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Equine Anatomy
Neck and Head
199
Anatomy
Professional
01/04/2012

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Cards

Term
What is the crest?
Definition
dorsal portion of the neck
Term
What is the poll?
Definition
the back of the head
Term
What is the vertebral formula in the horse?
Definition
C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd15
Term
What causes Wobbler's Syndrome?
Definition
instability of the articulation between cervical vertebrae, which causes pressure on the spinal cord
Term
What are the signs of Wobbler's Syndrome?
Definition
Ataxia due to neural damage (from the pressure) in the area that controls limbs
Term
What are the two parts of the nuchal ligament?
Definition
-funiculus nuchae
-lamina nuchae
Term
What do the two parts of the nuchal ligament look like?
Definition
-funiculus nuchae = paired, cord-like, attaches to skull
-lamina nuchae = paired, sheet-like, attaches to cervical vertebrae
Term
Name three bursae associated with the nuchal ligament.
Definition
-cranial nuchal bursa
-caudal nuchal bursa
-supraspinous bursa
Term
Where is the cranial nuchal bursa found?
Definition
between the arch of the atlas and the funiculus nuchae
Term
Where is the caudal nuchal bursa found?
Definition
-between the axis and the funiculus nuchae
-inconstant
Term
What is Poll Evil?
Definition
-infection of the cranial or caudal nuchal bursae
-can invade into the CNS because the spinal cord is right below the atlas/axis
Term
Where is the supraspinous bursa found?
Definition
at T2-T3 and the supraspinous ligament (withers)
Term
What is Fistulous withers?
Definition
infection that drains into muscles of the area and causes fistulous tracts
Term
What superficial muscles lie along the ventral surface of the neck?
Definition
-cutaneous colli
-brachiocephalicus
-omotransversarius
-sternocephalicus
-sternothyrohyoideus
Term
Describe cutaneous colli.
Definition
-starts at te sternum and fans upward
-covers the bottom part of the external jugular v, which is why you do venupuncture more cranially
-equivalent to the platysma in a dog (if you include the cutaneous muscle of the face)
Term
Describe brachiocephalicus.
Definition
-composed of cleidomastoideus and cleidobrachialis
-the point of separation is at the greater tubercle of the humerus
Term
Where is omotransversarius located?
Definition
fused to the dorsal aspect of the brachiocephalicus
Term
Where is sternocephalicus located?
Definition
-runs from the manubrium to the head (mandible)
-also called sternomandibularis
Term
Describe sternothyrohyoideus.
Definition
-composed of sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus
-located on the midline
Term
Describe the relationship between sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus.
Definition
Sternohyoideus stays midline while sternothyroideus runs deeps and splits laterally to attach to the thyroid cartilage
Term
What are the deep ventral muscles of the neck?
Definition
-omohyoideus
-longus capitis
-longus colli
-scalenus muscles
Term
Describe omohyoideus.
Definition
-runs from the shoulder to the hyoid apparatus, where it fuses with sternohyoideus
-sits between the external jugular vein and the common carotid a, thus helping guide you for venupuncture
-well-defined cranially, but not further down the neck
Term
Describe the relationship between longus capitis and longus colli.
Definition
longus colli runs along the midline and longus capitis is found in the upper part of the neck and lateral to longus colli
Term
Which deep ventral muscle of the neck is only seen cranially?
Definition
longus capitis
Term
Which deep ventral muscle of the neck is only seen caudally?
Definition
scalenus muscle
Term
How can you easily ID scalenus?
Definition
brachial plexus runs through it
Term
What muscles comprise the superficial layer of the lateral neck muscles?
Definition
-trapezius
-rhomboideus (cervicus/thoracis)
-splenius (large)
-serratus ventralis (cervicus/thoracis)
Term
What muscles comprise the first deep layer of the lateral neck muscles?
Definition
-semispinalis capitis
-longissimus capitis/longissimus atlantis
-longissimus cervicis
Term
What muscles comprise the second deep layer of the lateral neck muscles?
Definition
-multifidus cervicis
-intertransversarii cervicis
-spinalis system
Term
Which muscle is the most dorsal of the first deep layer of the lateral neck muscless?
Definition
semispinalis capitis, primary extensor of the neck
Term
Describe the relationship between longissimus capitis and longissimus atlantis.
