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Epidemiology of neoplasms
Final
74
Anatomy
Professional
06/12/2012

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Term
1.     _____ is the study of identifying common factors which contribute to the spread, growth, or development of a disease, and the evaluation of these factors in the context of current biological understanding.
Definition
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Term
2.     _____ is a cancer causing agent.
Definition
CARCINOGEN
Term
3.     _____ is another name of a carcinogen.
Definition
MUTAGEN
Term
4.     _____ in _____ americans will die of cancer.
Definition
1 IN 5
Term
5.     Deaths from _____ are increasing.
Definition
LUNG CANCER
Term
6.     Deaths due to _____ cancer are decreasing due to earlier diagnosing via pap-smears.
Definition
CERVICAL/UTERINE
Term
7.     2 major factors that contribute to cancers.
Definition
1) GEOGRAPHICAL/ENVIORNMENTAL FACTORS, 2) AGE
Term
8.     Carcinomas are more present in people over _____, while acute leukemia’s, osteosarcomas, and brain neoplasms are present more commonly in the _____.
Definition
55; YOUNG
Term
9.     _____ and _____ are common cancers in young adults.
Definition
HODGKIN’S AND TESTICULAR CANCER
Term
10.  The 3 major cancers found in males are…
Definition
1) PROSTATE CANCER, 2) LUNG CANCER, 3) COLORECTAL CANCER
Term
11.  _____ cancer has the highest incidence in the male population.
Definition
PROSTATE CANCER
Term
12.  _____ cancer causes the most male deaths.
Definition
LUNG CANCER
Term
13.  These 3 cancers have the highest incidence in females.
Definition
1) BREAST, 2) LUNG, 3) COLORECTAL
Term
14.  _____ cancer has the highest incidence in females.
Definition
BREAST
Term
15.  _____ cancer causes the most female deaths.
Definition
LUNG CANCER
Term
16.  _____ are well defined malignancies in which the inheritance of a single mutant gene greatly increases the risk of developing a neoplasm.
Definition
INHERITED CANCER SYNDROMES
Term
17.  Childhood retinoblastoma is caused by a _____ mutation.
Definition
RB MUTATION
Term
18.  Familial adenomatous polyposis coli is caused by a _____ mutation.
Definition
APC MUTATION
Term
19.  Li-fraumeni syndrome is caused by a _____ mutation.
Definition
P53 MUTATION
Term
20.  Cancer incidence is increased in _____.
Definition
GENETIC RELATIVES
Term
21.  Unlike inherited cancer syndromes, familial cancers have no consistent link to a specific _____.
Definition
GENETIC MUTATION
Term
22.  8 known or suspected carcinogens.
Definition
1) TOBACCO SMOKE, 2) DIETARY CARCINOGENS, 3) ALCOHOL, 4) RADIATION, 5) CHEMICALS, 6) THERAPEUTIC DRUGS, 7) VIRUSES, 8) BACTERIA
Term
23.  _____% of all cancers are linked to tobacco, dietary carcinogens, and alcohol.
Definition
75.00000%
Term
24.  3 viruses that are known to cause cancer.
Definition
1) HPV, 2) EBV, 3) HBV
Term
25.  _____ is a bacteria known to cause stomach cancer.
Definition
HELICOBACTER PYLORI
Term
26.  Low risk strains of HPV leads to the development of _____.
Definition
PAPILLOMAS (WARTS)
Term
27.  High risk strains of HPV lead to _____ or _____.
Definition
CERVICAL CARCINOMA OR ORAL CARCINOMA
Term
28.  High risk strains of HPV contain different _____ when compared to low-risk strains.
Definition
DNA SEQUENCES
Term
29.  High-risk HPV strains degrade _____ gene product, while low risk strains do not.
Definition
P53
Term
30.  _____ is a virus that infects epithelial cells and B lymphocytes.
Definition
EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS
Term
31.  EBV in healthy individuals can lead to _____.
Definition
MONONUCLEOSIS
Term
32.  EBV in immune-compromised individuals causes a loss in _____.
Definition
B-CELL APOPTOSIS
Term
33.  _____ is a condition caused by an increased expression of bcl-2 due to EBV.
Definition
BURKITT’S LYMPHOMA
Term
34.  _____ is a virus that has a strong association with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Definition
HEPATITIS B
Term
35.  How does hepatitis B cause hepatocellular carcinoma?
Definition
LEADS TO CHRONIC LIVER DAMAGE CAUSING REGENERATIVE HYPERPLASIA CAUSING INCREASED SPONTANEOUS MUTATIONS
Term
36.  _____ is a bacteria associated with chronic gastritis.
Definition
HELICOBACTOR PYLORI
Term
37.  Helicobactor pylori is linked to _____ carcinomas and _____ of the stomach.
Definition
GASTRIC CARCINOMAS, AND B-CELL LYMPHOMAS
Term
38.  5 reproductive/gynecologic factors in the pathogenesis of neoplasms of breast/cervical/uterine cancer.
Definition
1) INCREASING AGE, 2) INCREASED LENGTH OF REPRODUCTIVE TIME 3) DECREASED NUMBER OF CHILDREN, 4) OBESITY, 5) GENETICS
Term
39.  _____ is a disease of elderly men over 50 that affects 300,000 people a year and kills over 40,000.
