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endocrine
endocrine
48
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/26/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

name the glucocorticoids:

 

 

Definition

Cortisol(natural in body)

Hydrocortisone

prednisone

dexamethasone

Term
why would you taper a patient off of steroids?
Definition
b/c the body senses high levels of cortisol due to steroid medication & then implements the negative feedback mechanism to suppress the production of ACTH.  When pt. stops steroid medication, their hypothalamus has not recieved the stimuli to begin sending corticotropic releasing hormone through the hypophyseal portal system to begin production of ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone to be sent to the adrenal cortex so that cortisol can be produced.  The result of the lowered levels of cortisol can be lethargy, fluid shifts, and in the worst case scenario, shock.
Term

what are the three types

of stimuli for hormonal release?

Definition

Humoral stimuli: secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.

 

Neural stimuli:      nerve fibers stimulate hormone release(i.e. preganglionic s.n.s. fibers stim. adrenal medulla-secrete epiniphrine).

 

Hormonal stimuli:            hormonal release in response to hormones produced by other endocrine glands(i.e. hypothalamus hormones stim. ant. pit. to stim. targets to secrete still more hormones.)

Term

Describe the antagonistic

relationship between PTH and Calcitonin:

Definition

PTH(produced-parathyroid gland):stim for release=Low blood Ca2+ levels:increases osteoclast activity(tears down bone matrix & releases more Ca2+ : increase intestinal absorption of Ca2+/increase Kidney tubules reabsob Ca2+.

 

 

Calcitonin(produced in thyroid gland):stim for release=high blood calcium levels: causes increased osteoblast activity: decreased kidney reabsorb/increased kidney excretion of calcium.

 

 

 

Term

How is menopause confirmed?

 

Definition
LH and FSH levels will be high
Term
what causes TSH to be released?
Definition
TRH--Thyroid stimulating hormone
Term
name the four "tropic" hormones and say why they are tropic:
Definition
TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH:  they are "tropic" or tropins because they are hormones that causes that have other endocrine glands as their target,,, most are produced in the anterior pituitary.
Term

what are the hormones

produced in the anterior pituitary?

 

Definition
LH, TSH, FSH, ACTH, PRL, and GH.
Term

where is GH produced?

What is it's stim for release?

What does it affect?

What type of hormone is it?

what does it promote(think metabolic process)?

Definition

--produced(&released) in Anterior pituitary

--stimulation for release = GHRH

--Affects skeletal muscle & bone

--is an anabolic hormone(promotes protein synthesis)

 

--GH directly encourages use of fats(lipolysis)

--produces "somatomedins"(promote sulfur uptake)(in amino acid-cystine & hyaline cartilage)

Term
what other hormone does GHIH inhihbit besides GH?
Definition
GHIH also inhibits TSH in addition to Growth Hormone.
Term

Where is PRL produced?

what is its target?

what is its effect?

what other hormone has a direct&indirect effect on PRL?

What is the inhibitor for PRL?

Definition

-produced in anterior pituitary

--targets are mammary glands

--effect=milk production

--Estrogen has both direct & indirect effect on PRL: high estrogen=high PRL;  Low estrogen=low PRL)

 

PIH(prolactin inhibiting hormone) inhibits

Term

Oxytocin:

produced where?

stim. for release?

regulated how?

what are its effects?

how does it travel to post. pit?

Definition

--produced in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

--stim for release=pressure/birth canal or uterus

--regulated by positive feedback loop

--causes sm. muscle contraction of uterus/mam. glands

--also causes milk let-down (stim. suckling)

--travels from hypothal. to post pit. via hypophyseal tract

Term

ADH: antidiuretic hormone

where produced?

Where released?

how does it get there?

Stim for release?

target organ?

Definition

--produced in supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

--released in posterior pituitary

--travels via hypophyseal tract to post. pit

--stim for release=angiotensin 2,high solute conc. by macula densa cells monitoring for osmolarity. (ADH helps prevent water overload)

--targets:kidney tubules and distal convuluted tubules-to reabsorb more water

 

(Alcohol directly intereferes with ADH so that body cannot reabsorb/consume water)

 

Term
Throid Gland
Definition

Is the largest gland  & located on the anterior of neck.  Is highly vascularized and close to the carotid arteries.

consists of follicular and parafollicular cells which are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium

Term

composition of T3, T4?