Definition
Both have a fused origin
-longissimus capitis inserts on the back of the head
-longissimus atlantis inserts on the wing of the atlas (deeper)
Term
Which muscle lies closest to the midline of the second deep layer of the lateral neck muscless?
Definition
multifidus cervicis
Term
What are the muscles of the poll?
Definition
-obliquus capitis caudalis
-obliquus capitis cranialis
-rectus capitis muscles
Term
Where is obliquus capitis caudalis located?
Definition
between C1-C2, covers the wing of the atlas
Term
Where is obliquus capitis cranialis located?
Definition
from the head to C1
Term
Where are the rectus capitis muscles located?
Definition
below obliquus capitis cranialis
Term
How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves exist in the horse?
Definition
8 pairs
Term
Where does C2 branch from the spinal cord?
Definition
wing of the atlas
Term
Where does C4 branch from the spinal cord?
Definition
middle of the neck
Term
Where does C6 branch from the spinal cord?
Definition
shoulder
Term
Which cranial nerve is the accessory nerve, and where is it found?
Definition
-11th cranial nerve
-runs along the dorsal border of omotransversarius and then dives into trapezius
Term
Which muscles do the two branches of the accessory nerve innervate?
Definition
dorsal = brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, trapezius
ventral = runs under wing of atlas, innervates sternocephalicus
Term
Describe the transverse nerve of the neck.
Definition
-branch of C2
-runs to dorsal midline
-innervates the skin of the intermandibular area
Term
Describe the phrenic nerve.
Definition
-segment of the ventral branches of C5, C6, and C7
-innervates the diaphragm
Term
Which branches comprise the brachial plexus, and where is it found?
Definition
-ventral branches of C6, C7, C8, T1, and T2
-emerges through scalenus
Term
Describe the cervical branch of the facial nerve.
Definition
-follows the path of the external jugular v
-innervates cutaneous colli
Term
Which artery lies on the lamina nuchae?
Definition
deep cervical artery
Term
Which artety runs through vertebrae?
Definition
vertebral artery
Term
Where are the superficial cervical lymphocenters located?
Definition
buried in fat deep to brachiocephalicus
Term
Describe the deep cervical lymphocenters.
Definition
cranial = around the thyroid gland
middle = variable, anywhere along the length of the trachea
caudal = at the thoracic inlet, along the trachea, near ribs
Term
What is the area where one does venupuncture on a horse?
Definition
jugular groove
Term
What are the borders of the jugular groove?
Definition
dorsal = cleidomastoideus
ventral = sternocephalicus
deep = omohyoideus (between ext jugular v and common carotid a)
Term
What are the borders of the median pectoral groove?
Definition
left and right descending pectoral muscles
Term
What is the clinical significance to the lateral pectoral groove?
Definition
-massive hemorrhage if groove is lacerated
-contains cephalic v (main return supply from thoracic limb) and deltoid br of superficial cervical a
Term
What are the borders of the lateral pectoral groove?
Definition
dorsal = cleidobrachialis
ventral = descending pectoral
Term
What are the borders of Viborg's triangle?
Definition
cranial = ramus of the mandible
ventral = linguofacial v
dorsal = tendon of sternocephalicus
Term
What are the contents of the carotid sheath?
Definition
-common carotid a
-vagosympathetic trunk
-recurrent laryngeal n
-internal jugular v (variable)
Term
Where does the trachea run?
Definition
from C1 to T5/6
Term
What organ is palpable and located at the first tracheal ring?
Definition
thyroid gland
Term
What type of muscle comprises the esophagus?
Definition
striated cranially, smooth caudally
Term
Describe the location of the esophagus in the neck.
Definition
Starts at the pharynx dorsally, then moves dorsolaterally left, then moves dorsal to the trachea again in the thorax
Term
Where does smooth muscle begin in the esophagus?
Definition
at the base of the heart
Term
What are the limits of the nasal cavity?
Definition
from the level of the eyes to the nostrils
Term
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
Definition
filters air, warms and humidifies, smell
Term
What is the composition of the nasal alae?
Definition
lateral = skin and muscle
medial = skin and cartilage
Term
What is the area where the two alae meet?
Definition
dorsal and ventral commisures
Term
What are the alar folds?
Definition
-divide nostril into dorsal and ventral halves
-fold of skin and mucosa that goes into nasal cavity
-attached to ventral conchae
Term
What is the "false nostril" in the dorsal part of the nasal cavity?
