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Equine Disease Study Guide
Equine Study Questions
98
Veterinary Medicine
Not Applicable
10/25/2011

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Whats the most common cause if hoof crack?
Definition
Dry brittle hoof
Term
Why is hoof care important?
Definition
 No foot No horse. The hoof is desidned to absorb the compaction forces generated by the foot during movement. Hoof care begins at birth. Corrective trimming may effectively treat angular limb deformities noted at foaling.
Term
What is Thrush and Canker?
Definition
  • Yeast
  • Infection and blacking of affected area (black, necrotic, foul smelling)
  • Canker originates in the horn of the frog, anywhere throughout its structure(mistaken for thrush in early stage)
  • Thrush is limited to lateral and medial sulci or base of frog if fissure is present.
Term
How do you treat Thrush and Canker?
Definition
With iodine (strong, non-diluted) or commercial remedy
Term
What is the prognosis for thrush and canker and what affects the prognosis?
Definition
Prognosis is guarded. Unsanitary conditions affect prognosis.
Term
What is another name for gravel?
Definition
Abscess
Term
What causes gravel?
Definition
A result from brushing of the sole, frog or heel bulbs or as a result of foreign body penetrating wound. Travel up hoof wall and breaks out of coronary band.
Term
How is gravel treated?
Definition
By exposing infection and relieving pressure, soaking hoof in epsom salts or osmotic draw like iodine/sugar.
Term
What is the prognosis of gravel?
Definition
Guarded-unfavorable
Term
What age and type of horses are commonly affected by navicular disease?
Definition
  • 7-14 years old
  • Quarter horses, Thoroughbreds and warm bloods.
Term
What are four signs of navicular disease?
Definition
  • Tendency to land toe first
  • Stumbling of tripping
  • Narrow/contracted heels and narrow frog
  • Tendency to alternately "point"front feet (leg resting on toe)
Term
How is navicular disease diagnosed?
Definition
  • Lower limb flexion test
  • Hoof test over heel regions
  • Radiography
  • Diagnostic regional anesthesia
Term
What are the different diagnostic imaging techniques used for navicular disease?
Definition
  • Radiographic
  • Nuclear scintigraphy: uptake of radioactive nucleotide specifically in region of navicular bone/ bursa. usually unnecessary
Term
What are some corrective shoeing options to treat navicular disease?
Definition
  • Goal: facilitate/ ease break over in stride and reduce stress to soft tissue structures oflimb: raise toe angle, trimming.
  • Wedge pads or shoes: support for caudal heel such as egg bar shoe. Also apply wedge/pad to raise heel and decrese pressure on caudal heel( reduce stress on deep digital flexor)
  • Shorten toe length( trim as short as possible, square off toe)
Term

What are side effects and complications from digital neurectomy?

 

Surgery: Posterior digital neurectomy

Definition
  • Nerve regrowth
  • Neuroma: benign but painful growth
  • Loss of sensation to caudal 1/3 of foot (concerns with regards to foot abscesses, puncture wounds)
Term
Define laminitis also called founder
Definition
Inflammation of laminae that attaches coffin bone to hoof wall
Term
List 4 possible causes of laminitis
Definition
  • Trauma
  • Systemic infection
  • Ingestion of cold water
  • Over eating grain/lush green pasture
Term
List 3 clinical sings of laminitis
Definition

Clinical signs depends on severity

  • Lameness not seen at walk but at trot  (mild)
  • Shifting leg lameness when standing (usually affects front feet, but all four if 20 to systemic disease)
  • Hindlimbs tucked under body
Term
What are radiographic signs cosistent with laminitis?
Definition
  • Enlargement of vascular channels with in the navicular bone or llolipops(cyst like lesions within the bone)
  • Calcification of the associated ligaments
  • Fractures of the bone
Term
What are treatment options for laminitis?
Definition

Treatment centered on eliminating cause:

  • Pain management
  • Improving blood flow
  • External support
  • Diet management
Term
What is the cause of seedy toe?
Definition

Caused by the progressive separation of the hoof wall from the sole of the white line.

