Term
| What do the girdle mm. do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the extrinsic mm. of the TL. |
|
Definition
| Trapezius, Brachiocephalicus, Omotransversarius, Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoral mm. (Superficial, Descending, Transverse, Deep), Serratus Ventralis, Rhomboideus, Subclavius |
|
|
Term
| Of the extrinsic mm. the trapezius m. is more ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The trapezius m. extends from _____ to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of the trapezius? |
|
Definition
| Swings the scapula forward & back; Both parts together abduct the scapula |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the trapezius? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal br of Accessory n. |
|
|
Term
| What is the prime advancer of the forelimb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the brachiocephalicus moves the forelimb forward, the neck is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the brachiocephalicus turns the neck to the side, the forelimb is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the brachiocephalicus m? |
|
Definition
| Accessory, Cervical, & Axillary nn. |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of the omotransversarius m? |
|
Definition
| Complements the action of the brachiocephalicus |
|
|
Term
| What is the retractor of the TL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The latissimus dorsi is an antagonist of what muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the latissimus dorsi m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of the superficial pectoral mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the superficial pectoral m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the pectoral mm? |
|
Definition
| Pectoral nn. from brachial plexus |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of the deep pectoral m? |
|
Definition
| Retractor & Adductor of the TL; Complements action of serratus ventralis to some extent |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the serratus ventralis m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the rhomboideus m? |
|
Definition
| D br's of Cd Cervical nn. |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the serratus ventralis m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the serratus ventralis m? |
|
Definition
| Suspends the trunk in btw the forelimbs |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the rhomboideus m? What are their relative sizes? |
|
Definition
| Cervical & Thoracic; Bigger & Smaller, respectively |
|
|
Term
| Where does the rhomboideus m lie? |
|
Definition
| Dorso-medial aspect of scapula |
|
|
Term
| Is the subclavius m. well- or poorly-devo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the subclavius m. lie? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the subclavius m. originate? |
|
Definition
| Just Cr to deep pectoral on sternum |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the subclavius m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What m. was previously considered as part of the pectoral m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What m. was previously considered as part of the pectoral m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of the subclavius m? |
|
Definition
| Complements action of deep pectoral m. |
|
|
Term
| The shoulder region & upper arm mm. are arranged in ___ & ___ groups. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has the most developed subclavius m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Cr-most m. in the shoulder region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the horse scapula have an acromion process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the mm. in the lateral group of the shoulder region & upper arm? |
|
Definition
| Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Deltoideus |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important function of the supraspinatus m? |
|
Definition
| Stabilization of the shoulder joint |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of the supraspinatus m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the supraspinatus m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the tendon of insertion of the infraspinatus m. Which part possesses a synovial bursa? |
|
Definition
| Splits into 2 parts; Superficial |
|
|
Term
| What does the infraspinatus m. act as? |
|
Definition
| A collateral lig.; Stabilizes shoulder jt. |
|
|
Term
| What is the secondary function of the infraspinatus m? |
|
Definition
| Abduction of the shoulder |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the infraspinatus m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the deltoideus m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the subscapularis m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the teres major m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the coracobrachialis m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the biceps brachii m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the brachialis m? |
|
Definition
| Musculocutaneous n. + a little contribution from Radial n. |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the extensors of the carpus & digits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of the deltoideus m? Secondary? |
|
Definition
| Flexor of the shoulder; Abduction |
|
|
Term
| Is the deltoideus m. affected by suprascapular n. damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the subscapularis m? |
|
Definition
| Stabilizes shoulder jt; Adducts arm |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of the teres major m? Secondary? |
|
Definition