Definition
PROSTATE CANCER
Term
40.  _____ is a glycoprotein that is continuously secreted by the epithelial cells.
Definition
PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANITIGEN (PSA)
Term
41.  What is the normal level of PSA?
Definition
0-4ng/Ml
Term
42.  2 reasons men’s PSA levels may increase as they age.
Definition
1) BENIGN PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA (5-12ng/mL) , 2) PROSTATE CANCER (>20ng/mL)
Term
43.  4 signs and symptoms of prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia.
Definition
1) URINARY INCONTINANCE, 2) HESITANCY WHILE URINATING, 3) NOCTURIA, 4) HEMATURIA
Term
44.  _____ is a histological examination of tissue based on the differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumor.
Definition
GRADING
Term
45.  Grading scores from better to worse are _____ to _____.
Definition
39450
Term
46.  _____ is what we do after grading when we look and analyze the size of the primary tumor, the extent of its spread to regional lymph nodes, and the presence or absence of metastases.
Definition
STAGING
Term
47.  Staging scores go from _____ to _____.
Definition
0-4
Term
48.  Can we do staging by looking under a microscope?
Definition
NO WE NEED SPECIAL IMAGING LIKE CT OR MRI
Term
49.  _____ is a TNM score when the primary tumor size is 0-4.
Definition
T
Term
50.  _____ is a TNM score when there is a regional lymph node involvement (0-3).
Definition
N
Term
51.  _____ is a TNM score when there is metastases (0-1).
Definition
M
Term
52.  _____ is when grading and staging scores are added together to diagnose prostate carcinoma.
Definition
GLEASON SCORE
Term
53.  In prostate carcinoma, this hormone causes the cancer to grow.
Definition
TESTOSTERONE/DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE (DHT)
Term
54.  4 various modalities used for prostate carcinoma.
Definition
1) BRACHY THERAPY, 2) WASHFUL WAITING, 3) PROSTHATECTOMY, 4) CONFORMAL THERAPY
Term
55.  3 adjacent therapies for prostate carcinoma.
Definition
1) SAW PALMETTO, 2) GENISTEN, 3) LYCOPENES
Term
56.  5 laboratory diagnostic studies for cancer.
Definition
1) HISTOLOGICAL/CYTOLOGICAL METHODS, 1) IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY, 3) MOLECULAR ID, 4) FLOW CYTOMETRY, 5) TUMOR MARKERS
Term
57.  3 laboratory diagnostics study the histology/cytologic methods of cancer.
Definition
1) EXCISION OR BIOPSY, 2) NEEDLE ASPIRATION, 3) CYTOLOGIC SMEARS
Term
58.  This is the major tumor marker of breast cancer.
Definition
ESTROGEN RECEPTORS
Term
59.  This is the major tumor marker for liver and testicular carcinoma.
Definition
ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN
Term
60.  Carcinoembryonic antigen is the major tumor marker for _____, _____ and _____ cancers.
Definition
COLON, PANCREAS AND BREAST
Term
61.  This is the specific tumor marker for prostate carcinoma.
Definition
PSA
Term
62.  This is the major tumor marker for ovarian carcinoma.
Definition
CA125
Term
63.  6 current treatment modalities for neoplasia.
Definition
1) SURGICAL EXCISION, 2) CHEMOTHERAPY, 3) RADIATION, 4) COMBINED THERAPIES, 5) INDUCTION THERAPY, 6) ANTI-HORMONAL STEM-CELL TRANSPLANTS
Term
64.  4 future neoplaisa treatment modalities.
Definition
1) GENE THERAPY WITH TUMOR TARGETING VIRUSES, 2) ENZYME INHIBITORS, 3) ANTI-ANGIOGENIC THERAPY, 4) TELOMERASE SUPPRESSION
Term
65.  Most tumors elicit a _____ inflammatory response.
Definition
CHRONIC
Term
66.  What types of cells are involved in the chronic inflammatory response of tumors?
Definition
LYMPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES
Term
67.  Inflammation is correlated with a _____ for some cancers.
Definition
BETTER PROGNOSIS
Term
68.  Do immune defenses against tumor cells exist?
Definition
Yes
Term
69.  _____ is the recognition and destruction of tumor cells by the immune system.
Definition
IMMUNOSURVELLAINCE
Term
70.  These 3 cell types are involved in immunosurveillance.
Definition
1) TUMOR-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS, 2) NATURAL KILLER CELLS, 3) CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS
Term
71.  _____ are antigens involved in immunosurveillance that are glycoproteins on the outside of cells that have undergone genetic mutations that our immune system recognizes as foreign.
Definition
TUMOR-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS
Term
72.  _____ are cells involved in immunosurveillance that can lyse tumor cells without lysing tumor-specific antigens.
Definition
NATURAL KILER CELLS
Term
73.  _____ are cells involved in immunosurvellaince that recognize tumor-specific antigens and lyse tumor cells.
Definition
CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS
Term
74.  When cancer arises in an otherwise healthy individual immunosurveillance breaks down in these 3 ways.
Definition
1) SELECTIVE LOSS OF STRONG TSA’S, 2) CARCINOGENS MAY SUPPRESS IMMUNE RESPONSE, 3) TUMOR CELLS MAY KILL IMMUNE CELLS
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