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Equine Abdomen
Quiz 1
205
Anatomy
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08/28/2010

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Term
Describe the paralumbar fossa.
Definition
Present, but less marked than in the ox
Term
What is especially evident in horses suffering from heaves?
Definition
Musculoaponeurotic boundary of the ext. oblique m
Term
What is heaves?
Definition
Expiratory difficulty
Term
What forms a caudoventral ridge in the abd region?
Definition
Int. oblique m.
Term
What v. may be obvious in the abd region?
Definition
Superficial thoracic (spur) v.
Term
What is the term for contraction of the mm. of the abd wall?
Definition
Abdominal press
Term
What does the abdominal press aid when the larynx is closed?
Definition
Defecation, Micturition, Parturition
Term
What does the abdominal press aid when the larynx is open?
Definition
Breathing, Coughing, Sneezing
Term
Describe the ext. abd. oblique m. in the horse.
Definition
Extensive
Term
What does the int. abd. oblique m. lack in the horse?
Definition
Lumbodorsal attachment
Term
Describe the skin of the horse compared to that of the ox.
Definition
More delicate
Term
Where is the cutaneous m. most well-developed?
Definition
Cranioventrally (V to line from withers to stifle jt)
Term
What does the deep fascia of the abdomen become?
Definition
Yellow abdominal tunic
Term
What is the V attachment for the abdominal mm?
Definition
Linea alba
Term
Describe the linea alba.
Definition
Strong & supportive, Relatively avascular
Term
What does the inguinal canal link in males?
Definition
Peritoneal cavity w/ vaginal cavity, in scrotum
Term
Is the deep inguinal ring large or small?
Definition
Small
Term
Where is the inguinal canal located?
Definition
Cd abd wall (inguinal region)
Term
What bounds the deep inguinal ring caudally?
Definition
Tendon of EAO m.
Term
What bounds the deep inguinal ring cranially?
Definition
fleshy, Cd border of IAO m.
Term
What bounds the deep inguinal ring medially?
Definition
L edge of RA m.
Term
What is the superficial (external) inguinal ring?
Definition
a slit in the aponeurosis of the EAO m.
Term
How is the S.I.R divided?
Definition
into M & L crura
Term
Describe the M commissures of the superficial & deep inguinal rings.
Definition
very close
Term
Describe the L commissures of the superficial & deep inguinal rings.
Definition
Diverge considerably
Term
Which part of the inguinal canal is longer?
Definition
Craniolateral
Term
What is the L crus of the SIR connected to, & how?
Definition
M thigh fascia; strands of CT *Femoral lamina
Term
What happens in the horse when the hip jt. is maximally extended?
Definition
Pull on the L crus of the SIR, predisposing the horse to inguinal hernia - This can occur when the PL of a stallion slips during mating
Term
What can rupture when the horse violently abducts the PL to account for slipping?
Definition
Femoral lamina
Term
What are the contents of the inguinal canal?
Definition
Vaginal process, Spermatic cord, Ext. pudendal a. & v., Inguinal lymph vessels & nn.
Term
What is the term for the passage of any of the abd viscera through the vaginal ring into the cavity of the vaginal process?
Definition
Inguinal hernia
Term
Are inguinal hernias common in horses?
Definition
No
Term
How can the vaginal ring be palpated?
Definition
Per rectum
Term
Describe the horse stomach
Definition
Relatively small, simple
Term
Where is the stomach located?
Definition
D, L 1/2 of Cr part of abd/peritoneal cavity
Term
What is created by the flexion of the stomach?
Definition
Deep angular notch
Term
What does the Cr surface of the stomach contact?
Definition
Diaphragm & L lobe of liver
Term
Does the stomach contact the abd floor?
Definition
No
Term
What is the Cd surface of the stomach related to?
Definition
SI, Pancreas, Desc Colon
Term
Which limb of the stomach is narrower & crosses the median plane?
Definition
R
Term
What is the blind sac of the stomach above/D to the esophagus?