| Flexor of shoulder; Adducts arm |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the coracobrachialis m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main groups of arm mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the flexors of the arm? |
|
Definition
| Biceps brachii, Brachialis |
|
|
Term
| What are the extensors of the arm? |
|
Definition
| Triceps brachii, Tensor Fascia Antebrachii |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main groups of forearm mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the extensors of the carpus & digits? |
|
Definition
| Extensor Carpi Radialis, Common Digital Extensor, Lateral Digital Extensor, Extensor Carpi Obliquus, [Ulnaris Lateralis/Extensor Carpi Ulnaris] |
|
|
Term
| What are the flexor mm of the forearm? |
|
Definition
| Flexor carpi radialis, Flexor carpi ulnaris, SDF, DDF |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the biceps brachii m? What is its primary function? |
|
Definition
| Fixation of the shoulder jt; Extension of shoulder jt; Flexor of Elbow |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 heads of the triceps brachii m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the genetically determined bursa associated with the triceps brachii m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the acquired bursa associated w/ the triceps brachii m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the bursae of the triceps brachii m. create? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is lacertus fibrosus? What is it a component of? |
|
Definition
| Thick fibrous strand extending along length of biceps brachii, inserting on extensor carpi radialis; TL Stay Apparatus |
|
|
Term
| How is the stay apparatus of the TL different from that of the PL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lacertus fibrosus? |
|
Definition
| Coordinates extensions of shoulder & carpus jt |
|
|
Term
| What prevents overextension of the carpal jt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the extensors of the carpus & digits arise? |
|
Definition
| Craniolateral aspect of distal humerus |
|
|
Term
| Where do the extensors of the carpus & digits run? |
|
Definition
| Craniolateral part of forearm |
|
|
Term
| Where do the extensors of the carpus & digits insert? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the extensors of the carpus & digits? |
|
Definition
| Extend carpus as well as digits |
|
|
Term
| What is affected by high radial n. paralysis? |
|
Definition
| Triceps brachii m, Carpus & Digits |
|
|
Term
| What is affected by low radial n. paralysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What secures the extensors of the carpus & digits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the extensor carpi obliquus m. originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of ulnaris lateralis/extensor carpi ulnaris m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the flexors of the carpus & digits arise? |
|
Definition
| Caudomedial aspect of humerus |
|
|
Term
| What do the flexors of the carpus & digits occupy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What secures the flexors of the carpus & digits? Where? |
|
Definition
| Flexor Retinaculum; Cd aspect of carpus |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the flexors of the carpus & digits? |
|
Definition
| Mainly the median & ulnar nn. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major blood vessels of the TL? |
|
Definition
| Axillary, Brachial, & Median aa. |
|
|
Term
| What does the R axillary a. branch off of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Axillary a. branch into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the brachial a. give off? Where? |
|
Definition
| Median a.; Common interosseous a. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the median a. course? |
|
Definition
| Cd'ly to palmar surface of limb |
|
|
Term
| What does the median a. give off? |
|
Definition
| 2 smaller aa. - Palmar br of median a., & radial a. |
|
|
Term
| What does the median a. continue distally as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main a. of the manus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Median a.: What smaller a. descends from the deep palmar arch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the L palmar a. descend from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The M & L Palmar aa. are in the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Above the fetlock, the M Palmar a. divides into ______ & _______. |
|
Definition
| M & L Palmar Proper Digital aa. |
|
|
Term
| What gives off the M & L Palmar Proper Digital aa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the M & L Palmar Proper Digital aa. course? |
|
Definition
| Abaxial surfaces of Proximal Sesamoid Bones; then on borders of DDF Tendon to gain entry into hoof |
|
|
Term
| Where can the pulse of the Palmar Proper Digital aa. be felt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the pulse of the Palmar Proper Digital aa. especially obvious? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the digital aa. give off? To where? |
|
Definition
| D br's to D surfaces of proximal & middle phalanges |
|
|
Term
| The M & L br's of the digital aa. _______ to form _____ around the phalanx. |
|
Definition
| Anastomose; Arterial Circle |
|
|
Term
| Where do the proper digital aa. pass, distally? What do they anastomose to form? |
|
Definition
| Through the sole foramina into the sole canal; Terminal Arch |
|
|
Term
| Br's of the terminal arch leave the bone & radiate & break up in the _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
| Laminar Dermis; Sole Dermis |
|
|
Term
| A br from the _____ & a br from the _____ join together to give off M & L Palmar Metacarpal aa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A br from the L Palmar a. & a br from the Radial a. join together to give off _____. |
