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Equine Head
Quiz 3
213
Anatomy
Professional
10/31/2010

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Term
What forms the roof of the cranium?
Definition
Occipital, Parietal, & Interparietal bones; Frontal bones rostrally
Term
What forms the cranium in the ox?
Definition
Frontal bone which displaces Parietal bones, laterally & Cd'ly
Term
Describe the external sagittal crest.
Definition
Runs Cr'ly, in the midline, diverges to form temporal line, on either side, before joining zygomatic process of frontal bone
Term
Describe the supraorbital foramen.
Definition
Pierces root of the zygomatic process of frontal bone
Term
What forms most of the Cd part of the skull? Where does it project & what does it form?
Definition
Occipital bone; D'ly; Nuchal Crest
Term
What is the prominent lateral ridge that is a major landmark on the skull?
Definition
Facial Crest
Term
What lies btw the nasal & incisive bones?
Definition
Nasoincisive Notch
Term
What is the Cr cavity divided into internally? What separates the 2 parts?
Definition
Large Rostral part occupied by cerebrum & Smaller Cd part housing the cerebellum; Tentorium Cerebelli Osseum, D'ly
Term
What supports the external nose rostrally?
Definition
Median Nasal Septum
Term
What supports the external nose laterally?
Definition
Expansions of the Nasal Septum on either side; Slender Dorsal Nasal Cartilage
Term
What supports the external nose dorsally, medially & ventrally?
Definition
Alar Cartilage attached to most rostral part of nasal septum
Term
Describe the Alar Cartilage.
Definition
Comprises a D, flat & broad lamina, & a narrow, curved V cornu (horn)
Term
What is the cartilaginous support of the nostril laterally?
Definition
None
Term
What is the nasal diverticulum?
Definition
A blind, D cutaneous pouch, extending rostrocaudally, from D angle of nostril to nasoincisive notch
Term
What is the opening into the nasal diverticulum?
Definition
False Nostril
Term
What happens to the nasal diverticulum when the horse snorts?
Definition
Vibrates & Modulates sound produced
Term
Comment on the size of the nasal cavity compared to the size of the head.
Definition
Rather narrow
Term
Why is the nasal cavity relatively narrow?
Definition
Roots & crowns of maxillary cheek teeth occupy a great deal of volume of the head, esp. in young animals; some bones of skull in the region are pneumatized; Presence of nasal & ethmoid conchae; Mucosa is thick & highly vascularized in some parts
Term
What is the difference btw nasal turbinates & conchae?
Definition
Turbinates = scrolls of bone; + mucosa = Conchae (Conchae are found in live animals/turbinates in dead)
Term
Name the nasal conchae.
Definition
D, Middle, V
Term
Name the nasal meatuses.
Definition
D, Middle, V, Common
Term
Which meatus is used for stomach intubation?
Definition
Ventral Nasal Meatus
Term
Describe intubation of the ventral nasal meatus.
Definition
Lies V to nostril, therefore needs to be guided into nasal cavity & directed V'ly by placing the forefinger above the tube
Term
Where does vomitus/regurgitated material resulting from gastric rupture pass in the horse?
Definition
Through nose (V nasal meatus)
Term
Comment on the soft palate of the horse.
Definition
Longest, most well-devo of all species; Separates naso- & oropharynx; wraps tightly around base of epiglottis (esp during breathing)
Term
What type of breathers are horses?
Definition
Obligatory nasal breathers
Term
Comment on the paranasal sinuses of the horse & ox.
Definition
Very clinically important in both
Term
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Definition
Air spaces in bones lined by mucous membrane; essentially & developmentally invaginations of the nasal mucosa into the bones
Term
Compare the paranasal sinus mucosa to the nasal mucosa.
Definition
Identical; Same innervation (Ophthalmic & Maxillary n.)
Term
Which paranasal sinuses are of particular clinical importance? Why?
Definition
Frontal & Maxillary; Spread of inf. to them from other sources
Term
What provides an avenue of extraction through the sinus?
Definition
Projection of bony roots of last 3-4 cheek teeth into maxillary sinus
Term
What is the composite sinus?
Definition
Conchofrontal sinus
Term
Where does the frontal sinus extend?