Definition
nasal diverticulum
Term
Describe the dorsal lateral cartilage of the nostril.
Definition
attached to the nasal bone
Term
Describe the alar nasal cartilage.
Definition
lamina = round and flat, supports dorsal aspect of alar fold
cornu = curves centrally
Term
Describe the medial accessory nasal cartilage.
Definition
inside the nasal cavity, covered by mucosa
Term
What is the nasal septum? What does it attach to?
Definition
-hyaline cartilage
-divides cavity into left and right sides
dorsal: nasal bone
caudal: ethymoid bone
ventral: vomer
Term
What are the boney boundaries of the nasal cavity?
Definition
dorsal: nasal bone
lateral: incisive, maxilla, lacrimal, zygomatic
ventral: hard palate (maxilla, palatine, incisive)
Term
What are the four nasal conchae?
Definition
-dorsal
-ventral
-ethymoidal (most caudal)
-middle (oval, rostral to ethymoid conchae)
Term
What are the four nasal meatuses?
Definition
-dorsal: between nasal bone and dorsal conchae
-middle: between dorsal and ventral conchae
-ventral: between ventral conchae and hard palate
-common: extends from the floor to the roof of cavity, between the medial aspect of conchae and the septum at the midline
Term
Describe the internal and external nares.
Definition
-interal aka choanae: exit from nasal cavity into pharynx caudally
-external: the entrance into the nasal cavity
Term
What is the blood supply to the nostril?
Definition
nasal arteries
Term
What is the blood supply to the nasal cavity?
Definition
from the sphenopalatine a
Term
What is the innervation of the nostrils?
Definition
sensory = infraorbital n (branch of maxillary n, part of CN V)
motor = branches of CN VII (facial)
Term
What is the innervation of the nasal cavity?
Definition
CN I (olfactory) and CN V (sensory)
Term
What are the two divisions of the mouth?
Definition
-vestibule
-oral cavity
Term
What are the bones of the hard palate?
Definition
-maxilla
-palatine
-incisive
Term
What is the midline groove on the mucosa of the hard palate?
Definition
raphe
Term
What are the rugae aka ridges on the hard palate?
Definition
run transverse to the raphe
Term
What is the bump that is at the rostral midline of the hard palate?
Definition
incisive papilla
Term
What are the three parts of the floor of the oral cavity?
Definition
-sublingual caruncle
-sublingual fold
-lingual frenulum
Term
What is the sublingual caruncle?
Definition
flap of tissue, opening for the mandibular s.g.
Term
What is the sublingual fold?
Definition
-runs caudalfrom caruncle, one on each side
-polystomatic sublingual s.g. opens here
Term
What is the lingual frenulum?
Definition
flap that attaches the tongue to the floor
Term
Do horses have monostomatic s.g?
Definition
NO! only have polystomatic s.g.
Term
What are the three parts of the tongue?
Definition
-root (caudal)
-body
-apex (rostral, free end)
Term
What are the four lingual papillae? Which are mechanical, and which have taste buds?
Definition
-filiform (mechanical)
-fungiform (taste)
-vallate (taste)
-foliate (taste)
Term
Describe filiform papillae.
Definition
fine, conical, mechanical, found on the body and apex
Term
Describe fungiform papillae.
Definition
scattered round dots, mainly lateral and along the apex
Term
Describe vallate papillae.
Definition
large, circular, demarcate the junction between the root and the body
Term
Describe foliate papillae.
Definition
seen as ridges along the lateral sides of the base
Term
What are the five extrinsic lingual muscles?
Definition
-styloglossus
-hyoglossus
-genioglossus
-mylohyoideus
-geniohyoideus
Term
Which lingual muscle runs medial to the mandible and originates at the ventral/distal end of the stylohyoid bone?
Definition
styloglossus
Term
Which lingual muscle runs from the hyoid apparatus to the tongue?
Definition
hyoglossus
Term
Which lingual muscle is best seen from the medial view and originates on the chin?
Definition
genioglossus
Term
Describe the location of the three major extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
Definition
lateral = styloglossus
root = hyoglossus
medial = genioglossus
Term
Which lingual-associated muscle is thin, strap-like, and spans the intermandibular space?
Definition
mylohyoideus
Term
Which lingual-associated muscle is spindle-shaped, seen near the chin, and best seen from the medial view?
