• Yeast
• Infection and blacking of affected area (black, necrotic, foul smelling)
• Canker originates in the horn of the frog, anywhere throughout its structure(mistaken for thrush in early stage)
• Thrush is limited to lateral and medial sulci or base of frog if fissure is present.

• 7-14 years old
• Quarter horses, Thoroughbreds and warm bloods.

• Tendency to land toe first
• Stumbling of tripping
• Narrow/contracted heels and narrow frog
• Tendency to alternately "point"front feet (leg resting on toe)

• Lower limb flexion test
• Hoof test over heel regions
• Radiography
• Diagnostic regional anesthesia

• Radiographic
• Nuclear scintigraphy: uptake of radioactive nucleotide specifically in region of navicular bone/ bursa. usually unnecessary

• Goal: facilitate/ ease break over in stride and reduce stress to soft tissue structures oflimb: raise toe angle, trimming.
• Wedge pads or shoes: support for caudal heel such as egg bar shoe. Also apply wedge/pad to raise heel and decrese pressure on caudal heel( reduce stress on deep digital flexor)
• Shorten toe length( trim as short as possible, square off toe)

What are side effects and complications from digital neurectomy?

Surgery: Posterior digital neurectomy

• Nerve regrowth
• Neuroma: benign but painful growth
• Loss of sensation to caudal 1/3 of foot (concerns with regards to foot abscesses, puncture wounds)

• Trauma
• Systemic infection
• Ingestion of cold water
• Over eating grain/lush green pasture

Clinical signs depends on severity

• Lameness not seen at walk but at trot  (mild)
• Shifting leg lameness when standing (usually affects front feet, but all four if 2⁰ to systemic disease)
• Hindlimbs tucked under body

• Enlargement of vascular channels with in the navicular bone or llolipops(cyst like lesions within the bone)
• Calcification of the associated ligaments
• Fractures of the bone

Treatment centered on eliminating cause:

• Pain management
• Improving blood flow
• External support
• Diet management

Caused by the progressive separation of the hoof wall from the sole of the white line.

• Anarobic bacteria enter the white line through a separation
• Separation caused by overgrowth of the hoof
• Weakness due to excessive moisture or a penetrating wound

• Fever
• Depression
• Loss of appetite
• Nasal discharge
• Cough
• Muscle soreness/stiffness

• History
• clinical signs
• Swab nasal passages
• View sample under microscope and isolate virus

Supportive care

• NSAIDs
• Antibiotics (for secondary bacterial infection)
• Rest: 1week/degree of fever

• Vaccinate young horses pior to departure for training/race track
• At risk populations booster vaccine every 60-90 days

What are some complications with influenza?

• Failure to treat
• Continued stress and training - cardiomyopathy, pleuropneumonia

Flu-like symptoms

• Fever
• Depression
• Loss of appetite
• Nasal discharge
• Lymph node enlargement

• Weakness
• Ataxia
• Paralysis

• Late term abortion

Birth of term foals

• Weak
• Fail to thrive
• Death within several days-weeks

Supportive care

• NSAIDs
• Antibiotics
• Intensive nursing care of recumbent horse
• Rest

Vaccination

• Pregnant mares at 4^th, 5^th and 9^th months of gestation
• At risk population every 60-90 days

Of protracted recumbency:

• Decubital ulcers
• Pneumonia
• colic

Aerosol: particles rapidly diluted in open air environment

Variable:

• Limb edema
• Urticaria (hives)
• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Respiratory symptoms

• Virus isolation
• Serology
• Ongoing out break and consistent symptoms

Supportive care

• NSAIDs
• Antibiotics
• +/- antihistamines
• Rest

• Vaccination
• Isolation of affected horses to prevent exposure

• Oral/nasal mucosa contact
• Bacteria in nasal discharge of infected horses or contaminated surfaces
• Organism may be shed for weeks-months after symptoms resloved
• Carrier state exists

• Mandibular lymph node enlargement
• Purulent, tenacious nasal discharge
• Soft, moist and constant cough
• Severe pharyngitis and laryngitis
• "hot" painful abscesses in submixillary, pharyngeal and parotid lymph nodesand lymph vessels
• 'Bastard strangles': abscessation of other lymph nodes, especially intra-abdominal
• Necrosis of skin and eruption of abscesses
• Edema of lower limbs
• Atypical formmanifested by subclinical infection and mild disease

• Symptoms
• Presence of out break in barn
• Culture of Strep. equi from nasal passages or discharge

• NSAIDs to mange fever/discomfort
• Procaine penicillin
• Lance/drain mature abscesses

• Vaccination
• Management/containment of disease outbreak
• Infection does not confer lifelong immunity
• Sanitation

• Empyema of the guttural pouch (jugular vein and coradid artery)
• Spread of lesions to lungs causing acute pneumonia
• Purulent inflammation of brian followed by excitement.
• Neck rigidity and terminal paralysis
• Pericarditis
• Lameness and difficult breathing

• Bite from infected mosquito
• Reservoir host-bird
• Dead-end host horse
• Prepatent period 3-5 days