Definition
into D turbinate bone, causing the Cd 1/2 of turbinate to have a common cavity w/ frontal sinus
Term
What does the turbinate part of the frontal sinus do?
Definition
Makes the equine frontal sinus extend more rostrally than is the case in other domestic animals
Term
Is there a conchomaxillary sinus in the horse?
Definition
No
Term
What regarding the nasal sinuses is unique to the horse?
Definition
Frontal & Maxillary sinuses run into conchae (rostrally); Frontal --> D; Maxillary --> V; Frontomaxillary opening in floor of frontal sinus, situated btw median plane & the orbit (links frontal sinus directly w/ Cd Maxillary sinus)
Term
Describe the conchofrontal sinus.
Definition
Has a single cavity which is incompletely separated into compartments by bony lamellae
Term
Is there a direct connection from the frontal to nasal sinus in the horse?
Definition
No
Term
What type of drainage does the frontal sinus have?
Definition
Indirect drainage through nasomaxillary opening into nasal cavity
Term
What are the surgical limits of the frontal sinus, rostrally?
Definition
Mid-way btw medial angle (canthus) of eye & rostral end of facial crest (easily seen a/o palpable)
Term
What can be seen even in an obese horse?
Definition
Facial crest
Term
What are the surgical limits of the frontal sinus, medially?
Definition
a line ~2cm parallel to median plane
Term
What are the surgical limits of the frontal sinus, laterally?
Definition
a line passing through the supraorbital foramen & parallel to the medial limit
Term
What are the surgical limits of the frontal sinus, caudally?
Definition
a vertical line through the middle of the zygomatic arch
Term
The maxillary sinus is ______ from the basic pattern.
Definition
Modified
Term
What are the 2 halves on each side of the maxillary sinus?
Definition
Rostral & Cd Maxillary Sinus
Term
What are the 2 halves on each side of the maxillary sinus?
Definition
Rostral & Cd Maxillary Sinus
Term
Describe the rostral maxillary sinus.
Definition
separated completely from Cd by an oblique maxillary septum, usually ~5cm from rostral end of facial crest
Term
Describe the maxillary septum separating rostral from Cd maxillary sinus.
Definition
May dissolve proximally, otherwise, no direct communication btw the 2 sinuses
Term
The ____ half of the _____ is incorporated into the rostral maxillary sinus.
Definition
Cd; Ventral Turbinate
Term
What are the 2 compartments of the rostral maxillary sinus?
Definition
Lateral original compartment & medial turbinate compartment; both communicate freely D'ly
Term
Which half of the ventral turbinate is the sinusal half?
Definition
Cd
Term
What separates the Cr & Cd halves of the V turbinate?
Definition
a complete, bony septum
Term
Which part of the maxillary sinus is larger?
Definition
Cd
Term
How do the Cr & Cd Maxillary sinuses open into the nasal cavity?
Definition
Through the common, slit-like nasomaxillary opening
Term
Describe the nasomaxillary opening.
Definition
Curved slit btw DL wall of skull & curved DL edge of V turbinate
Term
What happens to the nasomaxillary opening when the mucosa is inflamed?
Definition
The slit is blocked
Term
What does the frontomaxillary opening connect?
Definition
Frontal & Cd Maxillary Sinuses
Term
What carries the nasolacrimal duct?
Definition
Nasolacrimal canal
Term
What is the V part of the frontal & maxillary sinuses divided into?
Definition
L & M portions by a longitudinal plate of bone which carries the infraorbital canal @ its prox. end
Term
What runs on the DL aspect of the nasal sinus?
Definition
Nasolacrimal canal
Term
Describe the level of projection of the last 3-4 cheek teeth into the maxillary sinus.
Definition
Varies w/ age; Sockets occupy a greater portion of sinus in younger animals; Teeth are gradually extruded as animal ages
Term
What are the surgical limits of the maxillary sinus, rostrally?
Definition
a vertical line through the infraorbital foramen
Term
What are the surgical limits of the maxillary sinus, caudally?
Definition
a vertical line through the middle of the eye
Term
What are the surgical limits of the maxillary sinus, dorsally?
Definition
a line from the infraorbital foramen to the M canthus of the eye
Term
What are the surgical limits of the maxillary sinus, ventrally?