Definition
geniohyoideus
Term
What is the blood supply to the tongue?
Definition
-lingual a
-sublingual a (branch of facial a)
Term
What is the sensory innervation of the tongue?
Definition
lingual n (branch of mandibular, which is a branch of trigeminal)
Term
What is the motor innervation of the tongue?
Definition
hypoglossal n (CN XII)
Term
What is the taste innervation of the tongue?
Definition
rostral 2/3 = facial n (CN VII)
caudal 1/2 = glossopharyngeal n (CN IX)
Term
What are the four salivary glands in the horse?
Definition
-parotid
-mandibular
-polystomatic sublingual
-buccal
Term
Describe the parotid salivary gland.
Definition
-extends from the base of the ear to the jaw angle
-opens opposite the 3rd or 4th cheek tooth
-opens in parotid papilla
Term
Describe the mandibular salivary gland.
Definition
-lies medial to the mandible
-crescent shaped
-empties on the sublingual caruncle
Term
Where does the polystomatic salivary gland open?
Definition
sublingual fold
Term
Describe the buccal salivary glands.
Definition
-found in the cheeck
-dorsal and ventral
-dorsal s.g. akin to zygomatic s.g. in a dog
Term
What is the musculomembranous funnel that connects the GI and respiratory tracts?
Definition
pharynx
Term
What are the three divisions of the pharynx?
Definition
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx
Term
the soft palate divides which pharynx areas?
Definition
naso- and oro-pharynx
Term
Where is the laryngopharynx located?
Definition
surrounds larynx
Term
What are the two palatine arches?
Definition
-palatopharyngeal arch
-palatoglossal arch
Term
Where is the palatopharyngeal arch located?
Definition
at the end of the soft palate where it reaches dorsal to the esophagus
Term
Where is the palatoglossal arch located?
Definition
from the soft palate to the tongue
Term
What is the function of the pharyngeal muscles?
Definition
constrict; take a bolus of food and move it into the esophagus
Term
What are the three pharyngeal muscles, from caudal to cranial?
Definition
-cricopharyngeus
-thyropharyngeus
-hyopharyngeus
Term
Which tonsillar tissue is found in the root of the tongue?
Definition
lingual tonsil
Term
Which tonsillar tissue is found on the floor of the pharynx?
Definition
palatine tonsil
Term
Which tonsillar tissue is found in an ova-shaped spot on the soft palate?
Definition
tonsil of the soft palate
Term
Which tonsillar tissue is found in the pharyngeal roof?
Definition
pharyngeal tonsil
Term
Which tonsillar tissue is found surrounding the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube?
Definition
tubal tonsil
Term
What is the orifice into the auditory tube that allows for equalization of pressure between the ear and the pharynx?
Definition
pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube
Term
What are the parts of the hyoid apparatus?
Definition
-thyrohyoid
-basihyoid (lingual process)
-keratohyoid
-epihyoid
-stylohyoid
-tympanohyoid
Term
What are the four laryngeal cartilages?
Definition
-epiglottis
-thyroid
-arytenoid
-cricoid
Term
Describe the epiglottis.
Definition
contains the cuneiform processes which are covered by the vocal folds
Term
Describe the thyroid cartilage.
Definition
-body lies ventral, lamina (sheets) are on the sides
-thyroid notch is found between the lamina in the area of the body
-has two projections (caudal and rostral cornu)
Term
What is the thyroid fissure?
Definition
-Seen in the thyroid cartilage between the lamina and the rostral cornu
-when tissue covers the fissure, we leave a hole called the thyroid foramen (where cranial laryngeal n passes)
Term
Describe the arytenoid cartilage?
Definition
-paired
-has corniculate (rostral), muscular (caudal), and vocal (ventral) processes
Term
Describe the cricoid cartilage.
Definition
comprised of the lamina (dorsal) and the arch (extends ventral)
Term
What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Definition
-cricothyroideus
-cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
Term
What is the function and innervation of cricothyroideus?
Definition
-adduct vocal fold
-cranial laryngeal n
Term
What is the function and innervation of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis?
Definition
-abduct vocal fold
-recurrent laryngeal n
Term
What are the components of the vocal apparatus?
Definition
-glottis (vocal folds and rima glottids)
-rima glottids (space between vocal folds and corniculate process of arytenoid)
Term
What is the lateral laryngeal ventricle?
