Term
| 1. _____ is the study of identifying common factors which contribute to the spread, growth, or development of a disease, and the evaluation of these factors in the context of current biological understanding. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. _____ is a cancer causing agent. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. _____ is another name of a carcinogen. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. _____ in _____ americans will die of cancer. |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. Deaths from _____ are increasing. |
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Definition
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| 6. Deaths due to _____ cancer are decreasing due to earlier diagnosing via pap-smears. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. 2 major factors that contribute to cancers. |
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Definition
| 1) GEOGRAPHICAL/ENVIORNMENTAL FACTORS, 2) AGE |
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Term
| 8. Carcinomas are more present in people over _____, while acute leukemia’s, osteosarcomas, and brain neoplasms are present more commonly in the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. _____ and _____ are common cancers in young adults. |
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Definition
| HODGKIN’S AND TESTICULAR CANCER |
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Term
| 10. The 3 major cancers found in males are… |
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Definition
| 1) PROSTATE CANCER, 2) LUNG CANCER, 3) COLORECTAL CANCER |
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Term
| 11. _____ cancer has the highest incidence in the male population. |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. _____ cancer causes the most male deaths. |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. These 3 cancers have the highest incidence in females. |
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Definition
| 1) BREAST, 2) LUNG, 3) COLORECTAL |
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Term
| 14. _____ cancer has the highest incidence in females. |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. _____ cancer causes the most female deaths. |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. _____ are well defined malignancies in which the inheritance of a single mutant gene greatly increases the risk of developing a neoplasm. |
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Definition
| INHERITED CANCER SYNDROMES |
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Term
| 17. Childhood retinoblastoma is caused by a _____ mutation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. Familial adenomatous polyposis coli is caused by a _____ mutation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 19. Li-fraumeni syndrome is caused by a _____ mutation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 20. Cancer incidence is increased in _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 21. Unlike inherited cancer syndromes, familial cancers have no consistent link to a specific _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. 8 known or suspected carcinogens. |
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Definition
| 1) TOBACCO SMOKE, 2) DIETARY CARCINOGENS, 3) ALCOHOL, 4) RADIATION, 5) CHEMICALS, 6) THERAPEUTIC DRUGS, 7) VIRUSES, 8) BACTERIA |
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Term
| 23. _____% of all cancers are linked to tobacco, dietary carcinogens, and alcohol. |
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Definition
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Term
| 24. 3 viruses that are known to cause cancer. |
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Definition
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Term
| 25. _____ is a bacteria known to cause stomach cancer. |
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Definition
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Term
| 26. Low risk strains of HPV leads to the development of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 27. High risk strains of HPV lead to _____ or _____. |
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Definition
| CERVICAL CARCINOMA OR ORAL CARCINOMA |
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Term
| 28. High risk strains of HPV contain different _____ when compared to low-risk strains. |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. High-risk HPV strains degrade _____ gene product, while low risk strains do not. |
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Definition
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Term
| 30. _____ is a virus that infects epithelial cells and B lymphocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| 31. EBV in healthy individuals can lead to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 32. EBV in immune-compromised individuals causes a loss in _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 33. _____ is a condition caused by an increased expression of bcl-2 due to EBV. |
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Definition
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Term
| 34. _____ is a virus that has a strong association with hepatocellular carcinoma. |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. How does hepatitis B cause hepatocellular carcinoma? |
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Definition
| LEADS TO CHRONIC LIVER DAMAGE CAUSING REGENERATIVE HYPERPLASIA CAUSING INCREASED SPONTANEOUS MUTATIONS |
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Term
| 36. _____ is a bacteria associated with chronic gastritis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 37. Helicobactor pylori is linked to _____ carcinomas and _____ of the stomach. |
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Definition
| GASTRIC CARCINOMAS, AND B-CELL LYMPHOMAS |
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Term
| 38. 5 reproductive/gynecologic factors in the pathogenesis of neoplasms of breast/cervical/uterine cancer. |
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Definition
| 1) INCREASING AGE, 2) INCREASED LENGTH OF REPRODUCTIVE TIME 3) DECREASED NUMBER OF CHILDREN, 4) OBESITY, 5) GENETICS |
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Term
| 39. _____ is a disease of elderly men over 50 that affects 300,000 people a year and kills over 40,000. |
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Definition
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Term
| 40. _____ is a glycoprotein that is continuously secreted by the epithelial cells. |
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Definition
| PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANITIGEN (PSA) |
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Term
| 41. What is the normal level of PSA? |
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Definition
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Term
| 42. 2 reasons men’s PSA levels may increase as they age. |
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Definition
| 1) BENIGN PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA (5-12ng/mL) , 2) PROSTATE CANCER (>20ng/mL) |
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Term