|
Definition
| M & L Palmar Metacarpal aa |
|
|
Term
| M & L Palmar Metacarpal aa. join the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| L Palmar a. & Radial a. join @ the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What joins at the Deep Palmar Arch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is larger, the M or L Palmar a.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the venous drainage of the distal TL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The M & L Digital vv. are formed by 3 _____, ______, _______ in the foot. |
|
Definition
| Interconnected, Valveless, Venous Plexuses |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 venous plexuses of the distal TL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the D venous plexus? |
|
Definition
| Deep in the laminar dermis |
|
|
Term
| Where is the palmar venous plexus? |
|
Definition
| Deep in the sole dermis & on the axial surfaces of the cartilages of the distal phalanx |
|
|
Term
| Where is the coronary venous plexus? |
|
Definition
| In the coronary cushion overlying the common (or long) digital extensor tendon, & abaxial surfaces of the cartilages of the distal phalanx |
|
|
Term
| Which plexus anastomoses w/ the palmar plexus via foramina in the cartilages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coronary plexus anastomoses w/ the _____ via foramina in the cartilages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digital vv. --> _____ --> _____ |
|
Definition
| Digital vv. --> Palmar vv. --> Cephalic v. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main venous drainage of the TL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the order of arrangement of the blood vessels in the digital area & metacarpal region? Where else is this pattern observed? |
|
Definition
| v. Cr'ly; a.; n. Cd'ly (Cr-Cd: VAN); Intercostal spaces |
|
|
Term
| The arrangement in the digital & metacarpal regions of VAN is an important consideration for _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the nn. of the manus come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provides the main innervation to the structures of the manus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Median n. divides above the carpus into _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What generally overlaps the median n in supply to mm.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much innervation does the ulnar n. supply to the manus? By way of what? |
|
Definition
| Only a little; Palmar branch |
|
|
Term
| The M Palmar n. descends the forefoot, lying btw _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
| Interosseous m. & DDF Tendon |
|
|
Term
| In _____, the M Palmar n. sends a ______ obliquely & ventrolaterally to the L Palmar n. |
|
Definition
| Mid-Metacarpus; Communicating Branch |
|
|
Term
| Just above the fetlock, the M Palmar n. becomes ______. |
|
Definition
| M Palmar Proper Digital n. |
|
|
Term
| What does the M Palmar Proper Digital n. run along with? What does it dip into? |
|
Definition
| Digital vessels on abaxial aspect of proximal sesamoid bone; Hoof |
|
|
Term
| Where does the L Palmar n. course? |
|
Definition
| Down forefoot as its M counterpart |
|
|
Term
| The L palmar n. w/ ulnar contribution detaches the _____ of the L palmar n. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nn. contribute to the deep br of the L palmar n? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the deep br of the L Palmar n. divide into in the metacarpal groove? |
|
Definition
| M & L Palmar Metacarpal nn. |
|
|
Term
| What do the M & L Palmar Metacarpal nn. supply? |
|
Definition
| Deeper structures such as jts., ligg, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the D aspect of the distal TL? |
|
Definition
| D br of Ulnar n., M Cutaneous Antebrachial n., D br's from M & L Palmar Proper Digital nn. |
|
|
Term
| What is the M Cutaneous Antebrachial n. a br of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both M & L Palmar Proper Digital nn. give off _____. How many? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of n. blocking? |
|
Definition
| Diagnostic Aid in Equine Lameness |
|
|
Term
| When performing n. blocks, start _____ & move ______, step-wise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the step-wise procedure of a n. block? |
|
Definition
| Perform Perineural anesthesia; Wait for anesthetic to act; Test effectiveness; Let horse Walk |
|
|
Term
| Everything ____ to the n. block is desensitized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sites of injection for a distal palmar/plantar digital n. block? |
|
Definition
| Along M & L edges of flexor tendons; @ level of pastern jt/just above collateral cartilages of distal phalanx; just proximal to previous site |
|
|
Term
| What is the site of injection for a proximal palmar/plantar digital n. block? |
|
Definition
| Abaxial sides just below proximal sesamoid bones |
|
|
Term
| When M & L palmar/plantar Proper Digital nn. are blocked, what structures are desensitized? |
|
Definition
| Navicular bone & bursa; Digital Cushion; Palmar/Plantar aspect of sole & frog, coffin bone, pastern & coffin jt's; Distal sesamoidean ligg. (PDB); Distal SDF & DDF Tendons |
|
|
Term
| After Palmar/Plantar aspect of the digit is blocked, what is the next step? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the procedure for a ring (field) block? How much anesthetic sol'n is injected? |
|
Definition
| Perform distal/proximal palmar/plantar digital n. anesthesia; Redirect needle to D aspect of digit OR on both sides of common/long digital extensor tendon @ same level; 3-5mL |
|
|
Term
| What nn. are blocked in a ring (field) block in TL? In PL? |
|
