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Endocrine, Blood, Cardiovascular
Lecture
60
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/13/2012

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Term
function of endocrine system
Definition
controls internal environment
responds to chance
copes with stress
regulates growth and development
regulates phases of reproduction
Term
hormone
Definition
chemical messenger secreted into blood stream to reach cells
Term
endocrine gland
Definition
ductless gland that secrets a hormone
Term
exocrine gland
Definition
gland that secretes into a duct
Term
hormone receptor
Definition
glycoprotein molecules that bind to hormone
Term
up regulation
Definition
there is a lack of hormones
receptor proteins are produced
cell becomes more sensitive
Term
down regulation
Definition
excess of hormones causes receptors to decrease
decreases cell sensitivity
Term
types of hormones
Definition
steroids, biogenic amines, peptides/proteins, eicosanoids
Term
steroids
Definition
type of hormone
lipid derived from cholesterol
made in smooth ER
testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
Term
biogenic amines
Definition
simplest hormone
modified amino acids
thyroid, epinephrine, histamine, serotonin
Term
peptides/proteins
Definition
hormone
composed of 3-200AA
made in rough ER
glycoproteins like oxytocin, insulin, thyroid stimulating
Term
eicosanoids
Definition
hormones
lipid derived from 20 carbon fatty acid
prostaglandins-tissue inflammation and repair
Term
mechanisms
Definition
lipid soluble and water soluble
Term
lipid soluble hormone mechanism
Definition
diffuses into cell from blood
binds to receptors in cell
changes gene expression
new protein alters cell activity
Term
water soluble hormones
Definition
peptide and protein hormones
hormone (first messenger) delivers message to receptor
receptor stimulates enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP
cAMP (second messenger) stimulates activity
cAMP is deactivated after period of time
Term
endocrine glands
Definition
hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas and gonads
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
next to pituitary gland in brain
link between nervous system and endocrine
makes hormones that regulate other glands and autonomic system
Term
anterior pituitary gland
Definition
makes hormones that act on other endocrine glands
follicle stimulating hormone (weird names)
makes hormones that act directly (prolactin, growth)
Term
posterior pituitary
Definition
directly connected to hypothalamus
doesnt produce hormones
stores and releases hypothalamus hormones
Term
pineal gland
Definition
in brain that regulates biorhythyms
melatonin-connected to high insulin, typeII diabetes, and prostate/breast cancer
Term
thymus
Definition
butterfly shaped gland in throat
secretes thymo- hormones
Term
thyroid gland
Definition
thyroid hormone and calcitoning (deposits calcium in bones)
Term
parathyroid
Definition
4-8 glands in the back of the thyroid
Term
adrenal cortex
Definition
produces corticosteroids
mineral corticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids
Term
mineralcorticoids
Definition
produced in adrenal cortex
controls concentration of minerals in blood
Term
glucocorticoids
Definition
produced in adrenal cortex
regulates metabolism and resistance to stress
mostly cortisol
Term
gonadocorticoids
Definition
produced in adrenal cortex
androgens-male sex hormone
Term
adrenal medulla
Definition
part of sympathetic nervous system
epeinephrine, norepinephrine
Term
pancreas
Definition
long organ
glucagon-causes liver to release glucose
insulin-inhibits release of glucose
Term
gonads
Definition
produces egg and sperm
secondary sexual characteristics
Term
blood
Definition
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma
Term
erythrocytes
Definition
non nucleated, lack mitochondria
use anaerobic metabolism
contributes to blood viscosity
functions to transport O2 and CO2
Term
erythrocyte function
Definition
hemoglobin is protein-iron complex
four heme groups that contain one iron molecule
iron(heme) binds to one O2
each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
20% CO2 transported by binding to globin
Term
Erythrocyte recycling
Definition
lifetime 100-120 days
cant synthesize new proteins
becomes rigid, degenerates, and recycled by macrophages in spleen
Term
leukocytes
Definition
fewer than RBC
nucleated with organelles
use diapedesis-amoebic movement
chemotaxis-movement based on chemicals
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Term
granulocytes
Definition
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Term
neutrophil
Definition
granulocyte
50% of WBC
2x larger as RBC
3-6 lobes
granules contain hydrolytic enzymes
ingest bacteria and fungi with antibiotic proteins
Term
eosinophils
Definition
1-4% of WBC
nucleus resembles old telephone receiver
kills parasites and worms
phagocytizes foreign proteins
Term
basophils
Definition
.5% of WBC
smaller than neutrophil
histamine containing granules that dilate blood vessels and attracts other WBC's
Term
agranulocytes
Definition
monocytes, lymphocytes
Term
monocyte
Definition
agranulocyte
3-8% of WBC
oval nucleus
fixed or wandering, first responder to take apart trash
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
agranulocytes
20-25% of WBC
immediate immune response
T-attach viruses cancer cells, transplants
B-develop into plasma antibiodies
Term
platelets
Definition
large membrane bounded cell fragments
formed in red blood marrow
2k-3k pieces
lack nucleus
clotting response
Term
plasma
Definition
55% of blood
91% water, 1.5% solutes, 7% proteins
Term
antigens
Definition
substance that triggers immune response
antibodies attack antigens
Term
antibody
Definition
protein that attacks specific antigens
Term
antigen/antibody reaction
Definition
antigens become agglutinated and destroye
no O2 carry, blocks veins and arteries
Term
mediastimum
Definition
space containing the heart
Term
pulmonary circuit
Definition
blood flow from right side of the heart to lungs and back to body
Term
systemic circuit
Definition
from the body to the right side to the lungs
Term
autorhythmic cells
Definition
self exciting
can be modified by nervous and endocrine system
coordinate heart contraction
Term
autorhythmic characteristics
Definition
plasma membrane connected at intercalated disks
connected at desmosomes. prevents cells from separating
gap junctions, large mitochondria (25% of cell volume), fewer T Tubles, wider
Term
resting potential of heart
Definition
-90 mV
Term
depolarization
Definition
fibers brought to threshold by neighboring fibers
voltage gated fast Na+ gates open for fast depolarization
Term
initiation
Definition
AP generated by sinoatrial node
travels down conduction system
Term
plateau phase
Definition
voltage gated slow Ca+ channels open in cell membrane and SR
starts system of muscle contraction
K+ opens and leaves the cell balancing Ca+ inflow (250ms)
Term
repolarization
Definition
voltage gated K+ open and rapidly exits
Ca+ closes restores membrane potential
Term
refractory period
Definition
longer than skeletal, longer than contraction
Term
autonomic control of heart rate
Definition
medulla oblongata
cerebral cortex, hypothalamus
sensory receptors (chemo and baro)
Term
fetal differences
Definition
R atrium goes to R ventricle and L atrium through foramen ovale
blood from pulmonary artery through ductus arteriosus to aorta
foramen ovale ->fossa ovalis
ductus arteriosus->ligamentum arteriosum
umbilical vein->ligamentum teres (round ligament)
umbilical arteries-> lateral umbilical ligaments
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