Definition
Saccus cecus
Term
How can the stomach be palpated?
Definition
Can't (except post-mortem)
Term
What stomach structure divides the glandular from the non-glandular stomach?
Definition
Margo plicatus
Term
Describe the glandular part of the stomach.
Definition
Smooth & Slimy
Term
Describe the non-glandular part of the stomach.
Definition
Abrasive
Term
What may be found in the non-glandular stomach?
Definition
Gastrophilus intestinalis larvae ("bots")
Term
What is formed by the oblique angle at which the esophagus enters the cardia of the stomach?
Definition
Cardiac sphincter
Term
Describe the cardiac sphincter of the horse.
Definition
very thick & effective
Term
How many pyloric sphincters are in the horse? (____)
Definition
2 (Cr & Cd)
Term
Describe the pyloric sphincters of the horse.
Definition
Well-developed
Term
Which pyloric sphincter is better developed?
Definition
Cd
Term
Where are the greater & lesser omenta of the stomach, & what do they enclose?
Definition
Along visceral surface of stomach; Omental Bursa
Term
What are the ligaments of the greater omentum?
Definition
Gastrophrenic lig & Gastrosplenic lig
Term
What does the gastrophrenic lig. connect?
Definition
Greater Curvature to Crura of Diaphragm
Term
What does the gastrosplenic lig. connect?
Definition
Stomach to Spleen
Term
What does the lienorenal lig. connect?
Definition
Kidney to Spleen
Term
What is the clinical importance of the lienorenal lig?
Definition
Can trap loops of intestine
Term
What is the only fixed part of the SI?
Definition
Duodenum (in all mammals)
Term
What fixes the duodenum to the D wall, liver, R D colon, & base of cecum?
Definition
Mesoduodenum
Term
Describe the mesoduodenum of the horse.
Definition
Short
Term
What are the parts of the duodenum?
Definition
Cr (sigmoid flexure), Desc, Cd flexure (Transverse duodenum), Asc
Term
Where do the bile & pancreatic ducts open into the duodenum?
Definition
2nd curve of sigmoid part, opposite e/o
Term
What are the openings of the bile & pancreatic ducts into the duodenum?
Definition
Major & minor duodenal papillae
Term
Where does the duodenum become the jejunum?
Definition
Duodenojejunal flexure @ region of L kidney
Term
Describe the jejunoileum.
Definition
Loose coils, mostly on L D part of abd cavity, mixed w/ coils of sm colon
Term
Where are the loops of the SI palpable?
Definition
Dorsocaudal aspect of abd cavity
Term
What is btw the R lobe of the liver & the Desc duodenum, & btw the Cd VC & portal v.?
Definition
Epiploic Foramen
Term
At what opening can loops of the intestine get strangulated?
Definition
Epiploic foramen
Term
What is the T colon just Cr to?
Definition
Root of Mesentery, Cr Mesenteric a.
Term
In mammals, where do intestinal variations occur?
Definition
Asc colon & Cecum
Term
What does the LI of the horse have that is not present in the dog or ox?
Definition
Saculations (Haustra) & Longitudinal bands (Taeniae coli)
Term
What are the 3 regions of the cecum?
Definition
Base, Body, Apex
Term
What is the volume of the cecum?
Definition
30L
Term
What is the shape of the cecum?
Definition
Comma
Term
From where to where does the cecum extend?
Definition
Pelvic inlet to diaphragmatic area (xiphoid region)
Term
How many taeniae coli does the cecum have?
Definition
4
Term
What is the importance of haustra?
Definition
Increase SA for absorption of food
Term
Where is the base of the cecum?
Definition
D, R of midline, attached to R sub-lumbar region & to R kidney
Term
Where does the body of the cecum run?
Definition
V on R of flank, then on V wall, then curves Cr-M to reach xiphoid region
Term
What attaches the body of the cecum to the RV colon?
Definition
Cecocolic fold
Term
Describe the apex & its location.
