Term
| What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| Islet of Langerhans Cells |
|
|
Term
True or False.
The endocrine part of the pancreas is larger than the exocrine part. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the "first pass effect". |
|
Definition
1. Islet hormones are released in response to nutrient influx from the gut.
2.pancreatic secretions travel from teh pancreatic vein to the portal vein
3. exposes them to the liver
4. liver modulates the hormones to be available to other tissues. |
|
|
Term
| what do islet cells mimic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four Islet cell types and what do they secrete? |
|
Definition
1. Alpha = Glucagon
2. Beta = Insulin
3. Delta = somatostatin
4. PP = pancreatic polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| what is the process of insulin synthesis? |
|
Definition
| preproinsulin --> proinsulin --> Insulin +c-peptide |
|
|
Term
| What is the major stimulator of insulin secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main glucose transporter that facilitates glucose into the beta cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what acts as a glucose sensor in the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other things are increased with glucose and insulin secretion? |
|
Definition
ATP, NADH, NADPH,H
increaces in INTRACELLULAR K and Ca |
|
|
Term
| What increases inuslin secretion? |
|
Definition
| Glucose > Amino acids > Ketoacids, free fatty acids, K , Ca |
|
|
Term
| what decreases insulin secretion? |
|
Definition
| fasting, exercise, Somatostatin, Endurance Training |
|
|
Term
| What nutrients stimulate Insulin secretion? |
|
Definition
| those that require insulin for deposition into perhipheral tissues |
|
|
Term
| Why is there a greater insulin response when glucose is given orally? |
|
Definition
| beavuse the GI hormones "Incretins" potentiate glucose stimulated insulin secretion. |
|
|
Term
| What a potential casue of Diabetes Type II? |
|
Definition
| decrease of responsivness of the beta cell to incretins |
|
|
Term
| What is insulin response? |
|
Definition
| condition where it takes agreater than normal amount fo hormone to ilicit a biological response |
|
|
Term
| Name some causes of Insulin Resistance. |
|
Definition
decreased number of receptors
decreased affinity to receptors
post receptor phenomenon |
|
|
Term
| What hormones cause insuline resistance? |
|
Definition
| cortisol, GH, TH, Estrogen/Progesterone, Epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What are some medical conditions that cause insulin resistance? |
|
Definition
| obesity, liver/kidney failure, sepsis, insulin antibodies |
|
|
Term
| what are counter regulatory hormones? |
|
Definition
| hormones that cause insulin resistance or those that have a DIRECT effect OPPISATE from insulin (glucagon) |
|
|
Term
| whatare the Na+ dependent GLUTS? |
|
Definition
| those located in the intestine and kidney |
|
|
Term
| Is Glut4 dependent on insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five GLUTS and what do they act on? |
|
Definition
1. brain, RBC
2. Liver and Beta Cells
3. brain
4. skeletal and cardiac muscle, adipose |
|
|
Term
| What is the second messenger for Insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the intracellular mediator s of the Insulin Receptor? |
|
Definition
Insulin receptor substrates
(IRS1,2,3,4) |
|
|
Term
| How does insulin affect carbohydrate metabolisim in the liver? |
|
Definition
GLUT2 transfers glucose to liver
insulin phosphorylates glucose and stores it as glycogen
inhibits and decreases gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis |
|
|
Term
| what is the overall effect of insulin in the liver? |
|
Definition
| decrease the hepatic glucose output |
|
|
Term
| What glycogen transporter is used for muscle and does it need insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where else does GLUT 4 work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What glycogen transporter is used for muscle and does it need insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does insulin affect lipid metabolisim? |
|
Definition
1. Liver: inhibits ketogenesis and promotes storage of triglycerides
2.Muslce: inhibits free fatty acid uptake
3. Adipose: promotes fat deposition and use of ketoacids for energy, inhibits hormone sensitive lipase |
|
|
Term
| Why is insulin referred to as an Anabolic Hormone? |
|
Definition
| it enhances protein and amino acid sequestration in target tissues to promote growth |
|
|
Term
| What minerals does insulin enhance uptake of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Insulin plays a role in appetite regulation (decreases appetite) and acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the adrenal hormone that is antagonistic with insulin in regards to it's appetite modulation? |
|
Definition
Cortisol increases appetite
Insulin decreases appetite |
|
|
Term
| Lack of insulin results in |
|
Definition
Hyperglycemia
Hyperlipidemia
Perhiperal Tissue Protien Catabolisim |
|
|
Term
| Out of the three issues seen with no insulin, which results in dehydration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty liver is seen in what condition associated with a lack of insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive production of insulin by a functional beta cell tumor |
|
|
Term
| Other than insulin, what else do pancreatic beta cells secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the overall effect of Amylin? |
|
Definition
1. delays gastric emptying time
2. decreses hepatic glucose production
3. inhibits glucagon
4. decreases appetite |
|
|
Term
True or False.
Amylin analog Symlin is used in type 1 and 2 diabetics to lower blood glucose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain synthesis of glucagon. |
|
Definition
| preproglucagon --> proglucagon --> glucagon + related peptide |
|
|
Term
True or False.
Glucagon is the same in all mammals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some stimulators of Glucagon? |
|
Definition
| hypoglycemia > amino acids > fasting > aCh> stres |
|
|
Term
| What inhibits glucagon secretion? |
|
Definition
1. Somatostatin
2. Glucose
3. Insulin |
|
|
Term
True or False.
The actions of glucagon are oppisate those of Insulin. |
|
Definition
True
*metabolize rather than store glucose* |
|
|
Term
| How does glucacon effect the liver? |
|
Definition
INCREASES: hepatic glucose output, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
DECREASES: glycogen storage |
|
|
Term
| What is the overall effect of glucagon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does glucagon effect lipid metabolisim? |
|
Definition
| directs free fatty acids towards oxidation forming ketoacids |
|
|
Term
True or False.
Glucagon has little or no effect on glucose use by the perhipheral tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tumor of pancreas islet alpha cells |
|
|
Term
| Where is somatostatin secreted? |
|
Definition
delta pancreatic cells
intestine
hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates Somatostatin? |
|
Definition
glucose
amino acids
FFA
glucagon |
|
|
Term
| What inhibits somatostatin? |
|
Definition
insulin
(GI hormones to a lesser extent) |
|
|
Term
| Where is pancreatic polypeptide secreted? |
|
Definition
| In the PP cells of the Pancreas Islet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| What action does PP and NPY have in common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glucose
*glucose also inhibits glucagon* |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of pancreatic polypeptide? |
|
Definition
| inhibits the pancreatic exocrine function |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are secreted by adipocytes? |
|
Definition
leptin
TNF alpha
Adiponectin |
|
|
Term
| What are the stimulators of appetite? |
|
Definition
neuropeptide Y
AGRP
NE
Ghrelin
Cortisol |
|
|
Term
| What are the inhibitors of appitite |
|
Definition
Leptin
Insulin
Serotonin
CCK
CRH |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main sites that regulate body weight? |
|
Definition
| adipocytes and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| What is the funcion of Adiponectin? |
|
Definition
| it improves insulin sensitivity in the liver and skeletal muscles by increasing tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
perioxisome proliferator activated receptors
* in adipocytes and skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits insulin's stimulation of GLUT4 stimulated by:
a. polyunsaturated fatty acids
b. prostanoids
c. leukotrienes |
|
|
Term
True or False.
Drugs that are PPAR gamma angonists are used to treat Type II diabetes. |
|
Definition
|
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