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| The state bureaucracies created by eighteenth-century absolutism signified the arrival of a universal class pursuing a universal interest. [image] |
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| (1723–90) a Scottish economist who strongly believed in free enterprise (=an economic system in which private businesses are free to make money, and there is not much government control). He developed his ideas in his book The Wealth of Nations, which has had an important influence on m[image]odern economic and political ideas |
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| Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, generally referred to as simply Montesquieu |
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| Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, generally referred to as simply Montesquieu[image] |
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| Cesare Bonesana-Beccaria, Marquis of Gualdrasco and Villareggio was an Italian criminologist[image] |
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| a time when attitudes, knowledge, technology etc were not as modern or developed as they are now[image] |
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| the final stage reached in the Buddhist and Hindu religions when you no longer suffer or feel desire and you are at peace with the universe[image] |
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| Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo-Costilla y Gallaga Mandarte Villaseñor, more commonly known as Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla or simply Miguel Hidalgo, was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and a leader of the Mexican War of Independence[image] |
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| lack of knowledge or information about something[image] |
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| Toleration is the acceptance of an action, object, or person which one dislikes[image] |
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| (1712–78) a French writer and philosopher[image] |
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| (1632–1704) an English philosopher who developed the idea of empiricism in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding. |
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| (1632–1704) an English philosopher who developed the idea of empiricism in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding.[image] |
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| a British writer who is regarded as one of the first feminists. In her book A Vindication of the Rights of Women[image] |
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| the study of the nature and meaning of existence, truth, good and evil[image] |
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| Among these fundamental natural rights, Locke said, are "life, liberty, and property."[image] |
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| the study of the nature and meaning of existence, truth, good and evil[image] |
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[image]why something happens, or why someone does something
reason forwhy something happens, or why someone does something
reason for |
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| The scientific revolution is a concept used by historians[image] |
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also known as the Liberator; a soldier and political leader who, at the time when many parts of South America were ruled by Spain, fought against the Spanish army and won independence for Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador. He is greatly respected in South America, and the country Bolivia is named after him.
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an arrangement by which people in a society accept that they all have rights and duties, and give up some freedoms so that they are protected by the state
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| Suffrage reforms took place in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.[image] |
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a belief that some objects or actions are lucky or unlucky, or that they cause events to happen, based on old ideas of magic
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a British political philosopher known especially for his book Leviathan, in which he expressed the opinion that, since people think only of themselves and behave badly, it is best if they are ruled by one powerful authority
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| the third president of the US, from 1801 to 1809[image] |
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| a French writer and philosopher who was one of the leaders of the Enlightenment, and whose ideas influenced the French Revolution. He wrote essays on many subjects, but his best-known work is the story Candide.[image] |
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