Definition
-two! left and right
-a diverticulum (opening) between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
-cranial = vestibular fold (covers cuneiform process)
-caudal = vocal fold (covers vocal process)
Term
Where is the median laryngeal ventricle?
Definition
caudal to the epiglottis
Term
What are the ligaments in the larynx?
Definition
-cricothyroid ligament (surgical site)
-cricotracheal ligament
Term
What in the innervation of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Definition
recurrent laryngeal n
Term
What is the innervation of cricothyroideus?
Definition
cranial laryngeal n (enters through thyroid foramen)
Term
What is roaring?
Definition
-laryngeal hemiplasia
-cricoarytenoideus dorsalis innervation damaged
-loss of vocal fold abduction
Term
What are the possible causes of roaring?
Definition
-length of recurrent laryngeal n
-aortic pressure
-enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes (pressure)
Term
What are some possible treatments for roaring?
Definition
-ventriculectomy (remove lateral ventricle to induce scarring)
-tie back (suture cricoid to arytenoid)
-reinnervation (transplant piece of omohyoid m)
Term
What is the facial crest on the horse skull?
Definition
-comprised of zygomatic and maxilla bones
-landmark for sinus surgery
Term
What is the interparietal bone?
Definition
fuses to parietal bones on the midline with increase age
Term
What is a dermatome?
Definition
Area on the face that is supplied by one sensory nerve
Term
Where is the supraorbital foramen, and what passes through it?
Definition
-dimple above the eye
-surpaorbital n
Term
Where is the infraorbital foramen, and what passes through it?
Definition
-above the teeth (twitch)
-infraorbital n
Term
Where is the maxillary foramen, and what passes through it?
Definition
-ventral to orbit, entrance to infraorbital foramen
-infraorbital n
Term
Where is the foramen lacerum, and what passes through it?
Definition
-cranial = mandibular n, internal carotid a, carotid n
-caudal = CN IX, CN X, CN XI
Term
What are the two foramena on the mandible, and what passes through them?
Definition
-mandibular foramen: inferior alveolar a, v, n (sensation to lower teeth)
-mental foramen: mental n (chin/lip)
Term
What are the two processes on the mandible?
Definition
-coronoid process
-condylar process
Term
What is the vascular groove?
Definition
-aka vascular notch
-where the facial a passes, travels with facial v and parotid salivary duct
-spot where you can take a pulse
Term
What are the boundaries of the orbit?
Definition
dorsal: zyg process of frontal bone
caudal: zyg process of temporal bone
cranial: temporal process of zyg bone
Term
How is the horse orbit different from the canine orbit?
Definition
bone forms the lateral aspect of the horse orbit
Term
What is the function and innervation of the superficial facial muscles?
Definition
-facial expression
-buccal branches of the facial nerve (CN VII)
Term
What is the superficial facial muscle that is similar to the platysma in a dog?
Definition
cutaneous faciei
Term
What is the muscle that covers the parotid gland?
Definition
parotidoauricularis m
Term
What is the function and innervation of the muscles of mastication?
Definition
-close the jaw (except digastricus opens)
-mandibular n (from CN V) (except digastricus inn by CN V rostrally and CN VII caudally)
Term
What are the three muscles of mastication that close the jaw?
Definition
-masseter
-pterygoid group (lateral and medial, both medial to the mandible)
-temporalis
Term
Describe digastricus.
Definition
-has rostral and caudal parts
-rostral belly lies along the body of the mandible
-caudal part has caudal belly and the occipitomandibular part
Term
What tendon runs between the caudal and rostral bellies of digastricus?
Definition
intermediate tendon
Term
What is the motor innervation of the muscles of the eye and ear?
Definition
auriculopalpebral n (CN VII)
Term
What provides sensory innervation to the muscles of the face?
Definition
transverse facial branch of auriculotemporal n
Term
What are the branches of the facial a?
Definition
-inferior labial
-superior labial
-lateral nasal
-dorsal nasal
-angularis oculi
Term
What are the three veins in the face that are ventral to the facial crest, from dorsal to ventral?
Definition
-transverse facial v
-deep facial v
-buccal v
Term
What vein satellites the facial a? Where does it run?
Definition
facial v, runs in the vascular groove
Term
What veins fuse to form the external jugular v?
Definition
maxillary v and linguofacial v
Term
What vessels run through the vascular groove?
Definition
-facial a
-facial v
-parotid duct
Term
Where are the mandibular lymph nodes?
