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Equine Foot
Quiz 3
121
Anatomy
Professional
10/30/2010

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Term
What is the Equine Foot?
Definition
Equine Hoof + Everything Inside
Term
Is the equine foot the pes?
Definition
No
Term
What is different about the forefoot & hindfoot?
Definition
Conformation
Term
What is included in the foot? (specifically)
Definition
Epidermis, Dermis, SQ tissue, ligg & bb of coffin jt, bvv., nn., flexor & extensor tendons, ungual cartilages
Term
What is the foot epidermis?
Definition
Hoof
Term
Describe the vascularity/innervation of the foot epidermis/hoof.
Definition
Avascular, Non-innervated
Term
Describe the foot dermis.
Definition
Soft, Sensitive
Term
What is the SQ tissue of the foot?
Definition
Digital & Coronary Cushions
Term
Common Digital Extensor in ____, Long Digital Extensor in ____.
Definition
TL, PL
Term
What is another name for the ungual cartilages?
Definition
Lateral Cartilages
Term
What is the largest part of SQ tissue?
Definition
Digital Cushion
Term
Describe the vascularity/innervation of the foot dermis.
Definition
Highly innervated, Highly vascular
Term
Name some clinical problems associated w/ the foot.
Definition
Bruised often; Wet, putrid conditions for long periods; Steps on hard, stony, uneven terrain; Several components & dz conditions
Term
What is pyramidal dz?
Definition
Ringbone condition of Extensor (Pyramidal) Process of P3
Term
What clinical condition involves the navicular bone?
Definition
Navicular dz
Term
What is sidebone?
Definition
Ossified & rigid cartilages of P3 (attached to Palmar Process of P3); normally hyaline cartilage in young/fibrocartilaginous in adults
Term
What is quittor?
Definition
Suppurative & Degenerative condition of the cartilages
Term
Describe the hoof.
Definition
Highly Keratinized
Term
Is the hoof sensitive?
Definition
No
Term
What is the hoof wall?
Definition
visible part when on the ground
Term
What is the junction between the hoof wall & skin?
Definition
Coronet
Term
What part of the hoof touches the ground?
Definition
Basal Border
Term
What are the 3 main topographical regions of the hoof?
Definition
Toe, Quarters, Heel
Term
What is formed by the heel walls reflecting caudally?
Definition
Bars
Term
What separates the bars from the frog?
Definition
Paracuneal Grooves/Sulci
Term
What is the shape of the frog?
Definition
Triangular/Wedge-shaped
Term
Where is the hoof wall thickest?
Definition
At the toe
Term
The hoof wall is thickest at the toe, then __________
Definition
Thins progressively heel-ward
Term
Which quarter has a thicker wall?
Definition
Lateral (Outer)
Term
What is the angle subtended btw D surface & ground surface of the hoof in the forefoot? Hindfoot? (#)
Definition
45-50, 50-55
Term
What is the wall substance of the hoof?
Definition
Tubules extending proximo-distally & held together by amorphous intertubular horny material
Term
What are the 3 layers of the hoof wall from external to internal?
Definition
Stratum externum, Stratum medium, Stratum internum
Term
Describe the covering of the stratum externum. What are the 2 parts?
Definition
Very thin, tubular horny covering; Periople & Stratum Tectorium
Term
Describe the periople.
Definition
Proximal part of stratum externum; soft, non-pigmented, Expands Cd'ly over bulbs of heel
Term
Describe the Stratum Tectorium.
Definition
Covers wall not covered by periople; Impervious to water, smooth, glossy, Parallel proximo-distal lines & Horizontal smooth ridges
Term
What do the parallel proximo-distal lines of the stratum tectorium indicate?
Definition
Evidence of direction of growth of horny tubules
Term
What do the horizontal smooth ridges of the stratum tectorium indicate?
Definition
Evidence of variations in growth of hoof
Term
Describe the Stratum Medium.
Definition
Very thick; Begins @ coronary groove proximally, bears openings accommodating papillae of underlying dermis; tubules & intertubular horn; may be pigmented on outer layers (pigment of unknown effect or function)
Term
What is the thickest layer of the hoof wall?
Definition
Stratum Medium
Term
Describe the stratum internum.
Definition
Non-pigmented; Begins @ M part of coronary groove proximally, bears openings accommodating papillae of underlying dermis; inner surface carries keratinized primary & non-keratinized secondary laminae; also form the laminae of the bar Cd'ly
Term
How many primary laminae are there per hoof?
