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Epithelium and Connective Tissue
Structure & function.
36
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/06/2010

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Term
What are epithelia? 
Definition
Epithelia are sheets of closely packed cells, forming the inner or outer lining of structures and glands
Term
All epithelia have?
Definition
Basement membrane 
Term
epithelia consist of?
Definition
connective tissue complex 
Term
Beneath the basement membrane is a layer of________ __________ reffered to as __________ ___________. 
Definition
connective tissue, Lamina propria 
Term
What are Intermolecular junctions? 
Definition
seal the space between the cells, and some of which provide communication between one cell and the next 
Term
two membranes fusing?
Definition
Zonula occludens 
Term
what is Zonula Adherens 
Definition
dense agregations of fibrillar materials in the cytoplasm 
Term
deepest of the intercellular junctions are complex plaque shaped structures are called? 
Definition
Desmosomes 
Term
The prominent features desmosomes are a mass of fibres within the ______________ and fine fibres in the _______________spaces 
Definition
cytoplasm, Intercellular
Term

What is the six functions of epithelia?

Definition

1. To cover and line surfaces

2. secretion of glandular cells 

3. absorbtion - e.g. digestive system 

4. sensory - e.g. skin 

5. Protecton - e.g. skin 

6. Reproduction - e.g. germinal epithelium in testis 

Term
epithelium  tissues can be divided into 2 main groups. What are they and explain. 
Definition

1. Simple epithelium  - one layer of cells 

2. Stratfied epithelium  - contains more then one layer

Term
what are simple squamous epithelium ?
Definition
flat cells, blood vessel
Term
what do the simple squamous epithelium form and explain 
Definition
Mesothelium that lines body cavities and covers much of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract, Lungs and heart 
Term
Where is the Simple cuboidal epithelium  found?
Definition
it is found covering the ovary, many glands both as secretory cells and lining of the ducts 
Term
What does the Simple Columnar epithelium  do?
Definition
Lines the ducts of many glands, digestiv tract, and the gall bladded
Term
what are the Pseudostratified epithelium attached to and where is it found? 
Definition
they are attached to the basement membrane and it is found along the upper respiratory passageway and in the epidiymis of the male reproductive system.
Term
what do the Pseudostratified epithelium look like?
Definition
They look stratified because nuclei are at different levels but are attached to the basement membrane
Term
What does the classification depend on during stratified epithelium. 
Definition
classification depends entirely on the apical (surface) layer only
Term
What does non-keratinized form and explain.
Definition
non-keratinized form lines the wet surface such as the mouth esophagus and vagina 
Term

where is the keratinized version found?

 

Definition
keratinized version is found mainly in the skin and the surface cells transformed into a tough layer of material called Keratin. 
Term
what does the transitional epithelium line?
Definition
it lines the Urethers and the Unrinary Bladder
Term
what are the four functions of the connective tissues and explain?
Definition

1. Support

2. Protection - forms capsules around organs 

3. storage- adipocytes (fat cells) are the major cells of ADIPOSE TISSUE , a specilized typeof tissue.  The tissue is a source of energy

4.Defence- cells of the immune systems, lymphocytes and Macrophages migrate into Connective Tissue 

Term
What are Fibroblasts and explain?
Definition
long fibrillar cells, that are responsible for the production of ground substance and connective tissue fibres.
Term
What do Fibroblasts transform to?
Definition
They transform into cartilage cells (chondrocytes) and bone cells (osteocytes) 
Term
What are macrophages capable of?
Definition
They are capable of engulfing and digesting damaged cells or pathogens.
Term
what can macrophages release.
Definition
They may also release chemicals that mobilise lymphocytes of the immune system 
Term
Where are Mast cells found?
Definition
they are small cells found near blood vessels 
Term
What do Mast cells contain?
Definition
cells contain many vesicles filled with HEPARIN and HISTAMINE which are chemicals that react to injury and infection.
Term
what are found in Adipose cells and what does it do? 
Definition
In adipose cells, there are large droplets of fat. in fact it is so large that it forces all the other organelles, including the nucleus, to the perphery of the cell 
Term
Connective tissue dominated by adipose cells are called?
Definition
Adipose Tissue
Term
What is also found in connective tissue explain?
Definition
Lymphocytes, plasma cells of the immune system, Eosinophils and basophils of the circulating white blood cells.
Term
Loose Connective tissue is also called?
Definition
Areolar Tissue 
Term
what does loose connective tissue consist of? explain each. 
Definition

all the cells and fibres such as Collagen, Elastic and reticular 

Collagen-fibes are thick, un branced and are by far the most commone

Elastic - fibres are thin and branced, they may be wavy or curly and are capable of stretching 

Reticular - fibres are very thin and form the connective tissue framework in special organs 

Term
what do Collagen, elastic and reticular provide? what does it form? 
Definition
it provides 'packing' of the spaces of the body and forms the hypodermis, the deeper layer of the skin 
Term
what happens with loose connective tissue and what is it called?
Definition
loose connective tissue has a predominance of fat cells it is called adipose tissue
Term
This kind of tissue is common in ____________ of organs and the ___________ of the skin
Definition
CAPSULES, DERMIS
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