Definition
| Palmar Proper Digital n. & D br's; Plantar Proper Digital n. & D br's & L & M D Digital nn. |
|
|
Term
| What structures are desensitized by a ring (field) block? |
|
Definition
| Those desensitized by palmar/plantar digital n. block + Complete analgesia of the foot distal to inj site (incl D aspect) |
|
|
Term
| What is the site of inj for a low 4 point palmar/plantar n. block? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distal ends of L & M Splint bones |
|
|
Term
| In a Low 4 point palmar/plantar n. block, where is the needle inserted? |
|
Definition
| Deeper to achieve anesthesia of L & M Metacarpal/Metatarsal nn.; @ same level on both sides of flexor tendons to access palmar/plantar nn. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most stressed jt in the TL & PL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is a High 4 point palmar/plantar n. block performed? |
|
Definition
| Level of junction btw head & shaft of splint bb. on their axial sides & deep injection; @ same level on both sides of flexor tendons to access palmar/plantar nn. |
|
|
Term
| What nn. are blocked by a High 4 point palmar/plantar n. block? |
|
Definition
| L & M Palmar/Plantar nn.; L & M Palmar/Plantar Metacarpal/Metatarsal nn. |
|
|
Term
| What nn. are blocked by a Low 4 point palmar/plantar n. block? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is anesthetic injected on the D surface of the manus/pes? |
|
Definition
| Both sides of common/long digital extensor tendon @ same level of palmar/plantar inj's |
|
|
Term
| What nn. are blocked when anesthetic is injected on the D surface of the pes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nn. are blocked when anesthetic is injected on the D surface of the manus? |
|
Definition
| M cutaneous antebrachial & D br of Ulnar nn. |
|
|
Term
| What structures are desensitized in a 4 point palmar/plantar n. block? |
|
Definition
| Part of manus/pes below inj site; Includes fetlock jt; Deep structures of metacarpus/metatarsus region (High Block) |
|
|
Term
| The main joints (carpus & above) of the TL are _____ of the PL. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which limb is subject to more lameness conditions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of lameness problems occur below the carpus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the bones of the shoulder jt? |
|
Definition
| Distal end of scapula (glenoid cavity); Head of Humerus |
|
|
Term
| What is the size of the head of the humerus compared to the glenoid cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Head of humerus is larger than glenoid cavity, affording ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the shoulder jt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How common is dislocation of the shoulder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the horse have an acromion head of the deltoideus m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the classification of the shoulder jt? |
|
Definition
| Simple, Synovial, Ball & Socket OR Hinge |
|
|
Term
| Describe the jt capsule of the shoulder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the intertubercular bursa of the shoulder? |
|
Definition
| Interposed btw tendon of origin of biceps brachii m. & jt. capsule |
|
|
Term
| What bursa is interposed btw tendon of origin of biceps brachii m. & jt. capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tendon of origin of the biceps brachii m. is mostly _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the ligg. of the shoulder jt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stabilizes the shoulder jt? |
|
Definition
| Tendons of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor & biceps brachii mm. |
|
|
Term
| What are the "active ligg." of the shoulder jt? |
|
Definition
| Tendons of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor & biceps brachii mm. |
|
|
Term
| The mm. of the shoulder prevent _____ & ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the movements of the shoulder jt? |
|
Definition
| Mostly Flexion & Extension; Some Abduction, Adduction, & Rotation Permissible |
|
|
Term
| The shoulder jt is normally partially ______ at an angle of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The partial flexion of the shoulder jt. provides excellent ________. |
|
Definition
| Anti-concussion mechanism |
|
|
Term
| What joints of the TL are always partially flexed? Of the PL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the elbow jt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compound, Synovial, Hinge/Ginglymus |
|
|
Term
| What are the bones of the cubital jt? |
|
Definition
| Distal end of humerus (Condyle); Fovea capitis of head of radius; Trochlear Notch of Ulna |
|
|
Term
| Describe the jt capsule of the elbow. |
|
Definition
| Loose; Attaches on edges of articular surfaces |
|
|
Term
| What are the ligg. of the elbow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the ligg. of the elbow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are inj's given into the elbow? |
|
Definition
| Cr & Cd to L collateral lig. |
|
|
Term
| What are the movements of the elbow? |
|
Definition
| Mainly Flexion & Extension (other mvmt's hardly permitted) |
|
|
Term
| Which collateral lig. of the elbow is not branched? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the M & L Collateral ligg. extend? |
|
Definition
| From Epicondyles of humerus to corresponding tuberosities of radius |
|
|
Term
| Which collateral lig. of the elbow is branched? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the M collateral lig. of the elbow. |
|
Definition
| Long, superficial part ending on radius, distal to antebrachial interosseous space; Short, deep part inserts on M tuberosity of radius |
|
|