• Fever
• Impaired vision
• Circling
• Convulsions
• Depression/stupor
• Incoordination
• Head pressing
• Death

Supportive care

• NSAIDs
• Fluid replacement
• Antibiotics
• Physical support/protection

Guarded to poor

Older animals more severly affected

• Vaccination(every 3-4 months during mosquito season)
• Mosquito control
• Covers, Sprays
• Clean standing water in environment

• Equine Influenza virus
• Rhinopneumonitis
• Strangles

• Cough-chronic
• Crackles and wheezes
• Increased respiratory effort
• Abdominal muscle hypertrophy-heave line
• Increased suspectibilty to other airway disease
• Exercise intolerance/diminished athletic capacity

COPD

Cause/breeds affected

• Type I(immediate) or III(arthus) hypersensitivity reaction to irritants
• Allergy air way disease: bronchospasm, mucus production

• Symptoms
• Assessment of management: housing/ventilation,feed, bedding
• Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology
• Endoscopy
• Interdermal allergy testing 

• Management(more effective, less meds required): outdoor housing, improve ventilation, dust control, sanitation, moisten hay or pellets, feed at/below muzzle level to minimize dust inhalation (hay)

• Medication

What are signs of Pulmonary Hemorrhage?

(EIPH)

• Rupture of pulmonary vessels during maximal exertion(nosebleed)
• Incidence is directly related to intensity(not duration) of exercise
• Increased w/COPD or any airway disease

EIPH

Cause/breeds affected

Speculative

• Excessive intramural pressure during exercise
• Trauma caused by abdominal viscera impacting diaphram
• Airway resistance
• Racers, jumpers, hunters

• History
• Clinical signs
• Endoscopy-blood inbronchial tree
• Hemosiderosis with special stain on smears

Palliative/not curative. Variable respinse, not necessarily dose related

• Furosemide
• Estrogen
• Blood pressure meds
• Good Ventilation
• External nasal dilator

What are signs of Idiopathic Laryngeal Hemiplegia(Roaring)?

(ILH)

• Respiratory noise-usually evident on fast exercise
• Exercise intolerance, reduced performance capcity
• Inspiratory wheezing
• Noise ranges: Whistle-roar only in inspiratory
• Condition progressive

ILH

Cause/breeds affected

• Large TB's and draught horses
• Dysfunction of recurrent laryngeal nerve
• Paralysis of left side of larynx(doesn't include right)

• Use dependent
• Surgical- Laryngoplasty, Ventriculosacculectomy

• Clinical Presentation
• Biopsy

• Eye margins, muzzle/lips, penis/prepuce
• Hairless areas
• Unpigmented skin/lite colored animals
• Solar radiation (?)

• Clinical presentation
• Impression smear
• Biopsy

• Extensive excision
• Cryotherapy
• Hyperthermia
• Radiation therapy
• Tumor is locally invasive

• Clinical presentation
• History

• Surgical debulking
• +/- skin graft
• Topical preparations containing digestive enzymes- trypsin/papain

• Multiple tumors on hairless areas
• Metastasis possible
• Particular to gray horses

• Cryosurgery- freezing
• Cimetadine- reduce with hydrochloric acid

What are signs of dumb/paralytic form of Rabies?

(most common EQ form)

• Weakness/incoordination
• Tail paralysis/urine dribbling/scalding on hind legs
• Colic

• Photophobia
• Grinding of teeth/ obsessive chewing
• Belligerence
• Seizures

Fluorescent Antibody Test

• Full skin thickness biopsy
• Cheek epithelial cells

• Vaccination:rabvac-3 only FDA approve vaccine for horses
• Avoid exposure: wire mesh fencing to prevent wildlife access

• Consumption of contaminated pasture or feed stuffs
• Vectors: Opossums, armadillos, birds/cats

Dependent on parasite's location in CNS

• Muslce atrophy
• Obscure lameness
• Asymmetric ataxia (no balance or symmetry with incoordination)

• Symptoms
• Western Blot test
• Response to treatment

• Ponazuril (Marquis-Bayer): 28 day protocol
• Sulfadiazine and Pyrimethamine(60-70% improve with treatment)
• Vitamin E supplementation

Vaccination-questionable value

• <5% exposed develop clinical disease
• Immuno-incompetency and response to disease/vaccine

What are signs of Angular Limb Deformities?

(ALD)

Lateral(outward) or medial(inward) deviation of a limb.

Joint involved:

• Carpus
• Fetlock
• Hock

• Congenital: Uterine Malpositioning
• Acquired:Uneven weight bearing (i.e. improper shoeing)

• Clinical appearance of the limbs
• Dorsopalmar radiographs assist in determining source of deviation and to rule out carpal bone collaspe.

• Stall rest and diet modification
• Limb casts or splints
• Surgery

• Palpations of tendons in non-weight bearing postion
• Ultra sound is important to assess extent of injury

• Control exercise: walking with increases every 2 weeks, trotting may begin in 3 months, unusual for horses to return to full work before 12 months
• Control inflammation: apply cold, support bandaging, anti-inflammation meds (Phenylbutazone)