Term
|
Definition
| Equine Hoof + Everything Inside |
|
|
Term
| Is the equine foot the pes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is different about the forefoot & hindfoot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is included in the foot? (specifically) |
|
Definition
| Epidermis, Dermis, SQ tissue, ligg & bb of coffin jt, bvv., nn., flexor & extensor tendons, ungual cartilages |
|
|
Term
| What is the foot epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the vascularity/innervation of the foot epidermis/hoof. |
|
Definition
| Avascular, Non-innervated |
|
|
Term
| Describe the foot dermis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the SQ tissue of the foot? |
|
Definition
| Digital & Coronary Cushions |
|
|
Term
| Common Digital Extensor in ____, Long Digital Extensor in ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the ungual cartilages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest part of SQ tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the vascularity/innervation of the foot dermis. |
|
Definition
| Highly innervated, Highly vascular |
|
|
Term
| Name some clinical problems associated w/ the foot. |
|
Definition
| Bruised often; Wet, putrid conditions for long periods; Steps on hard, stony, uneven terrain; Several components & dz conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ringbone condition of Extensor (Pyramidal) Process of P3 |
|
|
Term
| What clinical condition involves the navicular bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ossified & rigid cartilages of P3 (attached to Palmar Process of P3); normally hyaline cartilage in young/fibrocartilaginous in adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suppurative & Degenerative condition of the cartilages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visible part when on the ground |
|
|
Term
| What is the junction between the hoof wall & skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the hoof touches the ground? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main topographical regions of the hoof? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the heel walls reflecting caudally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates the bars from the frog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the frog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the hoof wall thickest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hoof wall is thickest at the toe, then __________ |
|
Definition
| Thins progressively heel-ward |
|
|
Term
| Which quarter has a thicker wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the angle subtended btw D surface & ground surface of the hoof in the forefoot? Hindfoot? (#) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the wall substance of the hoof? |
|
Definition
| Tubules extending proximo-distally & held together by amorphous intertubular horny material |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the hoof wall from external to internal? |
|
Definition
| Stratum externum, Stratum medium, Stratum internum |
|
|
Term
| Describe the covering of the stratum externum. What are the 2 parts? |
|
Definition
| Very thin, tubular horny covering; Periople & Stratum Tectorium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proximal part of stratum externum; soft, non-pigmented, Expands Cd'ly over bulbs of heel |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Stratum Tectorium. |
|
Definition
| Covers wall not covered by periople; Impervious to water, smooth, glossy, Parallel proximo-distal lines & Horizontal smooth ridges |
|
|
Term
| What do the parallel proximo-distal lines of the stratum tectorium indicate? |
|
Definition
| Evidence of direction of growth of horny tubules |
|
|
Term
| What do the horizontal smooth ridges of the stratum tectorium indicate? |
|
Definition
| Evidence of variations in growth of hoof |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Stratum Medium. |
|
Definition
| Very thick; Begins @ coronary groove proximally, bears openings accommodating papillae of underlying dermis; tubules & intertubular horn; may be pigmented on outer layers (pigment of unknown effect or function) |
|
|
Term
| What is the thickest layer of the hoof wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the stratum internum. |
|
Definition
| Non-pigmented; Begins @ M part of coronary groove proximally, bears openings accommodating papillae of underlying dermis; inner surface carries keratinized primary & non-keratinized secondary laminae; also form the laminae of the bar Cd'ly |
|
|
Term
| How many primary laminae are there per hoof? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the dermal laminae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the epidermal laminae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition of a crack in hoof wall extending proximo-distally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| split in hoof wall extending proximally from basal border |
|
|
Term
| What is more serious - Sandcrack or Glasscrack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the growth rate of the hoof? How long does it take to wear out? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is softer, the sole or the hoof wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normally concave, flaky outer surface |
|
|
Term
| Where are the angles of the sole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if the sole contacts the ground? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of the sole? |
|
Definition
| Same as wall; consists of vertical horn tubules & intertubular horn |
|
|
Term
| Rank the softness of the wall, frog, & sole from softest to least soft. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 crura (M/L) separated by a central groove (sulcus of frog), meet Cr'ly to form pointed apex of frog; Expands palmarly to join bulbs (M/L) of heels; Softer horn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degenerative condition of the frog, esp. when kept in moist or watery floor/ground |
|
|
Term
| Describe the internal spine of the frog. |
|
Definition
| (Frog Stay) bordered by grooves which are themselves bounded by the ridge of the frog; Spine is embedded in digital cushion |
|
|
Term
| Describe the internal (deep) surfaces of the frog. |
|
Definition
| Have holes into which fit the papillae of the frog & sole dermis |
|
|
Term
| Is the frog keratinized or non? What is the water content? |
|
Definition
| Incompletely keratinized; Softer than wall; 50% water content |
|
|
Term
| What is the water content of the sole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the dermis attach? |
|
Definition
| Hoof wall to internal foot structures |
|
|
Term
| What does the dermis produce & how? Which part is an exception? |
|
Definition
| Various parts of wall by means of papillae on surface; Laminar dermis |
|
|
Term
| The dermis provides ____, ____ & makes _____. |
|
Definition
| Nourishment, Hydrates, Pliable |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 areas of the dermis? |
|
Definition
| Perioplic, Coronary, Laminar, Frog, & Sole Dermis |
|
|
Term