Definition
facial crest, running rostrally to meet the rostral surgical limit of the sinus
Term
Describe the sphenopalatine sinus.
Definition
Little/no clinical importance; opens into Cd maxillary sinus
Term
How do the actual limits of the sinuses compare to the surgical limits?
Definition
Wider
Term
In humans, how much mucus is produced by the frontal sinus each day?
Definition
~500ml
Term
What happens to mucus production when the sinuses are inflamed?
Definition
Increases + perhaps pus due to inf
Term
What can be done to relieve mucusy, purulent sinuses?
Definition
Trephine
Term
The drainage of the horse's sinuses is not ____ or _____.
Definition
Direct, free
Term
Which sinuses communicate directly with the nasal cavity?
Definition
Rostral & Cd Maxillary Sinuses
Term
Sinuses other than the rostral & Cd maxillary open into either one of these:
Definition
V conchal sinus; D conchal sinus
Term
What does the V conchal sinus drain into?
Definition
Rostral maxillary sinus, but impeded by infraorbital canal & bony plate supporting it
Term
What does the D conchal sinus drain into?
Definition
Frontal sinus, & itself into the Cd maxillary sinus
Term
Where do the sphenopalatine & middle conchal sinuses drain into?
Definition
Cd Maxillary Sinus
Term
Drainage of the Cd Maxillary Sinus is _____ by _____.
Definition
Impeded; Infraorbital Canal & its supporting bony septum
Term
Where do the sphenoid & palatine sinuses merge?
Definition
Sphenopalatine Sinus
Term
In both maxillary sinuses, the floor is _______. Because of this, ______.
Definition
V to the nasomaxillary aperture; a problem in natural drainage; horses should be forced to eat at ground level to facilitate (inadequately) drainage of the sinuses
Term
What is the nasomaxillary aperture? What can occlude the opening?
Definition
Narrow slit; Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Term
Describe the oral lips.
Definition
Relatively mobile, sensitive, & used as main prehensile organ
Term
What is the main prehensile organ?
Definition
Oral lips
Term
What is different about the oral lips in the horse compared to the dog?
Definition
Commissures are rather rostral compared w/ length of oral cavity, therefore oral cleft can't be opened widely; clinical exam & intubation are difficult
Term
What m. of mastication is only present in the horse?
Definition
Occipitomandibularis m.
Term
What are the O & I of the occipitomandibularis m?
Definition
O: Paracondylar Process
I: Cd border/Angle of the mandible
Term
What is the function of the occipitomandibularis m?
Definition
Opens the jaws
Term
What is the n. supply to the occipitomandibularis m?
Definition
Facial n.
Term
What is the main m. of mastication in carnivores?
Definition
Temporalis m.
Term
Describe the Temporalis m. in horses.
Definition
Small & weak
Term
What is the main, largest m. of mastication in horses?
Definition
Masseter m.
Term
Where does the temporalis m. attach?
Definition
Coronoid process of mandible
Term
Where does the temporalis m. sit?
Definition
Temporal fossa
Term
What color is the tongue?
Definition
Pink
Term
What does pigmentation of the tongue indicate?
Definition
Malignant tumor
Term
Describe the tongue.
Definition
Spatulate apex; Poorly defined, short median sulcus/groove
Term
The tongue is not used for _____ in horses.
Definition
Grooming
Term
What is beneath the lingual mucosa?
Definition
(D'ly) a palpable cartilaginous cord - D Lingual Cartilage in median plane
Term
What is the function of the D Lingual Cartilage?
Definition
Provides attachment for lingual mm.
Term
What does the mouth consist of?
Definition
Oral Vestibule & Oral Cavity Proper
Term
In herbivores, tooth eruption is a concept limited to what?
Definition
the distal end of the new tooth breaking through the gum/gingiva
Term
What follows tooth eruption?
Definition
Tooth continues to advance toward its opposite tooth w/ which it makes contact; then advancement slows down
Term
What compensates for wear & tear of teeth?
Definition
Continuous advancement
Term
All equine teeth ________. The exception(s) is/are _____.
Definition
Erupt throughout life (Hypsodont); Canine & P1/wolf tooth
Term
Equine teeth are _______. Dog teeth are _____.
