: produced by coronary germinal epithelium.
Sole: produced by sole germinal epithelium. Softer due to being 30% water. Does not bear weight.
Frog: produced by frog germinal epithelium. Not completely keratinized; 50% water. Cushions foot as it lands heel first.
Term
What is the coronary cushion?
Definition
Coronary subcutis of coronary corium. Contains collagen, elastin, fat, and cartilage. Contains coronary venous plexus.
Term
What is the digital cushion?
Definition
Collegen + elastin under/around frog, DDF, and lateral cartilages. Dissapates shock. Contains tubular glands that exit to frog (only place that "sweats" on solar surface). Acts as pump to return venous blood from foot.
Term
Which arteries supply blood to the digits and hoof?
Definition
Mostly the median palmar + plantar arteries, with some contribution from lateral palmar artery. Superficial palmar/plantar arch supplies fetlock joint and associated tissues. Arterial circles at distal P1 and P2. Terminal arch is formed from anastomosis of medial and lateral digital arteries in sole canal of P3. Branches of terminal arch go through P3 bone to supply laminar and coronary corium of hoof.
Term
Is the proportion of heel to sole greater in the horse or cattle/pigs?
Definition
Cattle/pigs.
Term
What is the parapedal groove, and in which animal is it found?
Definition
Groove on medial aspect of hoof wall (where horn is thinnest) of cow.
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