Definition
~600
Term
What is another name for the dermal laminae?
Definition
Sensitive
Term
What is another name for the epidermal laminae?
Definition
Insensitive
Term
What is Sandcrack?
Definition
condition of a crack in hoof wall extending proximo-distally
Term
What is Grasscrack?
Definition
split in hoof wall extending proximally from basal border
Term
What is more serious - Sandcrack or Glasscrack?
Definition
Sandcrack
Term
What is the growth rate of the hoof? How long does it take to wear out?
Definition
1 cm/mo; 9 mo
Term
What is softer, the sole or the hoof wall?
Definition
Sole
Term
Describe the sole.
Definition
Normally concave, flaky outer surface
Term
Where are the angles of the sole?
Definition
Btw walls & bars
Term
What happens if the sole contacts the ground?
Definition
Bruised sole
Term
What is the composition of the sole?
Definition
Same as wall; consists of vertical horn tubules & intertubular horn
Term
Rank the softness of the wall, frog, & sole from softest to least soft.
Definition
Frog>Sole>Wall
Term
Describe the frog.
Definition
2 crura (M/L) separated by a central groove (sulcus of frog), meet Cr'ly to form pointed apex of frog; Expands palmarly to join bulbs (M/L) of heels; Softer horn
Term
What is thrush?
Definition
Degenerative condition of the frog, esp. when kept in moist or watery floor/ground
Term
Describe the internal spine of the frog.
Definition
(Frog Stay) bordered by grooves which are themselves bounded by the ridge of the frog; Spine is embedded in digital cushion
Term
Describe the internal (deep) surfaces of the frog.
Definition
Have holes into which fit the papillae of the frog & sole dermis
Term
Is the frog keratinized or non? What is the water content?
Definition
Incompletely keratinized; Softer than wall; 50% water content
Term
What is the water content of the sole?
Definition
33%
Term
What does the dermis attach?
Definition
Hoof wall to internal foot structures
Term
What does the dermis produce & how? Which part is an exception?
Definition
Various parts of wall by means of papillae on surface; Laminar dermis
Term
The dermis provides ____, ____ & makes _____.
Definition
Nourishment, Hydrates, Pliable
Term
What are the 5 areas of the dermis?
Definition
Perioplic, Coronary, Laminar, Frog, & Sole Dermis
Term
The coronary dermis is ____ than the perioplic dermis.
Definition
Broader
Term
What produces the bulk of the hoof wall?
Definition
Coronary Dermis
Term
The periople is at the level of the _____.
Definition
Coronet
Term
Which part of the dermis only has papillae on the quarters & toe?
Definition
Laminar Dermis
Term
Does the laminar dermis produce horny material?
Definition
No
Term
What is the pigmentation of the perioplic dermis?
Definition
Pale
Term
Describe the perioplic dermis.
Definition
Narrow @ coronet below periople, broadens out & joins the bulbs of heels, blends w/ frog dermis
Term
Describe the papillae of the perioplic dermis.
Definition
Papillae present, produce horn of periople & stratum tectorium
Term
Describe the pigmentation of the coronary dermis.
Definition
Pigmented in dark hoofs
Term
Describe the coronary dermis.
Definition
Thick, in coronary groove (distal to perioplic dermis); Covers extensor tendon, cartilages of P3 via SQ tissue of coronary cushion
Term
Describe the papillae of the coronary dermis.
Definition
Numerous papillae (~5mm long) on surface - fit into holes in strata medium & internum of coronary groove
Term
What produces the stratum medium of the hoof wall?
Definition
Stratum Germinativum of coronary dermis
Term
What part of the stratum germinativum produces the tubular horn? Intertubular horn?
Definition
Cells of Papillae; Inter-papillar cells
Term
Where is the coronary venous plexus?
Definition
Deep in the coronary cushion; anastomoses w/ palmar/plantar venous plexus through foramina in the cartilages
Term
What arises from the coronary venous plexus?
Definition
Digital v.
Term
What are the 3 venous plexuses of the foot?
Definition
Coronary, D, Palmar/Plantar
Term
2 quotes about hoof:
Definition
"No 'oof, No 'orse;" "The horse has 5 hearts."
Term
Each primary lamina of the laminar dermis bears _____
Definition
Several non-keratinized secondary laminae
Term
Describe the pigmentation of the laminar dermis.