Definition
Narrow; lies on V wall btw R & L V colons
Term
How is the base of the cecum palpated?
Definition
Per rectum
Term
What is another name for the Asc Colon + TC?
Definition
Large Colon
Term
What are the 4 major segments of the Asc/Lg Colon (in order)
Definition
RV, LV, LD, RD
Term
Where does the RVC begin?
Definition
Ceco-colic junction @ base of last rib
Term
Where does the RVC flex upon itself?
Definition
Sternal Flexure
Term
How many taeniae coli does the RVC have?
Definition
4
Term
What are the sites of impaction of the Lg colon, from most to least frequent?
Definition
Pelvic Flexure, T Colon, Ileocecal opening, Cecocolic opening, Ileum, Diaphragmatic Flexure, Sternal Flexure
Term
Where is the sternal flexure?
Definition
Btw RVC & LVC
Term
What is the area of the LVC that narrows & flexes upon itself @ the pelvic inlet?
Definition
Pelvic Flexure
Term
What is the most dangerous flexure for colic & food impaction?
Definition
Pelvic Flexure
Term
What are the 3 characteristics that make the pelvic flexure so dangerous?
Definition
Moves D, Flexes upon itself, Diameter Narrows
Term
Describe the motility of the pelvic flexure.
Definition
Rather mobile, but invariably in the pelvic inlet region
Term
How is the LVC palpated?
Definition
Per rectum
Term
How many taeniae coli does the LVC have?
Definition
4
Term
What is at the junction of the LDC & RDC?
Definition
Diaphragmatic Flexure
Term
How many taeniae coli does the LDC have?
Definition
1, therefore no haustra
Term
How is the LDC palpated?
Definition
Per rectum
Term
Where is the RDC?
Definition
Mostly w/i the thoracic cage
Term
What is the shortest, widest segment of the Lg colon?
Definition
RDC
Term
How many taeniae coli does the RDC have?
Definition
3
Term
Describe the shape of the T colon.
Definition
Funnel-shaped
Term
Where is the T colon located?
Definition
Cr to root of mesentery
Term
Where is the T colon attached?
Definition
Roof of body cavity (D abd wall)
Term
How many taeniae coli does the T colon have?
Definition
2
Term
What is another name for the Desc colon?
Definition
Sm Colon
Term
What is different about the Desc colon in the horse than the dog?
Definition
Forms loose coils, Longer
Term
Where are the loose coils of the desc/sm colon?
Definition
L D abd cavity & pelvic inlet region
Term
How many taeniae coli does the desc/sm colon have?
Definition
2
Term
What is easily recognized in the sm/desc colon per rectum?
Definition
Fecal balls
Term
How many taeniae coli are necessary to create haustra?
Definition
2 or more
Term
What differentiates the small colon from the small intestine?
Definition
Fecal balls in the SC
Term
What is the continuation of the SC at the pelvic inlet?
Definition
Rectum
Term
What is at the terminal end of the rectum?
Definition
Smooth, enlarged sac (Ampulla)
Term
Where is the ampulla of the rectum?
Definition
Retroperitoneal
Term
Describe the mesorectum.
Definition
Long, initially
Term
Where does the rectum end?
Definition
Anus
Term
Where is the rectum in the female? In the male?
Definition
F: D, in median plane, to uterus/vagina; M: D, in median plane, to urinary bladder, urethra, & accessory sex glands
Term
What is side to side anastomosis of desc. duod. to base of cecum in gastro-duodeno-jejunitis?
Definition
Duodenocecostomy
Term
What does a duodenocecostomy bypass?
Definition
SI
Term
What permits intestinal extension during Sx, but also causes volvulus?
Definition
Long Great Mesentery
Term
Volvulus
Definition
Twisting of loops of intestine
Term
What is one possible reason for ileal impaction?
Definition
Thick walls of the ileum
Term
What area has abnormally high peristalsis, causing the ileum to telescope into the cecum?