 

relevance?

 

Definition

T3= tyrosine plus 3 iodines

 

T4=tyrosine plus 4 iodines

 

tyrosine is an amino acid but with binding of iodine, it acts like a steroid hormone.

 

these are hormones that regulates metabolism

 

Term
what are the main differences between amino acid based hormones and steroid hormones?
Definition

1)amino acid based hormones will be taken out of blood circulation quickly while steroid hormones stay in the blood much longer.

2)Steroid hormone cell receptors are inside the cell (in cytosol, nucleus, or mitochondria) while the amino acid based hormone receptors are typically on the plasma membrane.

3)Steroid(intracellular)hormones directly activate genes while plb receptors(a.a.'s) are coupled via regulatory molecule(g proteins) to one or more 2nd messengers that cause response

Term
what are the 5 big categories of steroid hormones?
Definition

Androgens(testosterone)

Progesterones

Estrogens

Glococorticoids(coritsol)

Mineralocorticoids(aldosterone)

Term

Thyroid Gland: T3, T4

(both essential for bone, muscle, nerv. system)

target tissue?

Stimulus?

periperal tissue preference?

Inhibition?

 

Definition

target tissues=ALL; stimulus for release=TSH

thyroid hormone concerned w/ glucose oxidation,ATP:the higher the metabolic rate, the higher the heat production.

TH plays a role in *regulating tissue growth*developing sk.muscle & CNS*maturation & reproductive capabilities

 

--peripheral tissues prefer T3, so T4 gets converted to T3.

inhibition=negative feedback or GHIH

 

Term
problems with thyroid?
Definition

Hyperthyroidism: TH sensitizes Beta receptors in heart/take very little sympathetic stimulation to increase contractility/heart enlarges

 

Hypothyroidism:  impedes neurological system;top cause of depression, slowdown of metabolic rate;2nd most common endocrine disorder in humans.

 

Problem converting T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues

Term
describe what happens during thyroid supplementation
Definition

it takes a hormone and a receptor for system to work.  if a pt has been hypothyroidal for long time, they have developed too many receptors. they need to eliminate some of those receptors.

That is why dose alterations in thyroid medication need to be done in a stepwise function.

Term

define up regulation

 

 

define down regulation

 

Definition

Up-regulation=when target cells develop more receptors in response to a hormone or in the absence of a hormone.

 

Down-regulation=when target cells lose receptors to a hormone either via a loss of the stimulating hormone or the presence of another hormone causes a decrease in receptors

Term
why is it so important to maintain a certain blood calcium level?
Definition
Because of the contractile cells in the heart.
Term

Calcitonin(produced by parafollicular cells in thyroid)

stim for release=high blood calcium levels

causes decreased osteoclast activity/decrease in osteoclast activity;increase in excretion by kidney tubules;lower reabsorption rate by kidney tubules;

 

Definition

PTH(follicular cells/chief cells)

4 glands

stim for release=low blood calcium levels

result=high blood calcium levels because:

PTH stimulates osteoclast activity to digest bone matrix-intestinal cells to absorb calcium-distal convuluted tubules to reabsorb calcium.

 

is a negative feedback loop

Term
what hormone is produced at each layer of the adrenal cortex?
Definition

Zonaglomerulosa:outelayerer/locorticoid/aldosterone:secreted from outer layer in response to Na+ deprivation)

 

zonafasciculata:middlelayer/glucocorticoid/cortisol/stimulated by ACTH.

 

Zona Reticularis:  innerlayer/gonadocorticoids/testosterone

 

Term
What are the layers of the Adrenal cortex?
Definition

zona glomerulosa:outer layer

 

zona fasciculata: middle layer

 

zona reticularis: inner layer

Term

What does ACTH stimulate?

where produded?

target organ?

Ihibition of release?