Definition
Anisognathus; Isognathous
Term
Median Occlusion:
Definition
Upper & Lower Arcades don't align (teeth)
Term
What is the dental formula for deciduous dentition?
Definition
Di(3/3), Dc(1/1), Dp(3/3) x 2 = 28
Term
What is the dental formula for permanent dentition?
Definition
I(3/3) C(1/1) P(3/3) M(3/3) x 2 = 40
Term
What are the differences in canines of the stallion & mare?
Definition
Stallion: all 4 canines present; Mare: canines absent of poorly developed
Term
What % of mares have canines in both jaws? Upper only? Lower only?
Definition
3%, 7%, 25%
Term
Describe the first premolars.
Definition
Usually don't develop; when present, in upper arcade, usually poorly; Permanent teeth; Wolf Teeth
Term
P1: Hypsodont or Brachydont?
Definition
Brachydont
Term
With P1 present, how many permanent teeth are there?
Definition
42
Term
What is the function of incisors?
Definition
Cropping/cutting of grass
Term
Describe the incisors.
Definition
Flat Masticatory/occlusal surface/table, changes shape w/ age (oval to rounded to triangular & back to oval)
Term
What is the dental star of the incisors?
Definition
rostral, closer to vestibular surface of tooth, site of pulp cavity where darker, secondary dentine has been laid down
Term
What is the site of the pulp cavity of the incisors?
Definition
Dental star
Term
How do the premolars compare to the molars?
Definition
Identical
Term
What are the cheek teeth?
Definition
P & M
Term
What happens to the cheek teeth due to anisognathism?
Definition
Lingual 1/3 of cutting surface of upper arcade makes contact w/ vestibular 1/2 of lower arcade, in centric occlusion
Term
Which side of the lower cheek teeth wears faster? Upper?
Definition
Vestibular; Lingual
Term
What does the differential wearing of cheek teeth containing tissues of variable hardness lead to?
Definition
Sharp edges & points on the surfaces, req'ing "floating" to eliminate them
Term
What happens if floating is not done?
Definition
Injury/tearing of the tongue & cheek
Term
What opens through the sublingual caruncle?
Definition
Duct of Mandibular Salivary gland
Term
What part does the sublingual salivary gland have?
Definition
Polystomatic
Term
When can the horse raise the soft palate?
Definition
For swallowing; for breathing, but not in a sustained manner
Term
Where is the sublingual caruncle?
Definition
Level of canine teeth
Term
What are the laryngeal cartilages in the horse?
Definition
The usual type & #
Term
What is unique about the thyroid cartilage?
Definition
Incomplete ventrally; gap is filled by cricothyroid membrane
Term
How does one enter surgically into the laryngeal ventricle?
Definition
Through the cricothyroid membrane
Term
What is the laryngeal entrance?
Definition
aditus laryngis
Term
What is the laryngeal ventricle?
Definition
A deep, blind mucosal sac in the L wall of the larynx; has wide opening into it btw vestibular & vocal folds
Term
What are the folds of the glottis?
Definition
Vestibular & Vocal
Term
What is a functional consideration of the larynx? Advantages? Disadvantages?
Definition
Airway is narrow (external nares, nasal meatuses, glottis = narrowest part of larynx); adv: filtering of air; disadv: R to air mvmt
Term
What is another name for the auditory tube?
Definition
Eustachian tube
Term
What is the auditory tube?
Definition
tube of mucous membrane running in, & stiffened by, a narrow U-shaped cartilaginous tube
Term
What is supported by the same cartilage as the auditory tube?
Definition
Pharyngeal orifice
Term
Where is the auditory tube?
Definition
Extends from middle ear to nasopharynx
Term
What is the function of the auditory tube?
Definition
Equalizes atmospheric pressure on both sides of the ear drum/tympanic membrane
Term
When does the pharyngeal orifice open? Close?
Definition
Opens during swallowing; Closes during inspiration
Term
When does air enter/leave the auditory tube?
Definition
Air enters & leaves during expiration & just before inspiration
Term
What is unique about the auditive tube of the horse?
Definition
VCd diverticulum/evagination; membranous sac (GUTTURAL POUCH) & U-shaped cartilaginous tube
Term
What is the size of the guttural pouch?
Definition
~300ml
Term
What are the boundaries of the guttural pouch, dorsally?