  • Anarobic bacteria enter the white line through a separation
  • Separation caused by overgrowth of the hoof
  • Weakness due to excessive moisture or a penetrating wound
Term
How is influenza transmitted?
Definition
Aerosol
Term
What are signs of influenza?
Definition
  • Fever
  • Depression
  • Loss of appetite
  • Nasal discharge
  • Cough
  • Muscle soreness/stiffness
Term
How is Influenza diagnosed?
Definition
  • History
  • clinical signs
  • Swab nasal passages
  • View sample under microscope and isolate virus
Term
How do you treat influenza?
Definition

Supportive care

  • NSAIDs
  • Antibiotics (for secondary bacterial infection)
  • Rest: 1week/degree of fever

 

Term
How do you prevent influenza?
Definition
  • Vaccinate young horses pior to departure for training/race track
  • At risk populations booster vaccine every 60-90 days
Term

What are some complications with influenza?

 

Definition
  • Failure to treat
  • Continued stress and training - cardiomyopathy, pleuropneumonia
Term
How is Rhinopneumonitis transmitted?
Definition
Direct, aerosol
Term
What are signs of Rhinopneumonitis respiratory disease?
Definition

Flu-like symptoms

  • Fever
  • Depression
  • Loss of appetite
  • Nasal discharge
  • Lymph node enlargement
Term
Signs of Rhinopneumonitis neurological disease?
Definition
  • Weakness
  • Ataxia
  • Paralysis
Term
What are signs of Rhinopneumonitis reproductive disease?
Definition
  • Late term abortion

Birth of term foals

  • Weak
  • Fail to thrive
  • Death within several days-weeks
Term
How is Rhinopneumonitis diagnosed?
Definition
clinical signs
Term
How is Rhinopneumonitis treated?
Definition

Supportive care

  • NSAIDs
  • Antibiotics
  • Intensive nursing care of recumbent horse
  • Rest
Term
How do you prevent  Rhinopneumonitis?
Definition

Vaccination

  • Pregnant mares at 4th, 5th and 9th months of gestation
  • At risk population every 60-90 days

 

Term
What are complications of Rhinopneumonitis?
Definition

Of protracted recumbency:

  • Decubital ulcers
  • Pneumonia
  • colic
Term
How is Equine Viral Arteritis transmitted?
Definition

Aerosol: particles rapidly diluted in open air environment

 

Term
What are signs of Equine Viral Arteritis?
Definition

Variable:

  • Limb edema
  • Urticaria (hives)
  • Fever
  • Loss of appetite
  • Respiratory symptoms

 

Term
How is Equine Viral Arteritis diagnosed?
Definition
  • Virus isolation
  • Serology
  • Ongoing out break and consistent symptoms
Term
How is Equine Viral Arteritis treated?
Definition

Supportive care

  • NSAIDs
  • Antibiotics
  • +/- antihistamines
  • Rest
Term
How is Equine Viral Arteritis prevented?
Definition
  • Vaccination
  • Isolation of affected horses to prevent exposure
Term
Whats a complication with Equine Viral Arteritis?
Definition
Pneumonia
Term
How is Strangles transmitted?
Definition
  • Oral/nasal mucosa contact
  • Bacteria in nasal discharge of infected horses or contaminated surfaces
  • Organism may be shed for weeks-months after symptoms resloved
  • Carrier state exists
Term
What are signs of Strangles?
Definition
  • Mandibular lymph node enlargement
  • Purulent, tenacious nasal discharge
  • Soft, moist and constant cough
  • Severe pharyngitis and laryngitis
  • "hot" painful abscesses in submixillary, pharyngeal and parotid lymph nodesand lymph vessels
  • 'Bastard strangles': abscessation of other lymph nodes, especially intra-abdominal
  • Necrosis of skin and eruption of abscesses
  • Edema of lower limbs
  • Atypical formmanifested by subclinical infection and mild disease
Term
How is Strangles diagnosed?
Definition
  • Symptoms
  • Presence of out break in barn
  • Culture of Strep. equi from nasal passages or discharge
Term
How is Strangles treated?
Definition
  • NSAIDs to mange fever/discomfort
  • Procaine penicillin
  • Lance/drain mature abscesses
Term
How is Strangles Prevented?
Definition
  • Vaccination
  • Management/containment of disease outbreak
  • Infection does not confer lifelong immunity
  • Sanitation
Term
What are complications of Strangles?
Definition
  • Empyema of the guttural pouch (jugular vein and coradid artery)
  • Spread of lesions to lungs causing acute pneumonia
  • Purulent inflammation of brian followed by excitement.
  • Neck rigidity and terminal paralysis
  • Pericarditis
  • Lameness and difficult breathing
Term
West Nile virus: (Eastern/Western/Venezuelan Encephalomyelitis) "Sleeping Sickness" Transmission
Definition
  • Bite from infected mosquito
  • Reservoir host-bird
  • Dead-end host horse
  • Prepatent period 3-5 days
Term
What are are signs of West Nile virus?
Definition
  • Fever
  • Impaired vision
  • Circling
  • Convulsions
  • Depression/stupor
  • Incoordination
  • Head pressing
  • Death
Term
How is West Nile virus diagnosed?
Definition
Clinical signs
Term
How do you treat West Nile virus?
Definition

