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Equine Forelimb
Equine Thoracic Limb
194
Anatomy
Professional
10/01/2010

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Term
What do the girdle mm. do?
Definition
Attach TL to main trunk
Term
Name the extrinsic mm. of the TL.
Definition
Trapezius, Brachiocephalicus, Omotransversarius, Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoral mm. (Superficial, Descending, Transverse, Deep), Serratus Ventralis, Rhomboideus, Subclavius
Term
Of the extrinsic mm. the trapezius m. is more ____.
Definition
Widespread
Term
The trapezius m. extends from _____ to _____.
Definition
Poll; Withers
Term
What is the action of the trapezius?
Definition
Swings the scapula forward & back; Both parts together abduct the scapula
Term
What innervates the trapezius?
Definition
Dorsal br of Accessory n.
Term
What is the prime advancer of the forelimb?
Definition
Brachiocephalicus
Term
As the brachiocephalicus moves the forelimb forward, the neck is ______.
Definition
Fixed
Term
As the brachiocephalicus turns the neck to the side, the forelimb is ______.
Definition
Fixed
Term
What innervates the brachiocephalicus m?
Definition
Accessory, Cervical, & Axillary nn.
Term
What is the action of the omotransversarius m?
Definition
Complements the action of the brachiocephalicus
Term
What is the retractor of the TL?
Definition
Latissimus Dorsi m.
Term
The latissimus dorsi is an antagonist of what muscle?
Definition
Brachiocephalicus
Term
What innervates the latissimus dorsi m?
Definition
Thoracodorsal n.
Term
What is the action of the superficial pectoral mm?
Definition
Adduction of the TL
Term
What are the components of the superficial pectoral m?
Definition
Descending & Transverse
Term
What innervates the pectoral mm?
Definition
Pectoral nn. from brachial plexus
Term
What is the action of the deep pectoral m?
Definition
Retractor & Adductor of the TL; Complements action of serratus ventralis to some extent
Term
What innervates the serratus ventralis m?
Definition
Long Thoracic n.
Term
What innervates the rhomboideus m?
Definition
D br's of Cd Cervical nn.
Term
What are the parts of the serratus ventralis m?
Definition
Cervical & thoracic
Term
What is the function of the serratus ventralis m?
Definition
Suspends the trunk in btw the forelimbs
Term
What are the parts of the rhomboideus m? What are their relative sizes?
Definition
Cervical & Thoracic; Bigger & Smaller, respectively
Term
Where does the rhomboideus m lie?
Definition
Dorso-medial aspect of scapula
Term
Is the subclavius m. well- or poorly-devo?
Definition
Well-devo
Term
Where does the subclavius m. lie?
Definition
Cr to supraspinatus m
Term
Where does the subclavius m. originate?
Definition
Just Cr to deep pectoral on sternum
Term
What innervates the subclavius m?
Definition
Pectoral n
Term
What m. was previously considered as part of the pectoral m?
Definition
Subclavius
Term
What m. was previously considered as part of the pectoral m?
Definition
Subclavius
Term
What is the action of the subclavius m?
Definition
Complements action of deep pectoral m.
Term
The shoulder region & upper arm mm. are arranged in ___ & ___ groups.
Definition
L & M
Term
What animal has the most developed subclavius m?
Definition
Horse
Term
What is the Cr-most m. in the shoulder region?
Definition
Subclavius
Term
Does the horse scapula have an acromion process?
Definition
No
Term
What are the mm. in the lateral group of the shoulder region & upper arm?
Definition
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Deltoideus
Term
What is the most important function of the supraspinatus m?
Definition
Stabilization of the shoulder joint
Term
What is the action of the supraspinatus m?
Definition
Extends shoulder jt
Term
What innervates the supraspinatus m?
Definition
Suprascapular n.
Term
Describe the tendon of insertion of the infraspinatus m. Which part possesses a synovial bursa?
Definition
Splits into 2 parts; Superficial
Term
What does the infraspinatus m. act as?
Definition
A collateral lig.; Stabilizes shoulder jt.
Term
What is the secondary function of the infraspinatus m?
Definition
Abduction of the shoulder
Term
What innervates the infraspinatus m?
Definition
Suprascapular n
Term
What innervates the deltoideus m?
Definition
Axillary n.
Term
What innervates the subscapularis m?
