Term
| In general, does a horse with a painful eye keeps his eye open or closed? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the cornea is edematous or swollen what color(s) does it change to? (normal is clear) |
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Definition
| If it is not clear, it needs to be checked out. In this case it becomes bluish and opaque |
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Term
| Describe what normal horse urine looks like? |
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Definition
| yellow whitish; mucously. NOT brown |
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Term
| What are 5 things that can cause straining to urinate (from the text) - briefly describe them |
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Definition
| nonspecific abdominal pain; estrus (heat) in mares; tying up; laminitis; bladder infection |
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Term
| If your mare colics a few hours after a natural stallion cover breeding, would you consider that be a potential emergency or not? What could cause this? |
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Definition
| If it is within 24 hours, it is an emergency. The penis can perforate the vagina causing serious illness/peritonitis |
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Term
Prolonged labor/Failure of foal to Appear or “Dystocia” is defined in the text (pg 198) as
In a paragraph (in your own words) describe the steps you would take when your foaling mare fails to deliver a foal in the appropriate amount of time (page 198) |
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Definition
| First off, I would call the vet immediately. I would also try to locate local ranchers who have experience in foaling or calving. If the mare wants to roll, I would let her – this way repositioning might occur if the foal is improperly aligned. I would check the vagina to make sure it was not sewn shut. If she were sewn up, I would open her by inserting a clean hand and spreading my fingers just behind the vaginal opening to stretch the tissues tight. Since the scar would have no sensation, I would cut it with scissors. Next, I would wrap the mare's tale and wash the genital area with soap and rinse with water, afterwhich I would apply K-Y Jelly or some sort of lubricant. At this point, I would insert a hand into the vagina and feel around for the foal. If I felt part of the foal in the vagina, I would push it back into the uterus during a rest period between the mare's contractions. I would never push the foal or force my hand through a tight area during a contraction. |
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Term
| Describe the normal position of the foal in delivery? |
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Definition
| Normally, the foal will come out front feet and head first, with its hind end following up. The front half of the foal is properly over the ground, but the hind end is usually twisted 90 degrees. It rotates and straightens up as it comes out |
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Term
| Your foal is being delivered with both hind feet coming out first. How would you know this? (think about the position of the foal’s hooves that you would be able to visualize) What would you do? |
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Definition
| I would probably notice that the hooves were back hooves and that they were pointed upward... The important thing is to get the foal out as soon as possible, as we don't want it to suffocate. |
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Term
| The mare should pass the placenta in _3_ hours. If this has not occurred this condition is called __retained__ _placenta_. Should you pull on the membranes if passing of the placenta has not occurred in the normal amount of time? |
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Definition
| You should not pull on it to try to remove it! |
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Term
| Your foaling mare has uterine exhaustion or inertia. This means what? |
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Definition
| Basically, this means that the uterus ceases to contract and the mare loses the urge to push... The foal will have to be delivered by the birth attendant. |
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Term
| What is the single most important underlying cause of foals to become sick and die? |
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Definition
| Failure of Passive Transfer (insufficient colostrum) |
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Term
| If you see a foal straining and colicky the first day or two after birth what might be wrong and what would you do to correct this? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what age does a horse reach puberty? __18 months_ How long is equine gestation avg 340 days? How long is the normal estrous cycle of a mare avg 21 days__? |
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Definition
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Term
| Write a paragraph (several sentences) about different knowledge and techniques you might implement to “predict” foaling time . Changes in physical appearance, tests, devices that can be used to determine this |
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Definition
One thing I would keep an eye on is the size of the udder... about three weeks before foaling, it will start to enlarge. It'll swell at night and shrink in the day. The day before foaling, the udder will be full and tense and colostrum may leak.