 

Definition

ACTH stimulates zona fasciculata to produce cortisol

--in the adrenal cortex, fasciculata layer

--target organ(s): Liver {effects=gluconeogenesis}

Adipose tissue{effects=mobilize fatty acids}

Muscle{mobilize use of amino acids}

Immune system: {anti-inflammatory suppression}

 

inhibition of release=negative feedback

 

 

Term

why are corticosteroid drugs not

indicated for long term use?

Definition

these types of meds suppress the immune system;

collagen formation is impeded by cortisol; it inhibits any connective tissue longterm; it causes longterm damage to endothelial tissue in the cardiovascular system

Term

Cortisol has a __________________

effect and causes ___________________.

Definition
anti-inlammatory; vasoconstriction
Term

Aldosterone(a mineralocorticoid)

stimulation for release=1) angiotensin2;  2)low Na+ levels 3)high blood levels of K+; 4) ACTH

Definition

ANP wants to decrease Na+ (blood volume)

works opposite to Aldosterone(antagonistic to)

Term

An ____________ of blood glucose causes

insulin to be released

Definition
increase
Term
what are two reasons for the Indirect system?
Definition

1) to augment response

 

2) to allow for variable response

Term

All protein hormones work by

__________  _____________

Definition
indirect response.
Term
what does cyclic AMP do?
Definition
it triggers all activation of enzymes, i.e. add ion channels, remove ion channels, etc.
Term

The 2nd messenger system, a.k.a the ___________

or the __________________ system, allows for

multiple responses in multiple cells.  But can also have different responses in the same cells.

Definition
G-protein; Indirect system
Term

in the cAMP 2nd messenger system, the 1st messenger causes the _______ to _____ __________;

the 2nd messnger _______________ will be augmented

and will then _____________________________.

Definition

hormone; change shape;

cAMP; cause other responses

Term
how can the same chemical messenger do different functions?
Definition
depends on the cell and type of receptors
Term
describe the overall process of the 2nd messenger system
Definition

--thru a series of proteins changing shape

-then produces a 2nd messenger

--that 2nd messenger then initiates responses

--there will be more of the responses and they will last longer

Term
what is the PIP mechanism?
Definition
another indirect response system that uses calcium calmodulin as it's second messenger.
Term

The second messenger system is  process of

_________________________.  a small number of hormone molecules bind to membrane receptors, which leads to 1000's of 2nd messengers in cell.  this magnifies the effect of hormone on target cell.

Definition
Amplification
Term

Hormones binding to intracellular receptor prompts ______

_____________ to produce __________.   The _____ is

translated into proteins, which bring about a cellular effect & directly affect metabolic activity and structure of target cell: includes steroid and __________ hormones.

Definition
DNA; mRNA.  mRNA; thyroid
Term

Target cell activation depends on 3 factors:

___________________________

______________________________

______________________________

Definition

--blood levels of the hormone

--relative number of receptors on the target cell

--the affinity of those receptors for the hormone

Term

concentrations of circulating hormone reflect:

________________________

____________________________________________.

 

Hormones are removed from the blood by:

______________________,  ____________________

and _______________________.

Definition
rate of release; speed of intactivation and removal from the body; degrading enzymes; the kidneys; liver enzyme systems.
Term

Free hormones:

--remain functional for __________________.

they can leave the bloodstream in the following 3 ways:

1) _____________________________

2) _____________________________

3) _____________________________

 

Definition

diffuse out of bloodstream (binds to receptors on target cells);

 

gets broken down & absorbed by liver or kidney;

 

gets broken down by enzyme in plasma or I.F.

Term

bound hormones: are primarily

_______________ and ______________.  they remain in circulation much longer.  when they enter the boodstream, more than 99% become attached to special transport proteins.  the bloodstream contains substantial reserve of bound hormones.

Definition
steroid hormones; thyroid hormones.
Term
blood levels of hormone are usually controlled by __________ ___________.  stimulus triggers production of hormone whose effects reduce intensity of a stimulus. the effects reduce the intensity of a stimulus.  so they vary only within a narrow range of desirable limits.
Definition
negative feedback.
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