Definition
Subscapular n.
Term
What innervates the teres major m?
Definition
Axillary n.
Term
What innervates the coracobrachialis m?
Definition
Musculocutaneous n.
Term
What innervates the biceps brachii m?
Definition
Musculocutaneous n
Term
What innervates the brachialis m?
Definition
Musculocutaneous n. + a little contribution from Radial n.
Term
What innervates the extensors of the carpus & digits?
Definition
Radial n.
Term
What is the primary function of the deltoideus m? Secondary?
Definition
Flexor of the shoulder; Abduction
Term
Is the deltoideus m. affected by suprascapular n. damage?
Definition
No
Term
What is the function of the subscapularis m?
Definition
Stabilizes shoulder jt; Adducts arm
Term
What is the primary function of the teres major m? Secondary?
Definition
Flexor of shoulder; Adducts arm
Term
What is the function of the coracobrachialis m?
Definition
Adductor of arm
Term
What are the 2 main groups of arm mm?
Definition
Flexors & extensors
Term
What are the flexors of the arm?
Definition
Biceps brachii, Brachialis
Term
What are the extensors of the arm?
Definition
Triceps brachii, Tensor Fascia Antebrachii
Term
What are the 2 main groups of forearm mm?
Definition
Extensors & Flexors
Term
What are the extensors of the carpus & digits?
Definition
Extensor Carpi Radialis, Common Digital Extensor, Lateral Digital Extensor, Extensor Carpi Obliquus, [Ulnaris Lateralis/Extensor Carpi Ulnaris]
Term
What are the flexor mm of the forearm?
Definition
Flexor carpi radialis, Flexor carpi ulnaris, SDF, DDF
Term
What is the function of the biceps brachii m? What is its primary function?
Definition
Fixation of the shoulder jt; Extension of shoulder jt; Flexor of Elbow
Term
What are the 3 heads of the triceps brachii m?
Definition
Long, Lateral, Medial
Term
Where is the genetically determined bursa associated with the triceps brachii m?
Definition
btw m. & olecranon
Term
Where is the acquired bursa associated w/ the triceps brachii m?
Definition
Btw skin & m.
Term
What do the bursae of the triceps brachii m. create?
Definition
Capped elbow
Term
What is lacertus fibrosus? What is it a component of?
Definition
Thick fibrous strand extending along length of biceps brachii, inserting on extensor carpi radialis; TL Stay Apparatus
Term
How is the stay apparatus of the TL different from that of the PL?
Definition
A little m. activity
Term
What is the function of the lacertus fibrosus?
Definition
Coordinates extensions of shoulder & carpus jt
Term
What prevents overextension of the carpal jt?
Definition
Palmar Carpal lig.
Term
Where do the extensors of the carpus & digits arise?
Definition
Craniolateral aspect of distal humerus
Term
Where do the extensors of the carpus & digits run?
Definition
Craniolateral part of forearm
Term
Where do the extensors of the carpus & digits insert?
Definition
Either carpus or digits
Term
What is the function of the extensors of the carpus & digits?
Definition
Extend carpus as well as digits
Term
What is affected by high radial n. paralysis?
Definition
Triceps brachii m, Carpus & Digits
Term
What is affected by low radial n. paralysis?
Definition
Carpus & Digits
Term
What secures the extensors of the carpus & digits?
Definition
Extensor Retinaculum
Term
Where does the extensor carpi obliquus m. originate?
Definition
Shaft of radius
Term
What is the action of ulnaris lateralis/extensor carpi ulnaris m?
Definition
Flexion of carpus
Term
Where do the flexors of the carpus & digits arise?
Definition
Caudomedial aspect of humerus
Term
What do the flexors of the carpus & digits occupy?
Definition
Cd part of forearm
Term
What secures the flexors of the carpus & digits? Where?
Definition
Flexor Retinaculum; Cd aspect of carpus
Term
What innervates the flexors of the carpus & digits?
Definition
Mainly the median & ulnar nn.
Term
What are the major blood vessels of the TL?
Definition
Axillary, Brachial, & Median aa.
Term
What does the R axillary a. branch off of?
Definition
R Subclavian a.
Term
What does the Axillary a. branch into?
Definition
Subscapular a.
Term
What does the brachial a. give off? Where?