| 43. 4 signs and symptoms of prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia. |
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Definition
| 1) URINARY INCONTINANCE, 2) HESITANCY WHILE URINATING, 3) NOCTURIA, 4) HEMATURIA |
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Term
| 44. _____ is a histological examination of tissue based on the differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumor. |
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Definition
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Term
| 45. Grading scores from better to worse are _____ to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 46. _____ is what we do after grading when we look and analyze the size of the primary tumor, the extent of its spread to regional lymph nodes, and the presence or absence of metastases. |
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Definition
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Term
| 47. Staging scores go from _____ to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 48. Can we do staging by looking under a microscope? |
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Definition
| NO WE NEED SPECIAL IMAGING LIKE CT OR MRI |
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Term
| 49. _____ is a TNM score when the primary tumor size is 0-4. |
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Definition
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Term
| 50. _____ is a TNM score when there is a regional lymph node involvement (0-3). |
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Definition
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Term
| 51. _____ is a TNM score when there is metastases (0-1). |
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Definition
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Term
| 52. _____ is when grading and staging scores are added together to diagnose prostate carcinoma. |
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Definition
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Term
| 53. In prostate carcinoma, this hormone causes the cancer to grow. |
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Definition
| TESTOSTERONE/DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE (DHT) |
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Term
| 54. 4 various modalities used for prostate carcinoma. |
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Definition
| 1) BRACHY THERAPY, 2) WASHFUL WAITING, 3) PROSTHATECTOMY, 4) CONFORMAL THERAPY |
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Term
| 55. 3 adjacent therapies for prostate carcinoma. |
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Definition
| 1) SAW PALMETTO, 2) GENISTEN, 3) LYCOPENES |
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Term
| 56. 5 laboratory diagnostic studies for cancer. |
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Definition
| 1) HISTOLOGICAL/CYTOLOGICAL METHODS, 1) IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY, 3) MOLECULAR ID, 4) FLOW CYTOMETRY, 5) TUMOR MARKERS |
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Term
| 57. 3 laboratory diagnostics study the histology/cytologic methods of cancer. |
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Definition
| 1) EXCISION OR BIOPSY, 2) NEEDLE ASPIRATION, 3) CYTOLOGIC SMEARS |
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Term
| 58. This is the major tumor marker of breast cancer. |
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Definition
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Term
| 59. This is the major tumor marker for liver and testicular carcinoma. |
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Definition
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Term
| 60. Carcinoembryonic antigen is the major tumor marker for _____, _____ and _____ cancers. |
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Definition
| COLON, PANCREAS AND BREAST |
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Term
| 61. This is the specific tumor marker for prostate carcinoma. |
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Definition
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Term
| 62. This is the major tumor marker for ovarian carcinoma. |
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Definition
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Term
| 63. 6 current treatment modalities for neoplasia. |
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Definition
| 1) SURGICAL EXCISION, 2) CHEMOTHERAPY, 3) RADIATION, 4) COMBINED THERAPIES, 5) INDUCTION THERAPY, 6) ANTI-HORMONAL STEM-CELL TRANSPLANTS |
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Term
| 64. 4 future neoplaisa treatment modalities. |
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Definition
| 1) GENE THERAPY WITH TUMOR TARGETING VIRUSES, 2) ENZYME INHIBITORS, 3) ANTI-ANGIOGENIC THERAPY, 4) TELOMERASE SUPPRESSION |
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Term
| 65. Most tumors elicit a _____ inflammatory response. |
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Definition
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Term
| 66. What types of cells are involved in the chronic inflammatory response of tumors? |
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Definition
| LYMPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES |
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Term
| 67. Inflammation is correlated with a _____ for some cancers. |
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Definition
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Term
| 68. Do immune defenses against tumor cells exist? |
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Definition
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Term
| 69. _____ is the recognition and destruction of tumor cells by the immune system. |
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Definition
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Term
| 70. These 3 cell types are involved in immunosurveillance. |
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Definition
| 1) TUMOR-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS, 2) NATURAL KILLER CELLS, 3) CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS |
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Term
| 71. _____ are antigens involved in immunosurveillance that are glycoproteins on the outside of cells that have undergone genetic mutations that our immune system recognizes as foreign. |
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Definition
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Term
| 72. _____ are cells involved in immunosurveillance that can lyse tumor cells without lysing tumor-specific antigens. |
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Definition
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Term
| 73. _____ are cells involved in immunosurvellaince that recognize tumor-specific antigens and lyse tumor cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 74. When cancer arises in an otherwise healthy individual immunosurveillance breaks down in these 3 ways. |
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Definition
| 1) SELECTIVE LOSS OF STRONG TSA’S, 2) CARCINOGENS MAY SUPPRESS IMMUNE RESPONSE, 3) TUMOR CELLS MAY KILL IMMUNE CELLS |
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