Supportive care

  • NSAIDs
  • Fluid replacement
  • Antibiotics
  • Physical support/protection

 

Term
What is the prognosis of West Nile virus?
Definition

Guarded to poor

Older animals more severly affected

Term
How is West Nile virus prevented?
Definition
  • Vaccination(every 3-4 months during mosquito season)
  • Mosquito control
  • Covers, Sprays
  • Clean standing water in environment
Term
List 3 causes of pneumonia
Definition
  • Equine Influenza virus
  • Rhinopneumonitis
  • Strangles
Term
What are clinical signs of COPD?
Definition
  • Cough-chronic
  • Crackles and wheezes
  • Increased respiratory effort
  • Abdominal muscle hypertrophy-heave line
  • Increased suspectibilty to other airway disease
  • Exercise intolerance/diminished athletic capacity
Term

 

COPD

Cause/breeds affected

Definition
  • Type I(immediate) or III(arthus) hypersensitivity reaction to irritants
  • Allergy air way disease: bronchospasm, mucus production
Term
How is COPD diagnosed?
Definition
  • Symptoms
  • Assessment of management: housing/ventilation,feed, bedding
  • Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology
  • Endoscopy
  • Interdermal allergy testing 
Term
How is COPD treated?
Definition
  • Management(more effective, less meds required): outdoor housing, improve ventilation, dust control, sanitation, moisten hay or pellets, feed at/below muzzle level to minimize dust inhalation (hay)
  • Medication
Term

What are signs of Pulmonary Hemorrhage?

(EIPH)

Definition
  • Rupture of pulmonary vessels during maximal exertion(nosebleed)
  • Incidence is directly related to intensity(not duration) of exercise
  • Increased w/COPD or any airway disease
Term

 

EIPH

 

Cause/breeds affected

 

Definition

Speculative

  • Excessive intramural pressure during exercise
  • Trauma caused by abdominal viscera impacting diaphram
  • Airway resistance
  • Racers, jumpers, hunters
Term
How is EIPH diagnosed?
Definition
  • History
  • Clinical signs
  • Endoscopy-blood inbronchial tree
  • Hemosiderosis with special stain on smears
Term
How is EIPH treated?
Definition

Palliative/not curative. Variable respinse, not necessarily dose related

  • Furosemide
  • Estrogen
  • Blood pressure meds
  • Good Ventilation
  • External nasal dilator
Term

What are signs of Idiopathic Laryngeal Hemiplegia(Roaring)?

 

(ILH)

Definition
  • Respiratory noise-usually evident on fast exercise
  • Exercise intolerance, reduced performance capcity
  • Inspiratory wheezing
  • Noise ranges: Whistle-roar only in inspiratory
  • Condition progressive
Term

ILH

 