Definition
Median a.; Common interosseous a.
Term
Where does the median a. course?
Definition
Cd'ly to palmar surface of limb
Term
What does the median a. give off?
Definition
2 smaller aa. - Palmar br of median a., & radial a.
Term
What does the median a. continue distally as?
Definition
Medial Palmar a.
Term
What is the main a. of the manus?
Definition
Medial Palmar a.
Term
Median a.: What smaller a. descends from the deep palmar arch?
Definition
Lateral Palmar a.
Term
Where does the L palmar a. descend from?
Definition
Deep Palmar Arch
Term
The M & L Palmar aa. are in the _____.
Definition
Palmar groove
Term
Above the fetlock, the M Palmar a. divides into ______ & _______.
Definition
M & L Palmar Proper Digital aa.
Term
What gives off the M & L Palmar Proper Digital aa?
Definition
M Palmar a.
Term
Where do the M & L Palmar Proper Digital aa. course?
Definition
Abaxial surfaces of Proximal Sesamoid Bones; then on borders of DDF Tendon to gain entry into hoof
Term
Where can the pulse of the Palmar Proper Digital aa. be felt?
Definition
borders of DDF tendon
Term
When is the pulse of the Palmar Proper Digital aa. especially obvious?
Definition
Laminitis
Term
What do the digital aa. give off? To where?
Definition
D br's to D surfaces of proximal & middle phalanges
Term
The M & L br's of the digital aa. _______ to form _____ around the phalanx.
Definition
Anastomose; Arterial Circle
Term
Where do the proper digital aa. pass, distally? What do they anastomose to form?
Definition
Through the sole foramina into the sole canal; Terminal Arch
Term
Br's of the terminal arch leave the bone & radiate & break up in the _____ & _____.
Definition
Laminar Dermis; Sole Dermis
Term
A br from the _____ & a br from the _____ join together to give off M & L Palmar Metacarpal aa.
Definition
L Palmar a.; Radial a.
Term
A br from the L Palmar a. & a br from the Radial a. join together to give off _____.
Definition
M & L Palmar Metacarpal aa
Term
M & L Palmar Metacarpal aa. join the ______.
Definition
M Palmar a.
Term
L Palmar a. & Radial a. join @ the _____.
Definition
Deep Palmar Arch
Term
What joins at the Deep Palmar Arch?
Definition
L Palmar a. & Radial a.
Term
Which is larger, the M or L Palmar a.?
Definition
M
Term
What is the venous drainage of the distal TL?
Definition
M & L Digital vv.
Term
The M & L Digital vv. are formed by 3 _____, ______, _______ in the foot.
Definition
Interconnected, Valveless, Venous Plexuses
Term
What are the 3 venous plexuses of the distal TL?
Definition
D, Palmar & Coronary
Term
Where is the D venous plexus?
Definition
Deep in the laminar dermis
Term
Where is the palmar venous plexus?
Definition
Deep in the sole dermis & on the axial surfaces of the cartilages of the distal phalanx
Term
Where is the coronary venous plexus?
Definition
In the coronary cushion overlying the common (or long) digital extensor tendon, & abaxial surfaces of the cartilages of the distal phalanx
Term
Which plexus anastomoses w/ the palmar plexus via foramina in the cartilages?
Definition
Coronary
Term
Coronary plexus anastomoses w/ the _____ via foramina in the cartilages.
Definition
Palmar Plexus
Term
Digital vv. --> _____ --> _____
Definition
Digital vv. --> Palmar vv. --> Cephalic v.
Term
What is the main venous drainage of the TL?
Definition
Cephalic v.
Term
What is the order of arrangement of the blood vessels in the digital area & metacarpal region? Where else is this pattern observed?
Definition
v. Cr'ly; a.; n. Cd'ly (Cr-Cd: VAN); Intercostal spaces
Term
The arrangement in the digital & metacarpal regions of VAN is an important consideration for _____.
Definition
Nerve Blocks
Term
What do the nn. of the manus come from?
Definition
Median & Ulnar nn.
Term
What provides the main innervation to the structures of the manus?
Definition
Median n
Term
The Median n. divides above the carpus into _______.
Definition
M & L Palmar nn.
Term
What generally overlaps the median n in supply to mm.?
Definition
Ulnar n
Term
How much innervation does the ulnar n. supply to the manus? By way of what?
