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ENT: eyes
ENT: eyes
56
Anatomy
Graduate
10/20/2011

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Cards

Term
The fovea is the concentration of __ at the center of the ___.
Definition
- cones
- macula
Term
Technique:
Definition
Dilate pupil 2.5% or 10% Neosynephrine oph. drops
Patient seated, looking straight
Examiners R. hand & eye for R. side & L. to left
Darken room
Index finger on lens wheel; scope to brow
Term
Exam:
Definition
Media (red reflex) – cornea, AC, lens, vitreous
Optic disc – size, shape, color, margins, cup
Vessels – arts, veins, course, A/V crossing, diameter
Macula – 1.5DD temporal to disc, avascular, fovea
Periphery – surrounding retina, color, pigment
Term
AV ratio to be __.
Definition
2:3. If an artery is 2, the vein is 3. Artery should be 2/3 as big as vein. Vein should be bigger.
Term
Cortical spokes in the red reflex suggest __ __ development.
Definition
- early cataract
Term
The __ is inside the __.
Definition
- cup is inside the disc
Term
When looking at a fundus, the disc is __ so it is closer to the __, while the macula is __.
Definition
- disc is medial closer to the nose
- macula is temporal
Term
Normal: Macula is darker in color with central lighter fovea with no vessels crossing it.
Definition
Term
The cup to disc ratio should be less than ___.
Definition
1:2
Term
light first hits media and vitreous and then through retina> rods and cones> pigmented layer of retina> choroid (big vessels and big pigement cells, this is where the light reflects back to you so you can see details of retina).
Definition
Term
What is the filter between the retina and the choricoid?
Definition
- Retinal Pigmented Epithelium (RPE)
Term
The retina has 2 main layers, what are they?
Definition
- clear Sensory Layer with rods and cones- this is what detaches with retinal detachment
- Retinal Pigmented Epithelium
Term
With primary open angle glaucoma, optic nerve ischemia occurs. The classic presentation of this is a __ ___ on the edge of the __.
Definition
- superficial hemorrhage on the edge of the disc
Term
look at slide 23 and figure out
Definition
Term
manifestations of hypertensive retinopathy:
Definition
- dilated veins
- marked av ratio
- superficial retinal hemorrhages
- cotton wool spots
Term
The vitreous:
Definition
1. Physiologic gel
2. Collagen network
3. Mucopolysaccharide- Hyaluronic acid
4. Loose attachment to retina- Optic nerve
5. Volume 4cc
Term
Vitreous lays against the __.
Definition
retina (look up an eye diagram)
Term
Occlusion of retinal vessels is associated with:
Definition
- Cardiovascular disease
- Diabetes
- Glaucoma
Term
A __ __ is a plaque of cholesterol in the eye. If you see this, check their __, __, and do __ __.
Definition
- Hollenhurst plaque
- carotids, heart, and do blood work
Term
Papilledema is __ __ that occurs from increased __ __, like from a __.
Definition
- disc edema
- increased intracranial pressure
- mass
Term
5 top causes of blindness in the United States:
Definition
1. Macular Degeneration (13%)
2. Diabetic Retinopathy (12%)
3. Glaucoma (11%)
4. Cataracts (9%)
5. Amblyopia (4%)
Term
500,000 Legally Blind in the U.S. More Than Half Are Elderly
Definition
Term
25,000 New Cases Of Legal
Blindness Annually in the U.S. in People 65 Years of Age and Older
Definition
Term
Most elderly have excellent vision.
Definition
Term
4 types of eye pain:
Definition
1. Cephalgia – refractive, muscle imbalances, glaucoma, migraine, vascular, CNS
2. Foreign body sensation – F.B., conjunctivitis, keratitis, lashes
3. Burning, smarting, itching – refractive, allergic conjunctivitis, fatigue, exposure, drying
4. Aching, burning, throbbing – uveitis, retrobulbar neuritis, carotid aneurysm, glaucoma, local inflammation
Term
Cephalgia (headache) is most common symptom of the human race and less than 10% are eye related, glasses are not a big part of this equation.