Definition
base of skull, from area of occipital condyle to region of temporomandibular jt
Term
What are the boundaries of the guttural pouch, ventrally?
Definition
D aspect of pharynx, & beginning of esophagus
Term
What are the boundaries of the guttural pouch, ventrolaterally?
Definition
M Retropharyngeal lnn.
Term
What can cause abscessation of the Medial retropharyngeal lnn? What does this do to the guttural pouch?
Definition
S. equi inf/Strangles --> Empyema of the pouch
Term
What are the boundaries of the guttural pouch, laterally?
Definition
M surface of parotid & maxillary salivary glands; M Pterygoid m.
Term
What separates the M walls of both sacs of the guttural pouch?
Definition
Rectus Capitis & Longus Capitis mm. (Dorsally)
Term
Where are the guttural pouch sacs closely apposed to e/o?
Definition
Ventrally
Term
What does the Cd part of the sac of the guttural pouch fold over? What does this create?
Definition
Stylohyoid; Small L compartment & Large M compartment, both of which communicate D'ly
Term
What are the relationships of the guttural pouch, dorsally/roof?
Definition
Foramen lacerum (part of meninges of brain make contact here w/ the pouch); Tympanic bulla; CrN 9-12; Chorda Tympani; Cr Cervical Ganglion; Internal Carotid a.
Term
What should be suspected in case of bleeding from the nose?
Definition
Guttural pouch inf.
Term
What are the relationships of the guttural pouch, ventrally?
Definition
Ext. carotid a., L & M Retropharyngeal lnn., CrN 12
Term
What is the predilection site for Strangles?
Definition
Retropharyngeal lnn.
Term
Describe the guttural pouch epithelium.
Definition
Ciliated, pseudostratified, secretory
Term
What happens when the guttural pouch epithelium is inflamed?
Definition
Large quantity of exudate (catarrhal) accumulates
Term
What wrt the guttural pouch may be palpated in Viborg's triangle?
Definition
a fluctuating swelling
Term
What are the borders of Viborg's triangle, rostrally?
Definition
Angle of mandible
Term
What are the borders of Viborg's triangle, CdD?
Definition
Tendon of sternocephalicus m.
Term
What are the borders of Viborg's triangle, ventrally?
Definition
Linguofacial v.
Term
When is partial drainage of the guttural pouch achieved?
Definition
When head is lowered, as in feeding @ ground level
Term
Where is surgical drainage of the guttural pouch?
Definition
Through Viborg's Triangle (reflect parotid salivary gland rostrally) --> continuous drainage
Term
What is a newer method of draining the guttural pouch?
Definition
Passing a curved tip urethral catheter through VNM into nasopharynx, & subsequently into the opening of the auditive tube for drainage
Term
What type of inf of the guttural pouch is common? Describe it.
Definition
Mycotic inf; wall may be eroded, causing damage to related structures: eg, rupture of internal carotid a. --> epistaxis, nervous deficits from damage to vagosympathetic trunk, etc.
Term
How do the basic features of the eye compare to that of dogs and rum's?
Definition
Same
Term
At which commissure is the 3rd eyelid?
Definition
M
Term
Describe the 3rd eyelid.
Definition
Well-developed
Term
How do the extrinsic & intrinsic mm. of the eyeball compare to that of dogs and rum's?
Definition
Same
Term
How does the tapetum lucidum compare to that of dogs & rum's? What animals lack this structure?
Definition
Same (Triangular, pigmented); Pigs & Humans
Term
Describe the pupil.
Definition
Transversely elliptical
Term
Describe function of the granula iridica.
Definition
As in bovine, produce aqueous humor; protect eye form bright light - cast shadows on retina
Term
What are granula iridica?
Definition
Round, globular structures projecting from border of pupil; Extremely delicate, highly vascular & sensitive
Term
Certain vv. of the head are ____ & lie deep to ____.
Definition
Enlarged; Masseter m.
Term
What is the lg'est m. of mastication in herbivores?
Definition
Masseter m.
Term
What is the purpose of the vv. deep to the masseter m?
Definition
Draining respective parts of the head; Assisting venous return from head of animal that is grazing @ a lower level than the heart; may also be involved in equalizing BP differences, as the head is lowered or elevated
Term
What are the vv. deep to the masseter m?