Definition
Colorless/White
Term
What does the laminar dermis interdigitate w?
Definition
Laminae of walls & bars
Term
Describe the deep part of the laminar dermis.
Definition
Blends w/ periosteum of P3 (pressure from P2 directed away from sole to wall)
Term
What ensures the hoof wall is snugly held in place?
Definition
Epidermal & Dermal laminae
Term
What is at the distal part of the dermal laminae?
Definition
Long, Terminal Papillae
Term
What do the terminal laminae produce?
Definition
Part of white line (Cement/Pigmented Horn)
Term
What produces the wall laminae?
Definition
Distal fringe of coronary papillae
Term
Where is the D venous plexus?
Definition
Deep in Laminar Dermis
Term
What is Laminitis?
Definition
Extremely painful separation btw sensitive & insensitive laminae; new non-tubular horn may be produced (due to stimulation of stratum germinativum)
Term
What is Dropped Sole?
Definition
P3 may be rotated downwards, pushing sole down
Term
What is Seedy Toe?
Definition
Laminar dermis of toe region may be separated from wall by space filled w/ amorphous, crumbly material produced by the dermis
Term
Describe the pigmentation of the sole & frog dermis?
Definition
Usually pigmented
Term
What is present on the sole & frog dermis?
Definition
Numerous papillae (fit into holes in sole & frog)
Term
What is the sole dermis attached to?
Definition
Under-surface of P3
Term
What is the frog dermis attached to?
Definition
Digital cushion above
Term
What produces the horn of sole & frog?
Definition
Stratum Germinativum of frog & sole dermis
Term
What is the white line?
Definition
Visible white line @ junction of wall & sole; Thin, soft, pale horn
Term
What are the 2 parts of the white line?
Definition
Pigmented horn & Non-pigmented horn
Term
Describe the pigmented horn of the white line.
Definition
produced by S. germinativum overlying term. pap. (on distal parts of laminar dermis), fills space btw non-pigmented horn
Term
Describe the non-pigmented horn of the white line.
Definition
Deep layer of stratum medium & distal parts of horny laminae
Term
Where is the palmar/plantar vp?
Definition
Deep in sole dermis & on surfaces of cartilages of P3
Term
What is a corn?
Definition
Bruised sole dermis @ angle of sole
Term
What is a bruised sole?
Definition
Bruised sole dermis somewhere besides angle of sole
Term
What is a canker?
Definition
Chronic hypertrophy of frog dermis, usually due to inf.
Term
What type of tissue is the digital cushion?
Definition
Fibroelastic - may have scattered areas of cartilage tissue; fatty, some modified skin glands
Term
What is the color of the digital cushion?
Definition
Pale yellow
Term
Describe the density of the digital cushion.
Definition
Denser towards toe than at heels where it supports the bulbs
Term
What is the function of the digital cushion?
Definition
Concussion absorption
Term
Where is the digital cushion situated?
Definition
btw cartilages of P3; overlies frog; distal to P2 & DDF tendon
Term
What does the digital cushion form Cd'ly?
Definition
Bulbs of heels
Term
What type of tissue is the coronary cushion?
Definition
Elastic, SQ tissue (part of coronary dermis)
Term
What does the coronary cushion attach?
Definition
Coronary dermis to digital extensor tendon & cartilages of P3
Term
What does the coronary cushion blend w?
Definition
Digital cushion @ proximal aspect of heel
Term
Describe the elasticity of various parts of the hoof.
Definition
Increases from toe to heel
Term
What parts of the hoof strike the ground 1st?
Definition
Frog & Basal Border
Term
What happens when the foot hits the ground?
Definition
Frog compressed & expanded, bars forced apart, force of impact redirected to digital cushion & the cartilage, which move outwards; heels are spread apart
Term
Describe simultaneous compression of the hoof wall when the foot hits the ground
Definition
Simultaneous compression of wall when its basal border hits ground transmits tension via interlocked laminae to P3
Term
When the foot hits the ground, what happens when P3 sinks?
Definition
Puts pressure upon the valveless venous plexuses, & venous blood forced proximally into digital vv (have valves)
Term
What happens regarding circulation when lifting the foot?
Definition
Negative pressure inside it brings in arterial blood
Term
What may happen if the horse is unable to shift foot or have adequate exercise?
Definition
Blood may stagnate in the foot
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