Definition
Ileocecal opening
Term
What is the term for telescoping of the ileum into the cecum? What is the remedy?
Definition
Intussusception; Surgery
Term
What is carried by the Long Great Mesentery?
Definition
Cr Mesenteric a.
Term
What is necessary when the cecocolic orifice is blocked?
Definition
Trocarization
Term
What is the enlarged Cr part of the base of the cecum that can fall over CrV?
Definition
Cecocolic opening
Term
What area of the GI tract may become sand bound?
Definition
Cecum
Term
What side is the spleen on?
Definition
L
Term
Where does the spleen lie?
Definition
On the greater curvature of the stomach
Term
What lig. attaches the spleen to the stomach?
Definition
Gastrosplenic lig.
Term
Can the spleen be palpated per rectum?
Definition
No
Term
Where is the distal tip of the spleen?
Definition
V 1/3 of rib 6 or 7
Term
Is the base of the spleen D or V?
Definition
D
Term
Is the apex of the spleen D or V?
Definition
V
Term
How is the spleen situated in the thoracic cage?
Definition
Obliquely
Term
Which part of the spleen projects a little beyond the rib cage caudally?
Definition
Caudodorsal part
Term
Is the Cr or Cd border of the spleen concave?
Definition
Cr
Term
Is the Cr or Cd border of the spleen convex?
Definition
Cd
Term
What is the spleen related to?
Definition
Desc colon & loops of SI caudally
Term
What lig. attaches the spleen to the diaphragm?
Definition
Phrenicosplenic lig.
Term
What lig. attaches the L kidney to the spleen?
Definition
Lienorenal (renosplenic) lig.
Term
What is the clinical importance of the lienorenal lig? (Which part?)
Definition
D border may entrap loops of colon
Term
Where is the liver located?
Definition
Most Cr part of abd cavity
Term
What part of the liver contacts the diaphragm?
Definition
Cr surface
Term
How is the liver situated?
Definition
Mostly R of median plane
Term
Describe the shape of the liver.
Definition
Asymmetrical
Term
Which lobe of the liver atrophies with age? What is the cause?
Definition
R; Pressure from RDC
Term
What happens when the R lobe of the liver atrophies?
Definition
Epiploic foramen enlarges, & loops can pass through it
Term
Where is the most Cr part of the liver?
Definition
Level of lower 6th or 7th rib
Term
Where is the most Cd & D part of the liver?
Definition
Level of 16th & 17th ribs, V to R kidney
Term
Can the liver be palpated from the V abd wall?
Definition
No
Term
Does the horse have a gall bladder?
Definition
No
Term
Does the most V part of the liver reach the abd floor?
Definition
No
Term
Where is the most V part of the liver?
Definition
Level of 7th or 8th rib
Term
Where do the bile/hepatic duct & major pancreatic duct open into?
Definition
Hepaticopancreatic ampulla
Term
What ducts open into the Hepaticopancreatic Ampulla?
Definition
Bile/Hepatic & Major Pancreatic
Term
Describe the lumen of the bile/hepatic duct
Definition
Wide
Term
What is another name for the Hepaticopancreatic Ampulla?
Definition
Major Duodenal Papilla
Term
Where is the Hepaticopancreatic Ampulla/Major Duodenal Papilla?
Definition
Distal & convex part of the duodenal sigmoid flexure
Term
Describe the passage of the Major Pancreatic Duct into the duodenum.
Definition
Oblique; Acts as a valve/sphincter
Term
Where is the minor duodenal papilla?
Definition
Concave part of duodenal sigmoid flexure
Term
Lobules
Definition
Microscopic units that form each lobe
Term
Is the liver lobated?
Definition
Yes, but poorly
Term
What is the thinnest part of the liver?
Definition
Left lobe
Term
Describe the fissures of the liver.
Definition
Poorly defined; Present btw L & quadrate, & quadrate & R lobes
Term
What are the lobes of the liver?