Cause/breeds affected

Definition
  • Large TB's and draught horses
  • Dysfunction of recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • Paralysis of left side of larynx(doesn't include right)
Term
How is ILH diagnosed?
Definition
Endoscope exam
Term
How is ILH treated?
Definition
  • Use dependent
  • Surgical- Laryngoplasty, Ventriculosacculectomy
Term
What are clinical signs of Sarcoids?
Definition
Ulcerated nodular masses
Term
How is Sarcoids Diagnosed?
Definition
  • Clinical Presentation
  • Biopsy
Term
How is Sarcoids treated?
Definition
Immunotherapy(BCG)-injected bacteria
Term
What are sites of Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Definition
  • Eye margins, muzzle/lips, penis/prepuce
  • Hairless areas
  • Unpigmented skin/lite colored animals
  • Solar radiation (?)
Term
How is Squamous cell Carcinoma diagnosed?
Definition
  • Clinical presentation
  • Impression smear
  • Biopsy
Term
How is Squamous Cell Carcinomas treated?
Definition
  • Extensive excision
  • Cryotherapy
  • Hyperthermia
  • Radiation therapy
  • Tumor is locally invasive
Term
What are signs of Exuberant Granulation Tissue?
Definition
Pink moist mass on distal limb over previous injury
Term
How is Exuberant Granulation Tissue diagnosed?
Definition
  • Clinical presentation
  • History
Term
How is Exuberant Granulation tissue treated?
Definition
  • Surgical debulking
  • +/- skin graft
  • Topical preparations containing digestive enzymes- trypsin/papain
Term
What are signs of Melanoma?
Definition
  • Multiple tumors on hairless areas
  • Metastasis possible
  • Particular to gray horses
Term
How is a Melanoma diagnosed?
Definition
Biopsy
Term
How do you treat a Melanoma?
Definition
  • Cryosurgery- freezing
  • Cimetadine- reduce with hydrochloric acid
Term
How is Rabies transmitted?
Definition
Bite of infected animal
Term

What are signs of dumb/paralytic form of Rabies?

(most common EQ form)

Definition
  • Weakness/incoordination
  • Tail paralysis/urine dribbling/scalding on hind legs
  • Colic
Term
What are signs of the aggresive form of Rabies?
Definition
  • Photophobia
  • Grinding of teeth/ obsessive chewing
  • Belligerence
  • Seizures
Term
How is Rabies diagnosed ante-mortem?
Definition

Fluorescent Antibody Test

  • Full skin thickness biopsy
  • Cheek epithelial cells
Term
How is rabies diagnosed Post-mortem?
Definition
Submit brain and spinal cord to lab
Term
How do you treat Rabies?
Definition
NO CURE-always fatal
Term
How do you prevent Rabies?
Definition
  • Vaccination:rabvac-3 only FDA approve vaccine for horses
  • Avoid exposure: wire mesh fencing to prevent wildlife access
Term
How is Equine Protozoal Myelitis transmitted?
Definition
  • Consumption of contaminated pasture or feed stuffs
  • Vectors: Opossums, armadillos, birds/cats
Term
What are signs of Equine Protozoal Myelitis?
Definition

Dependent on parasite's location in CNS

  • Muslce atrophy
  • Obscure lameness
  • Asymmetric ataxia (no balance or symmetry with incoordination)
Term
How is Equine Protozoal Myelitis diagnosed?
Definition
  • Symptoms
  • Western Blot test
  • Response to treatment
Term
How do you treat Equine Protozoal Myelitis?
Definition
  • Ponazuril (Marquis-Bayer): 28 day protocol
  • Sulfadiazine and Pyrimethamine(60-70% improve with treatment)
  • Vitamin E supplementation
Term
How to you Prevent Equine Protozoal Myelitis?
Definition

Vaccination-questionable value

  • <5% exposed develop clinical disease
  • Immuno-incompetency and response to disease/vaccine
Term

What are signs of Angular Limb Deformities?

(ALD)

Definition

Lateral(outward) or medial(inward) deviation of a limb.

Joint involved:

  • Carpus
  • Fetlock
  • Hock
Term
What is the cause of ALD?
Definition
  • Congenital: Uterine Malpositioning
  • Acquired:Uneven weight bearing (i.e. improper shoeing)
Term
How is ALD diagnosed?
Definition
  • Clinical appearance of the limbs
  • Dorsopalmar radiographs assist in determining source of deviation and to rule out carpal bone collaspe.
Term
How is ALD treated?
Definition
  • Stall rest and diet modification
  • Limb casts or splints
  • Surgery
Term
What are the signs of Bowed Tendons?
Definition
Swelling at palmar aspect of the midmeta carpus
Term
What is the cause of Bowed Tendons?
Definition
During exercise- forces placed by galloping horses
Term
How is Bowed Tendon diagnosed?
Definition
  • Palpations of tendons in non-weight bearing postion
  • Ultra sound is important to assess extent of injury
Term
How is Bowed Tendon treated?
Definition
  • Control exercise: walking with increases every 2 weeks, trotting may begin in 3 months, unusual for horses to return to full work before 12 months
  • Control inflammation: apply cold, support bandaging, anti-inflammation meds (Phenylbutazone)
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