Secondly, I'd keep an eye on the vulva, as it ought to swell, relax, and lengthen in the last 2 weeks. Also, milk calcium tests can be done. the ligaments relax and the pelvic area changes appearance |
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Term
| List the 6 things listed on the powerpoint slide “SUMMARY OF FOALING TROUBLE” and make sure you understand what these are. |
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Definition
| Mare in labor 4 hours (stage 1) without rupture of white amnionic sac; Water breaks but feet not present within 15 minutes; foal not delivered within 40 minutes of amnionic sac. Abnormal presentation of any kind; Red bag; Placenta retain beyond 3 hours or has pieces missing; foal not nurse within 3 hours. |
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Term
| What is agalactia? What drug is use to treat agalactia when it is caused by fescue exposure? |
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Definition
| Agalactia is insufficient milk. When related to fescue, a drug given orally called “Domperdone” may help. |
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Term
| List 3 things that you would see in a healthy foal |
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Definition
foal is breathing;
nurse 5-7 times/hr
play hard, sleep hard
lively, alert, and active
foal performs energetic tries, even if he fails and standing and such. |
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Term
| 3 things you would be worried about if you noticed in a young foal. |
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Definition
foal does not get up within an hour or two
foal does not nurse within 3 hours
foal fails to pass manure or urinate |
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Term
| What could it mean if a foal has a swollen joint? A swollen naval area? Fluid leaking from the naval area? |
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Definition
| A swollen joint could be Septic Arthiritis, but is essentially an infection in the joint... A swollen naval area means septic naval illness, there is bacteria in naval area... Fluid leaking would be patent urachus. |
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Term
| What would it likely mean if you found a 1-2 day old foal that had icterus/jaundiced/yellow mucous membranes and was weak? |
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Definition
| this is where teh foal's blood is of a different type than the mares and the red blood cells die in the foal. very dangerous. |
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Term
| Problems that involve the eye are (always/never) emergencies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| clear part of front of eye |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds cornea “white of the eye” |
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Term
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Definition
| thin pinkish membrane covers the white of the eye and back of the eyelids |
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Term
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Definition
| “nictitating membrane” works to cleanse and lubricate. Located at inside corner of the eye (medial canthus) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Surrounds opening of the eye (pupil). |
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Term
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Definition
| strange part on the eye like a mushroom cloud |
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Term
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Definition
| Very Common and needs immediate attention. Develops after injury to cornea; stain will reveal... The worst case scenario is where ulcer becomes a “melting ulcer” which very rapidly deteriorates as the cornea dissolves. |
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Term
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Definition
| During an episode of ERU the eye is cloudy and vision is diminished. Treat is directed towards -reducing inflammation and recurrent episodes as well as preserving vision. If first outbreak, will treat with antibiotics for lepto. |
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Term
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Definition
| 5-8 inches long. Lips of it should meet and create a barrier. It should be vertical and not at an angle. Pneumovagina or Windsucking is bad |
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Term
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Definition
| 4-6 inches long; part of the uterus. Small , firm and closed tight in quiescent state (not in heat or pregnant) |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of the cervix, 1 uterine body, and 2 uterine horns |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Caslicks Procedure and why it is done |
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Definition
| This procedure suture together the vaginal lips to prevent feces from draining into the vagina and uterus. It should be open at least 2 weeks prior to the anticipated foaling date. |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually 6-8 pulsations from a stallion ejaculating |
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Term
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Definition
| the sheath surrounding the penis -- actually a double layer of skin |
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Term
| Rhinopnuemonitis and how it causes abortions |
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Definition
| number 1 cause abortion of late pregnancy. Highly contagious respiratory virus. Mare show cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis. Death of fetus 1-3 months after exposure. ALL HORSES ON THE FARM NEED TO BE VACCINATED. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fungus or endophyte that grows on the grass. Increases gestational length, retained placenta, stillbirth, and agalactia. Especially important last 3 months of pregnancy |
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Term
| MRLS Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome |
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Definition
| Eastern Tent Caterpillar; Black Cherry Tree; Loss of embryo 6-12 weeks or later. Also can cause sick neonates. |
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Term
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Definition
| lasts 2-4 hours. Uterine contractions dilate the cervix and turn foal into the delivery position. Mare is restless, gets up and down, urinates and defecates often, may sweat and act like she has colic. Some mares show little to no outward signs at all |
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Term
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Definition
| begins when the water breaks and ends with delivery of the foal. Note the time when water breaks. Forceful uterine contractions at this point |
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Term
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Definition
| the passing of the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| The foal should pass These stools within 12 hours of birth. Some routinely give enema after birth. (Fleet enema from pharmacy) Insert into rectum, squeeze until empty and then hold tail down to keep fluid in there for a minute or two. If no stool in 1 hour give another enema. |
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