| The coronary dermis is ____ than the perioplic dermis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces the bulk of the hoof wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The periople is at the level of the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the dermis only has papillae on the quarters & toe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the laminar dermis produce horny material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pigmentation of the perioplic dermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the perioplic dermis. |
|
Definition
| Narrow @ coronet below periople, broadens out & joins the bulbs of heels, blends w/ frog dermis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the papillae of the perioplic dermis. |
|
Definition
| Papillae present, produce horn of periople & stratum tectorium |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pigmentation of the coronary dermis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the coronary dermis. |
|
Definition
| Thick, in coronary groove (distal to perioplic dermis); Covers extensor tendon, cartilages of P3 via SQ tissue of coronary cushion |
|
|
Term
| Describe the papillae of the coronary dermis. |
|
Definition
| Numerous papillae (~5mm long) on surface - fit into holes in strata medium & internum of coronary groove |
|
|
Term
| What produces the stratum medium of the hoof wall? |
|
Definition
| Stratum Germinativum of coronary dermis |
|
|
Term
| What part of the stratum germinativum produces the tubular horn? Intertubular horn? |
|
Definition
| Cells of Papillae; Inter-papillar cells |
|
|
Term
| Where is the coronary venous plexus? |
|
Definition
| Deep in the coronary cushion; anastomoses w/ palmar/plantar venous plexus through foramina in the cartilages |
|
|
Term
| What arises from the coronary venous plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 venous plexuses of the foot? |
|
Definition
| Coronary, D, Palmar/Plantar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "No 'oof, No 'orse;" "The horse has 5 hearts." |
|
|
Term
| Each primary lamina of the laminar dermis bears _____ |
|
Definition
| Several non-keratinized secondary laminae |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pigmentation of the laminar dermis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the laminar dermis interdigitate w? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the deep part of the laminar dermis. |
|
Definition
| Blends w/ periosteum of P3 (pressure from P2 directed away from sole to wall) |
|
|
Term
| What ensures the hoof wall is snugly held in place? |
|
Definition
| Epidermal & Dermal laminae |
|
|
Term
| What is at the distal part of the dermal laminae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the terminal laminae produce? |
|
Definition
| Part of white line (Cement/Pigmented Horn) |
|
|
Term
| What produces the wall laminae? |
|
Definition
| Distal fringe of coronary papillae |
|
|
Term
| Where is the D venous plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extremely painful separation btw sensitive & insensitive laminae; new non-tubular horn may be produced (due to stimulation of stratum germinativum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P3 may be rotated downwards, pushing sole down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Laminar dermis of toe region may be separated from wall by space filled w/ amorphous, crumbly material produced by the dermis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pigmentation of the sole & frog dermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is present on the sole & frog dermis? |
|
Definition
| Numerous papillae (fit into holes in sole & frog) |
|
|
Term
| What is the sole dermis attached to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the frog dermis attached to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces the horn of sole & frog? |
|
Definition
| Stratum Germinativum of frog & sole dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Visible white line @ junction of wall & sole; Thin, soft, pale horn |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 parts of the white line? |
|
Definition
| Pigmented horn & Non-pigmented horn |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pigmented horn of the white line. |
|
Definition
| produced by S. germinativum overlying term. pap. (on distal parts of laminar dermis), fills space btw non-pigmented horn |
|
|
Term
| Describe the non-pigmented horn of the white line. |
|
Definition
| Deep layer of stratum medium & distal parts of horny laminae |
|
|
Term
| Where is the palmar/plantar vp? |
|
Definition
| Deep in sole dermis & on surfaces of cartilages of P3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bruised sole dermis @ angle of sole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bruised sole dermis somewhere besides angle of sole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic hypertrophy of frog dermis, usually due to inf. |
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue is the digital cushion? |
|
Definition
| Fibroelastic - may have scattered areas of cartilage tissue; fatty, some modified skin glands |
|
|
Term
| What is the color of the digital cushion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the density of the digital cushion. |
|
Definition
| Denser towards toe than at heels where it supports the bulbs |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the digital cushion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the digital cushion situated? |
|
Definition
| btw cartilages of P3; overlies frog; distal to P2 & DDF tendon |
|
|
Term
| What does the digital cushion form Cd'ly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue is the coronary cushion? |
|
Definition
| Elastic, SQ tissue (part of coronary dermis) |
|
|
Term
| What does the coronary cushion attach? |
|
Definition
| Coronary dermis to digital extensor tendon & cartilages of P3 |
|
|
Term
| What does the coronary cushion blend w? |
|
Definition
| Digital cushion @ proximal aspect of heel |
|
|
Term
| Describe the elasticity of various parts of the hoof. |
|
Definition
| Increases from toe to heel |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the hoof strike the ground 1st? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the foot hits the ground? |
|
Definition
| Frog compressed & expanded, bars forced apart, force of impact redirected to digital cushion & the cartilage, which move outwards; heels are spread apart |
|
|
Term
| Describe simultaneous compression of the hoof wall when the foot hits the ground |
|
Definition
| Simultaneous compression of wall when its basal border hits ground transmits tension via interlocked laminae to P3 |
|
|
Term
| When the foot hits the ground, what happens when P3 sinks? |
|
Definition
| Puts pressure upon the valveless venous plexuses, & venous blood forced proximally into digital vv (have valves) |
|
|
Term
| What happens regarding circulation when lifting the foot? |
|
Definition
| Negative pressure inside it brings in arterial blood |
|
|
Term
| What may happen if the horse is unable to shift foot or have adequate exercise? |
|
Definition
| Blood may stagnate in the foot |
|
|