Definition
Transverse Facial, Deep Facial, & Buccal
Term
What is the transverse facial v?
Definition
a tributary of the superficial temporal v.; embeds in masseter m. (V to the facial crest, rostrally, & zygomatic arch, Cd'ly); enlarged below facial crest to form transverse facial v. sinus
Term
The transverse facial v. joins ____, _____.
Definition
Facial v., rostrally
Term
Where does the deep facial v arise?
Definition
Pterygopalatine fossa
Term
What does the deep facial v. drain?
Definition
Nasal cavity, palate, periorbita & its structures
Term
Deep to _____, the deep facial v. enlarges & becomes ____.
Definition
Masseter m., Deep Facial v. Sinus
Term
Where does the buccal v. lie?
Definition
Deep to masster m.
Term
What does the buccal v. anastomose w/?
Definition
Facial v, rostrally & a main tributary of the maxillary v. Cd'ly
Term
What part of the buccal v. is enlarged? What does it form?
Definition
Part M to masseter m.; Buccal v. sinus
Term
What is the lymphatic system of the head?
Definition
Parotid, Mandibular, L & M Retropharyngeal lnn.
Term
Where does the parotid ln lie?
Definition
Cd to angle of mandible; V to ear
Term
What does the parotid ln drain?
Definition
eye, ear, lips, rostral & D superficial mm. of head, skin of head
Term
Where do efferents of the parotid ln go?
Definition
Retropharyngeal lnn
Term
Where are the mandibular lnn?
Definition
Intermandibular region
Term
How many rows are the mandibular lnn? How long?
Definition
2; ~10cm
Term
Where do the rows of mandibular lnn meet? What do they form?
Definition
Just Cr to the basihyoid bone; V-shaped gland
Term
What do the mandibular lnn drain?
Definition
All areas not drained by parotid ln; Nostrils, palate, tongue, jaws
Term
Where do efferents of the mandibular lnn go?
Definition
Retropharyngeal lnn & Cr Deep Cervical lnn
Term
Where do the L Retropharyngeal lnn lie?
Definition
DCd to mandibular salivary glands & V to wing of atlas
Term
What are the L Retropharyngeal lnn?
Definition
Chain of lnn along ext. carotid a. on L wall of guttural pouch & M to occipito-mandibularis m
Term
What do the L retropharyngeal lnn drain?
Definition
Deep parts of the head
Term
Where do efferents of the L Retropharyngeal lnn go?
Definition
M Retropharyngeal lnn, Cr deep cervical & Tracheal duct
Term
Where are the M Retropharyngeal lnn?
Definition
DL to pharynx; V to guttural pouch
Term
What do M Retropharyngeal lnn drain?
Definition
Virtually all lnn. of head
Term
What is the master ln. of the head? Why?
Definition
M Retropharyngeal; Receives efferents from all lnn. of the head
Term
Efferents of the M Retropharyngeal lnn. _____ to form _____.
Definition
Anastomose; Tracheal Duct
Term
What are the 2 types of salivary glands?
Definition
Major & Minor
Term
Describe the minor salivary glands.
Definition
Scattered throughout mucosa of mouth; buccal ones form 2 lg aggregates (D & V); mucous secretion
Term
Describe the major salivary glands.
Definition
Produce most of saliva; serous/watery or seromucous secretions; usual ones & relative positions (parotid, mandibular & sublingual)
Term
The sublingual salivary gland has only the ____, ____ portion.
Definition
Minor, Polystomatic
Term
What causes roaring in the horse?
Definition
Paralysis of laryngeal mm.
Term
Which laryngeal m. is not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal n?
Definition
Cricothyroid
Term
In laryngeal paralysis, a whistling or roaring sound is heard during _____.
Definition
Exercise
Term
Laryngeal paralysis is usualy _____, on _____. _____ is very rare.
Definition
Unilateral; L; Bilateral
Term
What is the cause of laryngeal paralysis??
Definition
Still largely speculative
Term
Affections of the _____ have been implicated in roaring, but evidence is not solid.
Definition
L Tracheobronchal lnn.
Term
What is the opening of the middle part of the larynx, btw vestibular & Cd fold?
Definition
Rima Glottidis
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