Definition
Term
Cephalgia as related to eye conditions could be due to:
Definition
- refractive
- muscle imbalances
- glaucoma
- migraine
- vascular
- CNS
Term
Foreign body sensation in the eye could be due to:
Definition
- foreign body
- conjuctivitis
- keratitis
- lashes
Term
Burning,smarting, or itching could be due to:
Definition
- refractive
- allergic conjuctivitis
- fatigue
- exposure
- drying
Term
Aching, burning, or throbbing could be due to:
Definition
- uveitis
- retrobulbar neuritis
- carotid aneurysm
- glaucoma
- local inflammation
Term
Aching, burning, or throbbing of the eye indicates a __ eye problem.
Definition
posterior (deeper)
Term
Tonometry is :
Definition
taking eye pressure
Term
Florsine strip: moisten it and use blue light and it will flouresce to show corneal abrasions.
Definition
Term
Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens has lots its ability to __, making it difficult to see objects ___.
Definition
- focus
- up close
Term
When testing a pts vision that is over 45 y/o, do you let them wear their glasses and why?
Definition
- Yes b/c they have presbyopia
Term
Presbyopia is aka __.
Definition
refraction
Term
Macular disorders are disorders of the __.
Definition
retinal layer
Term
Common red eye disorders where treatment is indicated:
Definition
- Stye
- Chalazion
- Blepharitis
- Conjunctivitis
- Subconjunctival hemorrhage
- Dry eyes
- Corneal abrasions (most)
Term
Vision-threatening red eye symptoms that require referral:
Definition
- decreased vision
- ocular pain
- photophobia
- circumcorneal redness (limbus)
- corneal edema
- corneal ulcers/dendrites
- abnormal pupil
- elevated intraocular pressure
Term
A stye is a red bump in the __ due to inflammation of a __ __.
Definition
- eyelid
- myobium gland
Term
A chalazion is inflammation of the __ __ ___ caused by chronic __ or __.
Definition
- eyelid margin glands
- chronic conjuctivitis or blepharitis
Term
Subconjunctival hemorrhage:
Definition
: presents as red eye, mild trauma, not serious, just treat with cold pack
Term
Entropion:
Definition
inward turning of eyelid- surgery
Term
Ectropion:
Definition
outward turning of the eyelid- surgery
Term
Pt comes in and says their eyes are turning blue, you notice a gray ring, what is the dx?
Definition
- Corneal arcus- mostly just due to aging, not high cholesterol
Term
Most common cause of blindness world wide:
Definition
cataracts
Term
Limbus:
Definition
where the cornea and sclera come together
Term
foreign body tmt:
Definition
Treatment: numbing drops and nudge off with q-tip.
Term
managment of bacterial corneal ulcer:
Definition
emergency> REFER
Term
Chelazion- big lump of occluded inflamed meboium gland- chronic granulomatous inflammation- so pt might say its been here 3 months and antibiotics won’t work> drain it, deaden first with lidocaine
Definition
Term
Flat pupil on bottom, beebee gun tore iris loos from normal position
Definition
Iridodialysis B. B. Injury
Term
Normal intraocular eye pressure:
Definition
10-20
Term
Random side note: blue light also shows herpes simplex on eyes as well as corneal abrasions. Herpes will be dendritiform.
Definition
Term
General Principles:
Definition
No steroids unless strong specific indication
(Always) take vision
Never give Rx for topical anesthetic
Irrigate foreign body and chemical injuries
Use only short acting cycloplegics (see Drops)
Patch superficial non-infectious anterior injuries
Consider systemic and CNS disea
Term
Generalist is front line defense against blindness
Routine visual screening for all patients
Blindness: Second greatest fear in U.S.
Referral to Ophthalmologist
Most blindness is preventable
Definition
Term
look through eye powerpoints at pictures and diagrams
Definition
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