Definition
-located in the intermandibular space
-make a V
Term
What are the branches of the common carotid a?
Definition
-internal carotid
-external carotid
Term
What are the branches of the external carotid?
Definition
-occipital a
-linguofacial trunk
-massteric branch
-caudal auricular a
-superficial temporal a
(continues as maxillary)
Term
Where is the linguofacial trunk located? What are its branches?
Definition
located deep to the mandible
-ascending palatine
-terminates and lingual and facial (facial branches to sunlingual a)
Term
What are the branches of the maxillary a?
Definition
-inferior alveolar
-artery of the auditory tube
-pterygoid branch
-middle meningeal a
-caudal deep temporal a
-rostral deep temporal a
-external ophthalmic a
-buccal a
-infraorbital a

continues as descending palatine
Term
What are the branches of the maxillary a when it enters the malar canal?
Definition
-rostral deep temporal a
-external ophthalmic a
Term
What is the first branch of the maxillary a after it leaves the malar canal?
Definition
buccal a
Term
What is the blood supply to the temporalis m?
Definition
rostral deep temporal a
Term
What is the blood supply to the pterygoid muscles?
Definition
pterygoid branch
Term
What is the blood supply to the orbit?
Definition
malar a (branch of infraorbital a)
Term
What are the branches of the descending palatine a? What areas do they supply?
Definition
-minor palatine a (soft palate)
-major palatine a (hard palate)
-sphenopalatine a (nasal cavity)
Term
What are the mandibular nerve branches and where are they found?
Definition
-mandibular nerve branches are medial to the mandible
-inferior alveolar (most ventral, runs with a and v)
-lingual n (middle, goes to tongue)
-buccal n (most dorsal)
Term
What are the three paranasal sinuses?
Definition
-conchofrontal
-maxillary
-sphenopalatine (ventral to brain)
Term
What are the anatomic limits of the conchofrontal sinus?
Definition
caudal: temporomandibular joint
rostral: halfway between medial canthus and infraorbital foramen
lateral: zygomatic process of frontal bone
medial: midline
Term
What are the surgical boundaries of the conchofrontal sinus?
Definition
caudal: plane that passes through the supraorbital foramen
rostral: halfway between medial canthus and infraorbital foramen
medial: 2cm lateral to midline
lateral: the line from the supraorbital foramen to the intersection of the rostral and medial lines
Term
What are the anatomic features of the maxillary sinus?
Definition
4 subdivisions
-rostral and caudal parts divided by maxillary septum
-lateral and medial parts divided by the infraorbital canal
Term
What is the area where the sinus system drains into the middle nasal meatus?
Definition
nasomaxillary aperture
Term
What are the surgical boundaries of the maxillary sinus?
Definition
caudal: medial canthus
rostral: line that connects the infraorbital foramen to facial crest
ventral: facial crest
doral: line that connects IOF with medial canthus
Term
What instrument cuts a circular disc of bone when doing surgical procedures on the nasal sinuses?
Definition
trephine
Term
What is the ocular structure that hangs down into the pupil?
Definition
iridic granule aka corpora nigrans
Term
What lymph nodes are seen in Viborg's triangle? What else is there?
Definition
-retropharyngeal lymph nodes
-guttural pouches
Term
Where are the lateral and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes found?
Definition
lateral: dorsal to external carotid a
medial: ventral to ext carotid a
Term
What is the positioning of the guttural pouches?
Definition
-flapped over the stylohyoid bone
-is an extension of the auditory tube
-dorsal boundary is base of skull/atlas
-ventral boundary is pharynx/esophagus
Term
What are the compartments of the guttural pouches?
Definition
lateral: lateral to stylohyoid bone, smaller
medial: medial to stylohyoid bone, larger
Term
What are two surgical approaches t drain guttural pouches?
Definition
-Viborg's triangle: dorsal to linguofacial vein
-hyovertebrotomy: in front of the wing of atlas (between hyoid apparatus)
Term
What are some clinical signs of infections of the guttural pouches?
Definition
-nasal discharge when head down (pharyngeal opening of auditory tube connected to pouches)
-epitaxis (nose bleed due to inernal carotid in fold of pouch, possible erosion due to fungi)
-dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-tympany (pouch fills with air that can't escape)
Term
What is it called when pus accumulates in a cavity?
Definition
empyema
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