Definition
L, Quadrate, R, Caudate
Term
What are the processes of the caudate lobe of the liver?
Definition
Caudate process (no papillary)
Term
Describe the round (teres) lig. of the liver.
Definition
Strong & well-formed
Term
What is the clinical importance of the round (teres) lig.?
Definition
May be divided to reinforce/stabilize closure of mid-V incision
Term
Describe the round (teres) lig. in the dog & cow.
Definition
Dog: flimsy, Cow: nearly absent
Term
What is related to the visceral surface of the liver?
Definition
Stomach, Duodenal & Colic impressions
Term
What are the relations of the liver, dorsally?
Definition
Pancreas, Esophageal impression on D caudate process
Term
Which kidney contacts the renal impression of the caudate process?
Definition
R
Term
Where is the pancreas located?
Definition
R, Sublumbar
Term
What are the parts of the liver?
Definition
R lobe, L lobe, body
Term
How/where is the body of the pancreas held in place?
Definition
In sigmoid flexure of duodenum
Term
What is the pancreas related to?
Definition
Saccus cecus of stomach (L lobe), R kidney (R lobe), Aorta, Cd VC, Sublumbar muscles (D)
Term
Where does the major pancreatic duct open? Along with what other duct?
Definition
Major Duodenal Papilla; Bile Duct
Term
Where does the accessory pancreatic duct open?
Definition
Concave surface of Cd limb of duodenal sigmoid flexure through Minor Duodenal Papilla
Term
What is the duct of the liver?
Definition
Bile/Hepatic Duct
Term
What are the ducts of the pancreas?
Definition
Major & Accessory Pancreatic Ducts
Term
What animal has the best lobation & lobulation of the liver?
Definition
Pig
Term
Which artery supplies the stomach, liver, spleen, & duodenum (through the gastroduodenal a.)?
Definition
Celiac a.
Term
Which a. supplies the SI & LI (cecum, colon)?
Definition
Cr Mesenteric a.
Term
How many jejunal aa. are there?
Definition
Up to 18
Term
What aa. supply the loops/arches of aa. to the jejunum?
Definition
Jejunal aa.
Term
What are the shorter branches of the jejunal aa.?
Definition
Vasa recta
Term
What a. supplies mainly the desc colon & rectum?
Definition
Cd mesenteric a.
Term
Where do jejunal aa. arise from?
Definition
Cr Mesenteric a.
Term
In particular, where is the anastomotic ntwk of aa. evident in the gut?
Definition
Among the lg aa.
Term
What is another term for the anastomotic ntwk of aa. in the gut?
Definition
Collateral circulation
Term
Anastomoses btw the _____ aa. are not always complete.
Definition
Smaller
Term
Which is more serious - a blockage of one of the lg aa. or a blockage of one of the sm aa?
Definition
Small
Term
What are the sites of lesions caused by migrating larvae?
Definition
Lg aa. (celiac, Cr & Cd Mesenteric)
Term
What species are the migrating larvae in the horse gut, which cause nodes in the arterial walls?
Definition
Strongylus vulgaris & Strongylus edentatus
Term
What may develop from Strongylus vulgaris & S. edentatus?
Definition
Aneurysms
Term
What are the vv. of the gut to the aa.?
Definition
Satellites
Term
What is formed by the nodes of the organs & areas supplied by the celiac a.?
Definition
Celiac Trunk
Term
Where does the celiac trunk empty into?
Definition
Cisterna Chyli
Term
What is formed by the nodes of the SI, cecum & colon?
Definition
Intestinal Trunk
Term
Where do the nodes of the small colon, rectum, & anus send efferents?
Definition
Lumbar Trunk
Term
What is the sequence from the cisterna chyli to the lg v. @ the thoracic inlet?
Definition
Cisterna Chyli --> Aortic Hiatus --> Thoracic Duct (Runs L of aorta) --> Opens into lg v. @ Thoracic Inlet
Term
Where does intussusception occur?
Definition
Btw ileum & cecum
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