Dicussed 4 Humors - blood, phelm, black and yellow bile

+ examined oozing substances from dead bodies on battle field.  

castration - how affected mood

 Calming effect

idea of cutting off tissues  

blood circulation  via a vascular system

- "circulation" 

spontaneous sex reversal in pheasant

- took testes and put into females 

1st endo experiment

parts of body produce substances integrated in blood, take to specific site and utilitzed.

Involved castration 

replacement therapy

- took aqueous portion from testes and inj. himself with it. Increase his libido but it was only a placebo effect 

surgically removed pancrease from dog-

diabetes - changes in blood and urine glucose

insulin reduce blood sure 

extractions - glycerol imulsions from sheep

THyroid tisses - hypothyroidism 

thyroid glands

-iodine needed for the gland

goiters - from decrease in iodine 

secretin - digesting

- 1st to use the word hormone

meaning excting within 

laetic cell in testes

- ability to produce hormone 

treated diabetes - post pituitary

extreme water loss - hormones ADH and oxytocin  

isolated insulin

+ used stolen dogs 

Gonadotrophin hormone

1st pregnancy test 

CL - Corpus luteum

not clear folicles - progesterone

steroid hormone.  

hypothesectamy - tissue

removed the pituitary gland

located beneath the hypothalamus 

posterior pituitary - structure of oxytocin and adh

(protein hormones)  

Assessed concentration of hormones

Radioimmunoassays (RIA) 

thyroid releasing hormone - structure

thyroxin released by hypothalamus 

secretes products through ducts (mammary, saliva, GI)

Also ectohormones like phermones  and allelomones (Scents) 

Physiological regulators  that are effective in minute quant

synthesized in living cells

produced in endocrine glands

secreted into blood

transport to a specific target for a specific action 

Hormone Communication Systems:

Systemic/ endocrine

&

Paracrine 

Systemic/endo - transported by blood

Paracrine - diffuses to adjacent cells 

Hormone Communication Systems:

Autocrine

&

Juxtacrine 

Autocrine - hormone secreting cell and target cell receptor are the same

Juxtacrine - anchored to cell surface to act on adjacent cells only  

Hormone Communication Systems

Neurotransmitters

&

Pheromones 

Neurotransmitters - secreted by axon and transported across synapse to adjacent receptor

Pheromones/ectomones - leaves body to find a target cell in another animal's body 

Patterns of Hormone Secretion

Basal

&

Episodic 

Basal - constant release

not significantly influenced by feedback signals

Episodic -  pulsatile episodes of release

Circhorial - 1/hr

Ultradian - 1/hr but <24 hr

Circadian - every 24 hrs

Quotidian (diurnal) - every day at defined periods of the day

Circatrigintan - monthly

circannual - seasonal or monthly 

Modified AA

small peptides

large peptides

proteins- poly and cytokines

gylcoproteins

lipids - sterioids - choesterol

eicosanoidss - arachidonic acids - prostglandins, leukotreines

Synthesis - stored-inactive

Cell membrane permeability - water soluble

receptors - membrane bound

Transport - in solution

metabolism - rapid

half-life - very short

duration of effect - min to hours 

synthesis - not stored /demand

cell membrane permeability - lipid soluble

receptors - intracellular

transport - binding to carrier

metabolism - slowly degrades

half life - long

duration - hrs -days 

Amines - 2-3 min

Thryroid hormones - 6-7 day

polypeptides - 4-40 min

proteins - 15-170 min

steriods - 4-120 min 

Ultrashort Feedback loop

Short feedback loop

Long feedback loop

Open loop 

ER - SER

Lipids- non membrane bound

Golgi - present

Less mitochondria  

ER - RER

Lipids - Membrane bound

Golgi - Prominent

Mitochondria - extensive 

intracellular transport

favorable conditions for Hormone synthesis

quanta of hormone

degradation

rapid uptake

no accumulation of free hormones

Adenohypoohysis

composed of cells that secrete peptide hormones

derived from buccal ectoderm

supplied via the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal veins 

Growth Hormone

somatorocrine + somatostatin -  

- amino acid homology w/prolactin

- 190 + AA 19k-42k daltons

half life - 20-25 min

metabolized by liver and kidney  

episodic - sleep related

age: young > old

sex: male >female

insulin and noninsulin activity

previous hormone exposure Estrogens > GH 

- mediated by somatomedian SM and non SM like proteins

- promotes bone and soft tissue growth

GH>Blood glucose conc

promotes protein syn. and AA incorp into proteins

>fat metabolism and free FA's

similar in structure to human chronic somatomammotrophin produced in placenta

-  

- decrease in blood AA []

decrease in blood urea nitrogen

Positive nitrogen balance

protein anabolic affect

decrease utilization of carbohydrates

decrease sensitivity to the plasma glucose lowering effect of insulin

^ oxidation of fat leading to a decrease in respiratory quotient

elevation of free fatty acids in blood

inrease of ketone body formation

stimulation of growth and calcification of cartilage 

dwarfism

gigantism

acromegaly 

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

non steriod hormone

corticotrophin 

Prohormone - 39 AA 4500 Daltons

half life - 2-4 min

hypothalmic releasing factors - CRF

glomerulosa (chronic neg effect(

fasiculata - CHO's - acute stimulates

reticularis - chronic neg

>blood flow

>glucose uptake

promotes lipolysis

>FFA's in blood 

Acetylcholine (ACH)

PGF2alpha

PGEs

histamine

opiods

epinephrine 

norEpinephrine

melatonin

glucocorticoids 

Control from hypothalamus

    corticotroph releasing hormone

negative feedback 

Hypoactivity

Hyperactivity - cushings 

Prolactin

Chemistry  

198 -205 AA

24K-25K Daltons

related to GH and placental lactogens 

- reproduction

integument

osmoregulation

growth

metabolism 

Hormone of the anterior pituitary

protein hormone

mammary glands

reproductive system

immune system 

From Hypothalamus

 - dopamine - inhibits

- TRH - stimulating

- GRH - stimulating

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide - stimulating

OPEN FEEDBACK 

23-28k daltons/ two subunits alpha and beta

Affects ovaries and testes

releasing factor - GnRh 

LH and FSH

Where do they come from and what do they do 

large glycoproteins/gonadotrophins

secreted by gonadtroph cells and act on ovaries and testis 

Controlled by hypothalamus

GnRH

negative feedback 

hypogonadism

tumor

infertility 

28k Dalton

releasing factor - TRH

3AA

affects thyroid gland > productions of thyroxine 

melanocyte stimulating hormone  - sythesized from propiomelancortin - prohormone

13 AA's  

Stimulates melaophores in polkilotherms and melanocytes in homeotherms resulting in dispersion of pigment

regulation of electrolytes