Definition
Only a little; Palmar branch
Term
The M Palmar n. descends the forefoot, lying btw _____ & _____.
Definition
Interosseous m. & DDF Tendon
Term
In _____, the M Palmar n. sends a ______ obliquely & ventrolaterally to the L Palmar n.
Definition
Mid-Metacarpus; Communicating Branch
Term
Just above the fetlock, the M Palmar n. becomes ______.
Definition
M Palmar Proper Digital n.
Term
What does the M Palmar Proper Digital n. run along with? What does it dip into?
Definition
Digital vessels on abaxial aspect of proximal sesamoid bone; Hoof
Term
Where does the L Palmar n. course?
Definition
Down forefoot as its M counterpart
Term
The L palmar n. w/ ulnar contribution detaches the _____ of the L palmar n.
Definition
Deep br
Term
What nn. contribute to the deep br of the L palmar n?
Definition
L palmar n. + Ulnar n.
Term
What does the deep br of the L Palmar n. divide into in the metacarpal groove?
Definition
M & L Palmar Metacarpal nn.
Term
What do the M & L Palmar Metacarpal nn. supply?
Definition
Deeper structures such as jts., ligg, etc.
Term
What innervates the D aspect of the distal TL?
Definition
D br of Ulnar n., M Cutaneous Antebrachial n., D br's from M & L Palmar Proper Digital nn.
Term
What is the M Cutaneous Antebrachial n. a br of?
Definition
Musculocutaneous n.
Term
Both M & L Palmar Proper Digital nn. give off _____. How many?
Definition
D br's (1 or 2 ea)
Term
What is the purpose of n. blocking?
Definition
Diagnostic Aid in Equine Lameness
Term
When performing n. blocks, start _____ & move ______, step-wise.
Definition
Distally; Proximally
Term
What is the step-wise procedure of a n. block?
Definition
Perform Perineural anesthesia; Wait for anesthetic to act; Test effectiveness; Let horse Walk
Term
Everything ____ to the n. block is desensitized.
Definition
Distal
Term
What are the sites of injection for a distal palmar/plantar digital n. block?
Definition
Along M & L edges of flexor tendons; @ level of pastern jt/just above collateral cartilages of distal phalanx; just proximal to previous site
Term
What is the site of injection for a proximal palmar/plantar digital n. block?
Definition
Abaxial sides just below proximal sesamoid bones
Term
When M & L palmar/plantar Proper Digital nn. are blocked, what structures are desensitized?
Definition
Navicular bone & bursa; Digital Cushion; Palmar/Plantar aspect of sole & frog, coffin bone, pastern & coffin jt's; Distal sesamoidean ligg. (PDB); Distal SDF & DDF Tendons
Term
After Palmar/Plantar aspect of the digit is blocked, what is the next step?
Definition
Ring (field) block
Term
What is the procedure for a ring (field) block? How much anesthetic sol'n is injected?
Definition
Perform distal/proximal palmar/plantar digital n. anesthesia; Redirect needle to D aspect of digit OR on both sides of common/long digital extensor tendon @ same level; 3-5mL
Term
What nn. are blocked in a ring (field) block in TL? In PL?
Definition
Palmar Proper Digital n. & D br's; Plantar Proper Digital n. & D br's & L & M D Digital nn.
Term
What structures are desensitized by a ring (field) block?
Definition
Those desensitized by palmar/plantar digital n. block + Complete analgesia of the foot distal to inj site (incl D aspect)
Term
What is the site of inj for a low 4 point palmar/plantar n. block?
Definition
Level of buttons
Term
Buttons
Definition
Distal ends of L & M Splint bones
Term
In a Low 4 point palmar/plantar n. block, where is the needle inserted?
Definition
Deeper to achieve anesthesia of L & M Metacarpal/Metatarsal nn.; @ same level on both sides of flexor tendons to access palmar/plantar nn.
Term
What is the most stressed jt in the TL & PL?
Definition
Fetlock
Term
Where is a High 4 point palmar/plantar n. block performed?
Definition
Level of junction btw head & shaft of splint bb. on their axial sides & deep injection; @ same level on both sides of flexor tendons to access palmar/plantar nn.
Term
What nn. are blocked by a High 4 point palmar/plantar n. block?
Definition
L & M Palmar/Plantar nn.; L & M Palmar/Plantar Metacarpal/Metatarsal nn.
Term
What nn. are blocked by a Low 4 point palmar/plantar n. block?
Definition
L & M Palmar/Plantar nn.
Term
Where is anesthetic injected on the D surface of the manus/pes?
Definition
Both sides of common/long digital extensor tendon @ same level of palmar/plantar inj's
Term
What nn. are blocked when anesthetic is injected on the D surface of the pes?
Definition
L & M Dorsal Mt nn.
Term
What nn. are blocked when anesthetic is injected on the D surface of the manus?
Definition
M cutaneous antebrachial & D br of Ulnar nn.
Term
What structures are desensitized in a 4 point palmar/plantar n. block?
Definition
Part of manus/pes below inj site; Includes fetlock jt; Deep structures of metacarpus/metatarsus region (High Block)
Term
The main joints (carpus & above) of the TL are _____ of the PL.
Definition
Mirror images
Term
Which limb is subject to more lameness conditions?
Definition
TL
Term
What % of lameness problems occur below the carpus?
Definition
~95%
Term
What are the bones of the shoulder jt?
Definition
Distal end of scapula (glenoid cavity); Head of Humerus
Term
What is the size of the head of the humerus compared to the glenoid cavity?
Definition
Larger
Term
Head of humerus is larger than glenoid cavity, affording ______.
Definition
Gliding movement
Term
What is another name for the shoulder jt?
Definition
Scapulohumeral
Term
How common is dislocation of the shoulder?
Definition
Uncommon
Term
Does the horse have an acromion head of the deltoideus m?
Definition
No
Term
What is the classification of the shoulder jt?
Definition
Simple, Synovial, Ball & Socket OR Hinge
Term
Describe the jt capsule of the shoulder.
Definition
Thin, capacious
Term
Where is the intertubercular bursa of the shoulder?
Definition
Interposed btw tendon of origin of biceps brachii m. & jt. capsule
Term
What bursa is interposed btw tendon of origin of biceps brachii m. & jt. capsule?
Definition
Intertubercular bursa
Term
The tendon of origin of the biceps brachii m. is mostly _____.
Definition
Fibrocartilaginous
Term
What are the ligg. of the shoulder jt?
Definition
There are none
Term
What stabilizes the shoulder jt?
Definition
Tendons of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor & biceps brachii mm.
Term
What are the "active ligg." of the shoulder jt?
Definition
Tendons of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor & biceps brachii mm.
Term
The mm. of the shoulder prevent _____ & ____.
Definition
Circumflexion & Rotation
Term
What are the movements of the shoulder jt?
Definition
Mostly Flexion & Extension; Some Abduction, Adduction, & Rotation Permissible
Term
The shoulder jt is normally partially ______ at an angle of _____.
Definition
Flexed; 115
Term
The partial flexion of the shoulder jt. provides excellent ________.
Definition
Anti-concussion mechanism
Term
What joints of the TL are always partially flexed? Of the PL?
Definition
Shoulder; Hip & Stifle
Term
What is another name for the elbow jt?
Definition
Cubital jt
Term
Classify the elbow jt.
Definition
Compound, Synovial, Hinge/Ginglymus
Term
What are the bones of the cubital jt?
Definition
Distal end of humerus (Condyle); Fovea capitis of head of radius; Trochlear Notch of Ulna
Term
Describe the jt capsule of the elbow.
Definition
Loose; Attaches on edges of articular surfaces
Term
What are the ligg. of the elbow?
Definition
M & L Collateral
Term
What are the ligg. of the elbow?
Definition
M & L Collateral
Term
Where are inj's given into the elbow?
Definition
Cr & Cd to L collateral lig.
Term
What are the movements of the elbow?
Definition
Mainly Flexion & Extension (other mvmt's hardly permitted)
Term
Which collateral lig. of the elbow is not branched?
Definition
L
Term
Where do the M & L Collateral ligg. extend?
Definition
From Epicondyles of humerus to corresponding tuberosities of radius
Term
Which collateral lig. of the elbow is branched?
Definition
M
Term
Describe the M collateral lig. of the elbow.
Definition
Long, superficial part ending on radius, distal to antebrachial interosseous space; Short, deep part inserts on M tuberosity of radius
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